217. Letter from New Orleans, January 13, 1815, in Niles’ Register 7 (February 11, 1815), 379.
218. Gene A. Smith, ed., A British Eyewitness at the Battle of New Orleans: The Memoir of Royal Navy Admiral Robert Aitchison, 1808–1827 (New Orleans, 2004), 65.
219. Letter from New Orleans, in Niles’ Register 7 (February 11, 1815), 378.
220. Quoted in Niles’ Register 8 (Supplement), 184.
221. Moore Smith, Autobiography of Harry Smith, 1:241.
222. Ibid., 244.
223. Andrew Jackson to [SW], January 9, 1815, in WD (M221), reel 63; Jackson to SW, January 13, 1815, in Jackson Papers, Supplement (SR), reel 4; John Lambert to SSWC, [January, 1815], in Annual Register for 1815 [Appendix to Chronicle], 141–44; Moore Smith, Autobiography of Harry Smith, 1:238; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, ch. 19; Brown, Amphibious Campaign, ch. 9.
224. Report of American Loss, in Brannan, Official Letters, 461; Return of [British] Casualties, in Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 315–17; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 250–52.
225. Washington National Intelligencer, February 7, 1815.
226. Report of American Loss, in Brannan, Official Letters, 461; Return of [British] Casualties, in Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 315–17, 327–29; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 151, 192, 206, 250–52.
227. W.H. Overton to Jackson, January 19, 1815, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 15; Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 128–33.
228. Andrew Jackson to SW, January 19, 1815, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 15; Brooks, Siege of New Orleans, 260–63.
229. Jackson to SW, January 19, 1815, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 15.
230. Quoted in Jane Lucas de Grummond, The Baratarians and the Battle of New Orleans (Baton Rouge, 1961), 106.
231. Resolutions of Louisiana Legislature, [early 1815], in Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 294–97.
232. General Orders of December 16, 1814, in Niles’ Register 7 (January 14, 1815), 317.
233. Andrew Jackson to John Lambert, March 13, 1815, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 17; Address of Andrew Jackson, February 19, 1815, and General Orders of March 13, 1815, in Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 266, 274–75,.
234. Niles’ Register 8 (June 3, 1815), 245–48, (June 10, 1815), 249–253, and (June 17, 1815), 272–74; Alexander Dallas to Andrew Jackson, April 12, 1815, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 18; Parton, Andrew Jackson, 2:300–321; Matthew Warshauer, Andrew Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law: Nationalism, Civil Liberties, and Partisanship (Knoxville, 2006), ch. 1.
235. Report of Court, [March 21, 1815], in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 17.
236. Warshauer, Andrew Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law, ch. 3.
237. Proceedings of General Court Martial Held at Mobile, December 5, 1814, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 64; Parton, Andrew Jackson, 2:277–300.
238. William Lawrence to Andrew Jackson, February 12, 1815, and James Winchester to SW, February 17, 1815, in WD (M221), reel 63; John Lambert to SSWC, February 14, 1815, in Latour, Historical Memoir (expanded ed.), 329–31.
239. For more on this problem, see chapter 4: The Campaign of 1812.
240. William Bainbridge to SN, October 5, 1812, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval Documents, 1:510.
241. Stephen Decatur to SN, January 18, 1815, in ND (M125), reel 42.
242. Ibid.; New York National Advocate, reprinted in Washington National Intelligencer, April 11, 1815; Naval Chronicle 33 (January-June, 1815), 283; Andrew Lambert, “Taking the President: HMS Endymion and the USS President,” in Douglas M. McLean, ed., Fighting at Sea: Naval Battles from the Ages of Sail and Steam (Montreal, 2008), 86–127.
243. Charles Stewart, Minutes of Chase and Action of Constitution, [May, 1815], in ND (M125), reel 44; Naval Chronicle 33 (January-June, 1815), 466–67; Roosevelt, Naval War, 2:155–67; Maclay, United States Navy, 2:48–54.
244. Lewis Warrington to SN, April 29 and May 12, 1814, and Joseph Bainbridge to SN, June 3, 1814, in ND (M147), reel 5; Johnston Blakeley to SN, July 8, 1814 (with enclosure), in ASP: NA, 1:315–16; W. H. Watson to SN, March 2, 1815, in NASP: NA, 4:264–65; Stephen W. H. Duffy, Captain Blakeley and the “Wasp”: The Cruise of 1814 (Annapolis, 2001), chs. 13–17; Roosevelt, Naval War, 2:38–43, 48–55, 57–63, 167–73.
245. William Bainbridge to SN, June 23, 1814, and Isaac Hull to SN, October 2, 1814, in ND (M125), reels 37 and 40; Robert Fulton to JM, November 5, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16; New York National Advocate, November 22, 1814; Naval Chronicle 30 (July-December, 1813), 403; Howard I. Chapelle, “The Ships of the American Navy in the War of 1812,” Mariner’s Mirror 18 (July, 1932), 299; Wallace Hutcheon, Jr., Robert Fulton: Pioneer of Undersea Warfare (Annapolis, 1981), 120–24, 129–38.
246. Naval Chronicle 32 (July-December, 1814), 244; London Morning Chronicle, November 2, 1814. See also John M. Forbes to Jonathan Russell, September 27, 1814, in Russell Papers (BU).
247. Concord New-Hampshire Patriot, December 13, 1814.
248. Letter to London Statesman, September 29, 1814, reprinted in Lexington Reporter, December 31, 1814.
249. Speech of Joseph Marryat, December 1, 1814, in Parliamentary Debates, 29:650. See also FSA to James Fowler, September 16, 1814, in Niles’ Register 8 (Supplement), 187.
250. Ingersoll, History, 1:38–39.
251. Naval Chronicle 32 (July-December, 1814), 244.
252. Letter to the editor, August 18, 1814, ibid., 211.
253. Memorial of Bristol merchants, reprinted from London Statesman, in Niles’ Register 8 (Supplement), 186.
254. Resolutions of Glasgow meeting, September 7, 1814, in Niles’ Register 7 (November 26, 1814), 190–91.
255. London Times, September 6, 1814; FSA to London Assurance Corporation, August 19, 1814, in Niles’ Register 7 (November 19, 1814), 174–75.
256. Speech of Alexander Baring, December 1, 1814, in Parliamentary Debates, 29:651.
257. Notice of Admiralty, April 30, 1814, in Naval Chronicle 31 (January-June, 1814), 497–98; letter to the editor, September 10, 1814, ibid. 32 (July-December, 1814), 219.
258. FSA to London Assurance Corporation, August 19, 1814, in Niles’ Register 7 (November 19, 1814), 174–75.
259. London Times, February 11, 1815. See also [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns, 213–14.
260. Parliamentary Debates, 29:640–70.
261. Niles’ Register 7 (October 29, 1814), 120, and (January 7, 1815), 291; Adams, History, 2:1047–48; John P. Cranwell and William B. Crane, Men of Marque: A History of Private Armed Vessels out of Baltimore during the War of 1812 (New York, 1940), 321–28.
262. Proclamation of Thomas Boyle, [August, 1814], in Niles’ Register 7 (January 7, 1815), 290–91.
263. Quoted in Maclay, American Privateers, 498.
264. Samuel C. Reid to New York Mercantile Advertiser, October 4, 1814, in Brannan, Official Letters, 445–49; John B. Dabney to Secretary of State, October 5, 1814, in Niles’ Register 7 (December 17, 1814), 253–55; Maclay, American Privateers, 493–502.
265. Niles’ Register 7 (October 29, 1814), 120–21; Maclay, American Privateers, 377–90.
266. Thomas Boyle to George P. Stephenson, March 2, 1815, in Niles’ Register 8 (March 25, 1815), 62.
267. Ibid., 61–62.
Chapter 9. The Crisis of 1814
1. Hartford American Mercury, October 25, 1814.
2. Jones to Alexander Dallas, September 15, 1814, in Dallas Papers (HSP); New York National Advocate, September 10, 1814.
3. See Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 456n.
4. SW to George M. Troup, October 17, 1814, and to William Branch Giles, October 26, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1:515, 519. See also Memorial of Baltimore Committee of Vigilance and Safety, January 26, 1815, ibid., 602–3.
5. Jefferson to James Monroe, October 16, 1814, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 5.
6. [SW] to George Izard, May 25, 1814, in Izard, Official Correspondence, 25; JM to [SW], August 13, 1814, in Madison Papers
(LC), reel 27; Washington City Gazette, reprinted in Bennington Green-Mountain Farmer, August 23, 1814.
7. Izard to SW, July 3, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 62.
8. J. C. A. Stagg, “Enlisted Men in the United States Army, 1812–1815: A Preliminary Survey,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser. 43 (October, 1986), 624. Both sides relied heavily on deserters for information, and sometimes they were surprisingly well informed.
9. See, for example, Hartford American Mercury, February 1, April 19, May 31, June 28, August 9, October 4, and November 22, 1814, and January 17, 1815.
10. J. Laval to [SW], December 21, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 46.
11. See, for example, Thomas Pinckney to SW, December 25, 1812, Robert Taylor to SW, November 15, 1813, Alexander Macomb to Daniel Parker, January 20, 1815, in WD (M221), reels 55, 57, and 64; Proclamation of James Madison, July 22, 1812, and December 20, 1814, and SW to Pinckney, January 7, 1813, in WD (M6), reels 6 and 7.
12. SN to Arthur Sinclair, May 19, 1814, in NASP: NA, 4:348; Lexington Reporter, December 31, 1814.
13. Proclamation of James Madison, June 17, 1814, in Niles’ Register 6 (June 25, 1814), 279; Order of Secretary of War, in Lexington Reporter, July 9, 1814.
14. There were 24 additional executions in 1815. See John S. Hare, “Military Punishments in the War of 1812,” Journal of the American Military Institute 4 (Winter, 1940), 238. For more on this subject, see Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship, 255–62; and Taylor, Civil War, 333–35.
15. See chapter 7: The Last Embargo.
16. Jones to Alexander J. Dallas, September 15, 1814, in Dallas Papers (HSP).
17. SN to JM, [October 15, 1814], in Madison Papers (LC), reel 16.
18. Decatur to SN, September 8, 1814, and Chauncey to SN, August 30, 1814, in ND (M125), reels 38 and 39.
19. John H. Dent to SN, January 28, 1815, Hugh G. Campbell to SN, February 13, 1815, and William Bainbridge to SN, January 26, 1815, in ND (M125), reel 42.
20. SW to Daniel Tompkins, November 21, 1814, in WD (M6), reel 7; Pinckney to SW, May 20, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 56.
21. Georgetown Federal Republican, November 24, 1814; William Plumer to Charles Cutts, November 21, 1814, in Plumer Papers (LC), reel 2. See also John Kerr to [SW?], January 31, 1815, in WD (M221), reel 63; John T. Gilman to SW, November 17, 1814, in WD (M222), reel 11.
22. Moses Porter to SW, July 25 and August 3, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 65.
23. See chapter 4: The Campaign of 1812.
24. Speech of Alexander Hanson, November 28, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 656.
25. Willcocks to SW, July 1, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 67.
26. Timothy Upham to SW, December 7, 1814, in WD (M222), reel 14.
27. John Graham to John Mason, November 7 and December 13, 1814, in SD (M588), reel 2.
28. Francis Le Baron to SW, January 20, 1815, in WD (M221), reel 63.
29. Henry Dearborn to SW, December 22, 1814, and Joseph Wingate to SW, January 4, 1815, in WD (M222), reels 11 and 18; Wright Hall to SW, August 15, 1814, William D. Cheever to SW, October 7, 1814, Samuel Russell to SW, October 18, 1814, and Robert McCoy to Thomas Cadwallader, December, 1814, and January 16, 1815, in WD (M221), reels 60, 62, 64, and 65; Daniel Tompkins to SW, December 24, 1814, in Hastings, Papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, 3:629; Anthony G. Dietz, “The Prisoner of War in the United States during the War of 1812” (PhD dissertation, American University, 1964), 73; Adams, History, 2:1105–6.
30. Christian Wilt to Thomas Hill, January 7, 1815, in Michael D. Harris, ed., “The Christian Wilt Papers of St. Louis,” Dispatch 17 (May-June, 2004), 9.
31. Gallatin to ST, December 24, 1814, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 27; Ralph W. Hidy, The House of Baring in American Trade and Finance: English Merchant Bankers at Work, 1763–1861 (Cambridge, 1949), 52.
32. ST to John W. Eppes, December 2, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:878; ST to Commissioner of Loans at Boston, November 9, 1814, in Niles’ Register 7 (December 24, 1814), 270.
33. Thomas H. Cushing to SW, December 4, 1814, in WD (M222), reel 10; Henry Dearborn to SW, November 5, 1814, and James Byers to SW, January 4, 1815, in WD (M221), reels 59 and 61; Oliver H. Perry to SN, February 12, 1815, in ND (M125), reel 42; Niles’ Register 7 (Supplement), 176; Keene Newhampshire Sentinel, December 3, 1814; speeches of Charles J. Ingersoll, November 17, 1814, Elijah Brigham, November 21, 1814, and Thomas P. Grosvenor, November 28, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 609, 626, 669; Perkins & Co., Boston, to Perkins & Co., Canton, November 17, 1814, in Thomas G. Cary, Memoir of Thomas Handasyd Perkins (Boston, 1856), 300; Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 1:249 Adam Seybert, Statistical Annals . . . of the United States of America (Philadelphia, 1818), 749.
34. ST to John W. Eppes, December 2, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:878; James Robertson to Timothy Pickering, November 22, 1814 (with enclosure), in Pickering Papers (MHS), reel 30.
35. See, for example, Samuel Smith to SW, October 5, 1814, William D. Cheever to SW, October 22, 1814, Henry Dearborn to SW, November 10 and 21, 1814, and Thomas Cadwallader to SW, December 22, 1814, in WD (M221), reels 60, 61, and 66; John T. Gilman to SW, November 17, 1814, in WD (M222), reel 11.
36. John Langdon, Jr., to SW, November 1, 1814, in WD (M222), reel 12.
37. James Morrison to SW, November 16, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 64. See also John Anderson to Andrew Jackson, November 25, 1814, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 14.
38. J. Van Fenstermaker, The Development of American Commercial Banking, 1782–1837 (Kent, 1965), 111.
39. Washington National Intelligencer, March 28, 1814.
40. Fenstermaker, Commercial Banking, 111.
41. Christopher Gore to Rufus King, July 28, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:403; Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:48; Davis R. Dewey, Financial History of the United States, 12th ed. (New York, 1934), 145. See also John Haff to JM, January 28, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 15; James Robertson to Timothy Pickering, March 17, 1814, in Pickering Papers (MHS), reel 30; Washington National Intelligencer, July 22, 1814; Niles’ Register 6 (July 23, 1814), 353; Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, 1962), 182–83.
42. Christopher Gore to Rufus King, July 28, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:403.
43. Joseph Marx and George Marx to Wilson Cary Nicholas, July 27, 1814, in Nicholas Papers (UVA). See also Harrison, Diary of Thomas P. Cope (June 28, 1814), 293.
44. Niles’ Register 7 (Supplement), 175–77; Erick Bollman to James A. Bayard, August 24, 1814, in Donnan, Papers of James A. Bayard, 319; Albert S. Bolles, The Financial History of the United States, From 1789 to 1860, 3rd ed. (New York, 1891), 273; Paul Studenski and Herman E. Krooss, Financial History of the United States, 2nd ed. (New York, 1963), 74.
45. ST to John W. Eppes, December 2, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:877–81; Bolles, Financial History, 268.
46. William D. Cheever to SW, October 7, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 60.
47. Joseph Whipple to ST, December 21, 1814, in TD (M178), reel 26; Rutland (VT) Herald, August 17, 1814; Portland Gazette, reprinted in Salem Gazette, November 29, 1814.
48. J. A. Douglas to Henry A. S. Dearborn, November 23, 1814, in TD (M175), reel 2. The administration later reversed this policy, ordering the seizure of all goods imported from Castine. See Niles’ Register 7 (December 24, 1814), 270.
49. Eustis to Richard Rush, December 10, 1814, in Rush Papers (SR), reel 3. See also John Chandler to SW, November 21, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 60; Jacob Ulmer to John Brooks, September 29, 1814, in ASP: MA, 3:859.
50. Izard to SW, July 31, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 62.
51. CG to FSA, August 27, 1814, in Cruikshank, Niagara Frontier, 1:180. See also Joseph Whipple to ST, August 23, 1814, in TD (M178), reel 26; Thomas Macdonough to SN, July 23, 1814, in ND (M147), reel 5; letter from Burlington, VT, August, 1814, in Boston Gazette, August 29, 1814; Bennington Green-Mountain Farmer, August 23 1814; Thomas G. Ridout to George Ridout, February 19 and May 15, 1814, in Matilda Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War, 1805–1815 (Toronto,
1890), 275, 282; H.N. Muller III, “A ‘Traitorous and Diabolic Traffic’: The Commerce of the Champlain-Richelieu Corridor during the War of 1812,” Vermont History 44 (Spring, 1976), passim.
52. Macdonough to SN, June 29, and July 9 and 23, 1814, in ND (M147), reel 5. See also Plattsburgh Republican, reprinted in Bennington Green-Mountain Farmer, August 9, 1814; Concord New-Hampshire Patriot, January 3, 1815.
53. Macdonough to SN, June 8, 1814, in ND (M147), reel 5.
54. ST to John W. Eppes, November 19, 1814, in ASP: F, 2:881–82.
55. Richard Rush to U.S. district attorney for Massachusetts, July 28, 1814, in AC, 13–3, 1823–27. Quotation from p. 1823.
56. Niles’ Register 8 (Supplement), 149. See also Dwight F. Henderson, Congress, Courts, and Criminals: The Development of Federal Criminal Law, 1801–1829 (Westport, 1985), ch. 6.
57. Salem Gazette, September 2, 1814. See also Windsor Vermont Republican, reprinted in Bennington Green-Mountain Farmer, March 15, 1814.
58. H. Storrs to SW, October 21, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 66; Henry A. S. Dearborn to ST, November 14, 1814, in TD (M178), reel 12; Washington National Intelligencer, April 4, 1814.
59. Izard to SW, July 31, 1814, in WD (M221), reel 62.
60. Statement of Callender Irvine, December 26, 1812, in WD (M222), reel 8; SW to John Shelby, September 17, 1812, in McAfee, History of the Late War, 118; Victor Sapio, Pennsylvania & the War of 1812 (Lexington, 1970), 192–93; Sanford W. Higginbotham, The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics, 1800–1816 (Harrisburg, 1952), 288–89; Jacobs, Beginnings of the U.S. Army, 375. See also correspondence scattered through WD (M6), reels 5–6.
61. Harrison, Diary of Thomas P. Cope (October 25, 1813), 287; Philadelphia United States’ Gazette, October 11, 1813.
62. Harrison, Diary of Thomas P. Cope (July 18 and September 28, 1814), 294, 300.
63. Jacobs, Beginnings of the U.S. Army, 375.
64. Henry Dearborn to Elbert Anderson, Jr., September 28, 1812, in WD (M222), reel 5. The figure for wages is based on the scale approved by Congress in late 1812. See AC, 12–2, 1314–15.
65. Elbert Anderson, Jr., to SW, February 6, 1813, and August 13, 1814, in WD (M221), reels 50 and 59; Anderson to SW, September 3, 1813, and statement of William D. Cheever, December 1, 1814, in WD (M222), reels 7 and 10.
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