Blood of Spain_An Oral History of the Spanish Civil War
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militia distrust of officers, 117, 246
Army of Africa, 65n., 108, 117, 126, 258, 337, 405
‘sergeants’ revolution’ in, 571
plans for rising, 102, 574
strength of, 108
air lift, 108 and n., 127
combat capacity, 118n.
heads for Madrid, 155, 174–5, 201
reaches Madrid suburbs, 259
delays Madrid offensive, 260
surprised by resistance, 262–3
continues offensive, 266
occupies Clinical Hospital, 267
Army, nationalist:
‘amateurism’ at beginning, 246n.
Galician peasantry in, 246n.
role of peasantry, 283 and n., 466; and vanguard of, 283n.
alféreces provisionales, 320 and n.; numbers of, 464n.
sacks Gijón, 425
captures Aragon and reaches Mediterranean, 441
comparative size of, 464n.
Basque deserters from, 467
as fighting force, 472n.
occupies Barcelona, 481–2
reaches French frontier, 482
Arnedo (Logroño), 92n.
Arriba (falangist), 269n.
Ascaso, Francisco, 62, 548n.
death of, 110
Ascaso, Joaquín (president of Council of Aragon), 66, 347, 392
Asensio, Gen. José:
dismissed after fall of Málaga, 304
Assault guards:
creation of, 51, 567
strength of, 567; and in 1936, 570n.
during military risings in: Seville, 51, 52; Valladolid, 55; Burgos, 56; Barcelona, 63, 66, 67; Madrid, 76–7; Oviedo, 245
after defeat of rising in Barcelona, 71, 110
fusion with masses, 107, 117
revolutionary force in Madrid, 107
take brunt of insurgent offensive on Madrid front, 117
Astigarrabía, Juan, 326n., 397n.
Asturias (see also Council of Asturias), 100, 422–5
revolution in, 238; and railways, 240–41; and mines, 242; Duro-Felguera steel works, 242; domestic consumption collectivized, 243; and bars, 243; and peasantry, 243; and small traders, 243–4; and chemists’ shops, 244n.; and fishing industry, 244; and problem of power, 244–5
failure to organize warfare in, 245
advance of insurgent columns, 245, 246
lack of trained armed forces, 245; and of
arms and ammunition, 245
El Mazuco, 247n., 422n.
evacuation of, 423–4
destruction of war industries, 422, 425, 427
Asturias, 1934 rising, 43, 59, 176n., 204, 240
rights’ hopes after, 84, 557
Vega del Ciego, 245
initial successes, 554–5
lessons of, 555 and n.
justification of, 556–7
Asturian mineworkers union, 69–70, 242
and San Vicente mine, 242n., 428
Avila, 171
Azaila (Teruel), 134
Azaña, Manuel, 40, 41, 60, 92n., 100, 224, 242, 274
army reforms of, 564–6
and ‘pulverization’ of army, 566 and n.
forms left republican party, 41
‘Spain no longer Catholic’, 530
imprisoned after October 1934, 559
becomes president of the republic, 45
wants to form national government, 54
and military rising, 72
meets left republican delegation, 73
foresees course of war, 73
in Mola broadcast, 114
in Barcelona, 377n., 382n.
posters of, 456
war aims of, 460n.
and officers’ training, 464n.
resignation of, 489
Azkue, Ramón, 191
Azpeitia (Guipúzcoa), 189n.
Azul (falangist), 273, 309, 310n.
Badajoz, 92, 164, 175
Badalona (Barcelona) (see also Collectivization, urban and agrarian), 231n.
situation after military rising, 228
TB sanatorium, 451
monastery attacked, 451
women’s demonstration in, 452
Baena (Córdoba), 129–32
social conflicts in, 130
repression in, 131–2
Balcells, A., 41n., 152n., 182n., 518n., 531n., 532n., 540n., 547n.
Baleztena, Joaquin, 104, 169
Baliús, Jaime, 381n.
Barcelona, 40, 119–21, 210–13, 227–8, 284, 286–8, 287, 296, 358, 374–83, 441–3, 480–82, 549
‘oasis of peace’, 62, 83
military rising in, 62–4, 65–9, 72, 106 and n., 107, 110
Atarazanas barracks, 66, 110
after defeat of military, 71–2
artillery depot stormed by libertarians, 71
revolution in, 137–46, 147, 179–87 passim, 210–13 passim; and lumpen-proletariat, 141–2
nuns’ corpses disinterred, 152
cost of living increases, 374, 376
production in, 441
and rearguard, 453
refugees in, 454
air raids, 441–3
war-weariness in, 448, 480–81
‘political struggles sap spirit’, 480
last call-ups, 480–81
fall of, 481–2
‘a city that has sinned’, 484–5
population of, 523; composition of population, 548n.
Barcelona, May events:
start of, 377
Telephone Exchange, 377–8
alignment of forces, 378
and libertarian views of, 378–9, 380, 384
Catalan nationalist view of, 379
CNT forces in, 380
CNT defence committees, 381
death toll in, 382–3
JSU view of, 385
Barcelona, 1934 rising, 63, 176n., 535, 555
weapons in monastery, 452
Barrio, José del, 134
Basque army:
chief of staff, 397, 401
and Oviedo, 398 and n.
and German artillery, 404
holds enemy for 70 days, 405
surrender at Santoña, 410–12 passim
and Franco, 412
Basque country (see also Vizcaya), 120, 189–95, 206, 247n., 337, 396–405
autonomy statute, 42; pre-war course of, 537–8; approved October 1936, 192; reactions to, 192; ‘Vaticanist Gibraltar’, 538; and army under, 396n.
government forbids more than one directorship, 194
and army of the north, 396 and n.
war leadership criticized, 397, 404
political commissars, 397n.
and central government, 403 and n.
Vatican cable, 403n.
evacuation of children, 402, 437–8
destruction of war industries, 409 and n.
abolition of concierto económico, 409n.
and religion, 417
no Basque university, 537
Basque and Catalan languages, 537n.
statistics, 53n.
and banking, 531
Basque nationalism, 35, 194.
‘threatens unity of Spain’, 79, 173
constituents of, 406
‘Basques not Spanish’, 406
bourgeoisie does not espouse, 531
importance of religion and, 532
‘lacked cultural element’, 532
and separatism, 536
and cultural oppression, 537
and Basque language, 537
in Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa, 541
distribution of Basque-speakers, 541
Beceite (Teruel), 288–9
Belchite (Saragossa), 133, 480
Berneri, Camillo, 335
assassinated, 379
Besnard, P., 544n.
Besteiro, Julián, 459, 491
attacks ‘bolshevizers’ in PSOE, 100
‘long-term vision’ of, 463
in national defence
council, 499
Bilbao, 56–7, 190, 192, 205, 385
in military rising, 56, 72, 106
normality in, 190, 404
blockade of, 398, 402
ring of iron, 402, 403, 404; and XYZ line, 404n.
air raids, 402, 403
fall of, 403, 404, 405
prisoners released, 405–8
prison massacre, 407, 414
war industries’ destruction, 408
and Altos Hornos, 408
Bilbao, 1934 rising, 555
Bizcarrondo, M., 552n.
Bloc Obrer i Camperol (BOC), 141, 383
Blue Division, 511, 512
Blum, Leon, 127
Bobie (British merchant vessel), 411
Bolea (Huesca), 467
Bolloten, B., 94n., 331n.
Bourgeoisie (see also Petty bourgeoisie)
upper class unrepresented in constituent assembly, 42
fears Popular Front revolution, 89
waiting for military to rise, 90
its parliamentary representatives close ranks, 92
frightened of rural revolution, 93
‘most reactionary in Europe’, 449
lifestyle of, 524
alliance with landed aristocracy, 525
economic, ideological dominance threatened, 530
Brenan, G., 41n.
Bricall, J., 182n., 226n., 227n., 370n., 578n.
Britain, 216, 327, 328, 375
and republican fleet, 108n.
Italian fears of, 127
unilateral ban on arms sales to Spain, 127
PCE views on, 325, 327, 329, 482–3
POUM views, 340
and nationalists, 409–10
‘indifference of’, 449
seen as enemy by nationalists, 470n.
Admiralty officer informs nationalists, 470n.
agreement on Italian troops, 480n.
‘move only when attacked’, 483
‘cowardly’, 483
recognizes Franco regime, 489
‘another betrayal’, 503
evacuation of political refugees, 504–5
British embassy, Madrid, 195, 196–7, 457
Broué, P. and Temime, E., 45n., 231n., 331n.
Brunete, battle of, 271, 410, 480
Buiza, Adm. Miguel, 486
Burgo, J. del, 102n., 124n., 317n., 573n.
Burgos, 118, 122
in military rising, 55–6, 72, 108–9
population, 523
Cabanellas, Gen. Miguel, 202
Cabezas, J. A., 244n.
Cáceres, 202
in military rising, 106n.
Cádiz, 129, 306
in military rising, 65, 72, 106n.
Calanda (Teruel), 133
Calvo Sotelo, José:
assassination of, 49, 59, 102–3, 109; effect of on rising, 574
defends integrative state, 91
takes over leadership of right, 92n.
and Catalan autonomy, 533
view of army, 569
Cardenete (Cuenca) (see also Collectivization, agrarian):
in rising, 580
Carlists, 45, 100
civil wars, 35, 36, 123, 493n.
origin of name, 53n.
importance of flag, 55–6
rise to defend religion, 70, 123–4
plan rising in Andalusia, 90
determined to crush socialism, 102
break with Mola, 102, 573
minimal demands for joining rising, 102
intransigence overcome, 104
and agreement with Mussolini, 127, 573n.
a ‘popular movement’, 123
and revolution, 123–4 and n.
and king, 124
and clergy, 125
and repression, 158, 165, 169; and chaplain’s reaction to, 165
Margaritas, 310
and Crusade, 124, 311–12
fusion with Falange, 317; Unification decree, 317; reactions to, 319; ‘cause betrayed’, 511
and Basque nationalism, 541
non-members’ views: ‘reactionaries’, 319; affinities with anarcho-syndicalism, 319
Carod, Saturnino:
and column, 120–21, 132–4, 135, 289 and n., 351, 353, 359
Carr, R., 35, 92n., 185n.
Carrero Blanco, Capt. (later Adm.) Luis, 457
Carrillo, Santiago, 297, 496, 498n.
joins PCE, 263
defence of democratic republic, 322
Carrillo, Wenceslao, 498n., 500
Cartagena (Murcia), 491
Casado, Col. Segismundo:
in defence of Madrid, 485
tells Negrín resistance impossible, 485
and end of war, 486–502 passim
evacuation of, 504–5
Casares Quiroga, Santiago:
as prime minister and war minister, 53, 60, 103
Casas Viejas (Cádiz), 92n., 546n., 552
Caspe (Saragossa), 120, 360
Castilblanco (Badajoz), 92n.
Castile, New, 92
Castile, Old, 86, 204
Castilla Libre (libertarian), 462
Castillo, Lt José, 76
assassination of, 102, 103
Castro, C. de, 515n.
Castro del Río (Córdoba), 95, 129, 132, 134n.
land distribution in, 96
Castrogeriz (Burgos), 84 and n., 281–2 and n., 283
landownership in, 282n.
Catalan nationalism, 35
bourgeoisie’s use as lever, 38, 531
‘threatens unity of Spain’, 79, 173
ideals of, 444
not separatist, 444, 533
army reaction to, 534
two class-based parties, 532
Catalan students federation, 150, 151
Catalonia, 120, 206
autonomy statute, 42, 62, 530; approval of, 532–3; provisions of, 533 and n.; right-wing reaction to, 533; and liberal republicans, 533; revenues from, 533; threatened by military rising, 83, 443; army under, 396n.; and after October 1934, 558; abrogated by Franco, 479
distribution of working population, 531n.
statistics, 531n.
land of small family business, 149
needs large Spanish market, 531
lack of finance capital, 180, 533n., 534
advanced bourgeois democracy taking root, 536
Basque and Catalan languages, 537n.
central government intervention in, 383, 578
erosion of Generalitat powers ‘saps resistance’, 448
and Badalona sanatorium, 451, 452
Left Front electoral victory, 83, 535
collapse of state power, 141
industrial production during war, 234
unemployment in, 234 and n.
cost of living in, 234
wages in, 234
production, prices and unemployment indices 1936–9, 235
food production in, 370 and n.
refugees in, 375
and Aragon front, 390, 405
refugees to France, 484
defeat, 484; and effects of, 485
Catholic agrarian syndicate, function of, 281
Cattell, D., 559n., 563n.
Cazorla, José, 297–8
Centre Autonomista de Dependents del Comerc i de la Industria (CADCI), 540n.
Chinese communist party, 329
Chipiona (Cádiz), 305, 306
Church, Catholic:
in 19th century, 36
and left republican mistakes, 75, 528
persecuted by republic, 79, 421
Basque and Navarrese clergy, 125
in Castile, 125
in Catalonia, 152n., 153, 444, 529
in Basque country, 528 and n.
‘social function’ of, 174
priests in Popular Front zone, 293, 300; and religion in, 446; and Catholics, 299, 526, 529
views on hierarchy, 415
‘unworthy egoism’ of, 416
bishops’ co
llective letter, 413, 415; as ‘war propaganda’, 418; approval of, 418
Basques and hierarchy, 416–17 and n.
Basque clergy reaction to Crusade, 417
Castilian clergy’s attitude to rising, 417
ideological dominance of, 525
strength of, 526
religion as ideological ‘cement’, 526
clericalism ‘bane of Spain’, 527
rights’ ‘roots in clericalism’, 80, 527
and education, 527
an ‘official religion’, 529
‘material, religious interests intertwined’, 530
Church burning, May 1931, 43, 305–6
impact of on right, 84, 526
in Navarre, 124
in Málaga, 303
in Madrid, 421, 526, 527
in Barcelona, 1936, 66–7, 147, 152
and ballad, 153
as ‘act of faith’, 153
by militias, 132
and Badalona monastery, 451
Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 127, 410, 442n.
attacks British influence, 470n.
Ciudad Real, 117
Claridad (left socialist), 100, 102n.
Claudin, F., 331n., 492, 557n.
Collectivization, agrarian:
numbers of in Popular Front zone, 370n., 393n.
clashes over, 373, 583
declared legal for ‘current agricultural year’, 373, 390
differences between libertarian and socialist experiments, 582
in Aragon: its origins, 349; ‘spontaneous’ and ‘forced’, 349; and differences between, 366; control of production, consumption, 349, 370; and social equality, 349; ‘war effort and future model’, 350 and n.; and money, 354, 367n.; local currency, 354., 360–61; and women, 288, 257, 365, 368; number of collectives, 348, 370; agreement on small-holders, 367n.; trips, 368; re-distributive effect of, 371; voluntary, 371; localism, 371; and revolutionary war, 371 and n.; consumption, 354; rationing, 354; family wage, 354; agricultural machinery, 356; inequality of, 357; militia requisitions, 360; administrators for collectives, 362, 364, 366; and school for, 366; agro-town, 365–6; production of collectives, 370; and non-libertarian peasantry, 352, 355, 364, 367, 371, 391; realism of, 373; and views of, 353, 355–6, 360, 361, 362
libertarian views on: limits of, 348; and voluntary, 349, 353–4; ‘economic dictatorship’, 357; assemblies, 357; education, 357; freedom, 357; people, 360; the ‘pile’, 352, 354, 362; success of, 362; problems with small-holders, 362, 364, 366, 367; accountancy in, 363; abolition of money, 352, 354, 363; ‘cantonalism’, 366; ‘pushed too far’, 371n.
PCE views on, 347, 369–70, 391
in Mas de las Matas: organization of, 352, 360; general village, 352; and right-wingers, 353–4; abolition of money, 352, 354; taverns, 354; libertarian youth in, 355; production of collective, 355; work conditions, 355; individualists, 355; individual plots, 356; shepherds, 356; threshing machine, 356; exchanges, 357; assemblies, 357; schools, 357; success of, 357–8; medical attention, 358, 368n.; communist sweep, 392
in Alloza: organization of, 359–60; and terror, 360; the ‘pile’, 360, 361; private stocks, 360; work conditions, 360; ‘vices’, 361; cafés, 361; school, 361–2; opponents of, 362; threshing machine, 362; coal, 362; accountant, 362; and communist sweep, 392