Year Zero
Page 39
8. Ibid., 33.
9. Nicolson, Diaries, 318.
10. Wilson, Europe Without Baedeker, 135.
11. Ibid., 186.
12. Noel Annan, Changing Enemies: The Defeat and Regeneration of Germany (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 183.
13. Paul Addison, Now the War Is Over: A Social History of Britain, 1945–51 (London: Jonathan Cape and the British Broadcasting Corporation, 1985), 14.
14. Ibid., 13.
15. Cyril Connolly, Horizon, June 1945, reprinted in Ideas and Places (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1953), 27.
16. Manchester Guardian, June 5, 1945.
17. Ibid., June 26, 1945.
18. Roy Jenkins, Mr. Attlee: An Interim Biography (London: Heinemann, 1948), 255.
19. Stéphane Hessel, Indignez vous! (Montpellier, France: Indigène Editions), 10.
20. Duras, The War, 33.
21. Arthur Koestler, The Yogi and the Commissar (New York: Macmillan, 1945), 82.
22. Addison, Now the War Is Over, 18.
23. Annan, Changing Enemies, 183.
24. Winston Churchill, “Speech to the Academic Youth,” Zurich, September 9, 1946.
25. Nicolson, Diaries, 333.
26. Jean Monnet, Mémoires (Paris: Fayard, 1976), 283.
27. See Tessel Pollmann, Van Waterstaat tot Wederopbouw: het leven van dr.ir. J.A. Ringers (1885-1965) (Amsterdam: Boom, 2006).
28. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 537.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., 538.
31. Owen Lattimore, Solution in Asia (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 189.
32. Cohen, Remaking Japan, 42.
33. Morita Yoshio, Chosen Shusen no kiroku: beiso no to Nihonjin no hikiage (Tokyo: Gannando Shoten, 1964), 77.
34. Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981), 88.
35. Yank, November 2, 1945.
36. Cary, ed., From a Ruined Empire, 32.
37. Yank, November 2, 1945.
38. Cumings, Origins of the Korean War, 392.
39. Spector, In the Ruins of Empire, 163.
40. Ibid., 160.
41. Ibid., 148.
42. Cary, ed., From a Ruined Empire, 197.
43. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 779.
44. Nicolson, Diaries, 325.
45. Judt, Postwar, 88.
CHAPTER 8: CIVILIZING THE BRUTES
1. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 215–17.
2. Annan, Changing Enemies, 160.
3. Ibid., 162.
4. Döblin and Feuchtwanger quoted in Tent, Mission on the Rhine, 23.
5. Quoted in Tent, Mission on the Rhine, 39.
6. Nicholas Pronay and Keith Wilson, eds., The Political Re-education of Germany and Her Allies after World War II (London: Croom Helm, 1985), 198.
7. Günter Grass, Beim Haüten der Zwiebel (Göttingen: Steidl, 2006), 220–21.
8. John Gimbel, A German Community Under American Occupation: Marburg, 1945–52 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1961), 168.
9. Pronay and Wilson, eds., The Political Re-education of Germany, 173.
10. Yank, July, 20, 1945.
11. Ibid.
12. Spender, European Witness, 229.
13. Yank, July 20, 1945.
14. Spender, European Witness, 44.
15. Ibid., 46.
16. Ibid., 158.
17. Andreas-Friedrich, Battleground Berlin, 82.
18. Naimark, The Russians in Germany, 399.
19. Ibid., 402.
20. Andreas-Friedrich, Battleground Berlin, 66.
21. Bach, America’s Germany, 228.
22. Ibid.
23. Andreas-Friedrich, Battleground Berlin, 92.
24. Bach, America’s Germany, 218.
25. The Times (London), July 11, 1945.
26. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 190.
27. De Beauvoir, Force of Circumstance, 17.
28. Ibid., 33.
29. Corinne Defrance, La politique culturelle de la France sur la rive gauche du Rhin, 1945-1955 (Strasbourg: Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1994), 126.
30. Döblin, Schicksalsreise, 273.
31. Quoted in Monnet, Mémoires, 339.
32. Barton J. Bernstein, ed., The Atomic Bomb: The Critical Issues (Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), 113.
33. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 218.
34. Ibid., 77.
35. Edward T. Imparato, General MacArthur: Speeches and Reports, 1908–1964 (Paducah, KY: Turner, 2000), 146.
36. Bowers, “How Japan Won the War.”
37. Ibid.
38. Mainichi Shimbun, quoted in Dower, Embracing Defeat, 549.
39. Rinjiro, Dear General MacArthur, 33.
40. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 77.
41. Quoted by Bowers in “How Japan Won the War.”
42. Quoted in “The Occupation of Japan,” a seminar sponsored by the MacArthur Memorial Library and Archives, November 1975, 129.
43. LaCerda, The Conqueror Comes to Tea, 165–66.
44. Koe, 115.
45. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 67.
46. Keene, So Lovely a Country, 118.
CHAPTER 9: ONE WORLD
1. Urquhart, A Life in Peace and War, 85.
2. Ibid., 93.
3. Stéphane Hessel, Danse avec le siècle (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1997), 99.
4. Mark Mazower, Governing the World: The History of an Idea (New York: Penguin Press, 2012), 208.
5. Ibid., 194.
6. E. B. White, The Wild Flag: Editorials from The New Yorker on Federal World Government and Other Matters (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946), 72.
7. Ibid., 82.
8. Menno Spiering and Michael Wintle, eds., European Identity and the Second World War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 126.
9. John Foster Dulles, War or Peace, with a special preface for this edition (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 38. First published 1950.
10. Neal Rosendorf, “John Foster Dulles’ Nuclear Schizophrenia,” in John Lewis Gaddis et al., eds., Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy Since 1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 64–69.
11. Joseph Preston Baratta, The Politics of World Federation: United Nations, UN Reform, Atomic Control (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004), 127.
12. New York Times, October 10, 1945.
13. The Times (London), November 20, 1945.
14. Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley, FDR and the Creation of the U.N. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 41.
15. Dan Plesch, America, Hitler, and the UN: How the Allies Won World War II and Forged a Peace (London: I. B. Tauris, 2011), 170.
16. Roosevelt’s words are quoted in Mazower, Governing the World, 209.
17. “Remarks Upon Receiving an Honorary Degree from the University of Kansas City,” June 28, 1945, trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/viewpapers.php?pid=75.
18. White, The Wild Flag, 82.
19. Yank, June 15, 1945.
20. Daily Herald, May 1945.
21. Author’s conversation with Gladwyn Jebb’s grandson, Inigo Thomas.
22. Time, May 14, 1945.
23. Urquhart, A Life in Peace and War, 94.
24. The Nation, June 30, 1945.
25. Mark Mazower, “The Strange Triumph of Human Rights, 1933–1950,” The Historical Journal 47, no. 2 (June 2004), 392.
26. William Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 163.
27. Manchester Guardian, June 4, 1945.
28. Louis, British Empire in the Middle East, 148.
29. The Times (London), October 6, 1945.
30. White, The Wild Flag, 80.
31. Ibid., 81.
32. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 88–89.
33. The Times (London), August 17, 1945.
34. Report by Secretary Byrnes, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade18.asp.
35. Dulles, War or Peace, 27.
36. Ibid., 30.
37. Ibid., 40.
38. New York Times, December 31, 1945.
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Aachen, 281–82, 302
Abs, Hermann Josef, 181–82, 183, 186
Acheson, Dean, 296
Action in the North Atlantic, 287
Adenauer, Konrad, 282, 283, 294, 297
Adorno, Theodor, 289–90
Aeschylus, Eumenides, 209–10, 225
Africa, 253
agriculture, 63
Aleppo, 323
Alexander, Harold, 151
Algeria, 121–24, 125
hunger in, 121, 122
Sétif, 122, 124, 315
Allied Control Council, 42
American culture, 289–92
Hollywood movies, 286–87, 290, 320
jazz, 289–90, 291
American Hijiki (Nosaka), 40, 44–45, 55
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 168
American Observer, 286
Amsterdam, 14, 15, 136
Andong, 81, 196, 203, 204
brothel in, 196–97
Andreas-Friedrich, Ruth, 171–72, 177–78, 180, 235–36, 283, 285–88, 290–91
“Angelus Novus” (Klee), ix
Anielewicz, Mordechai, 161–62
Annan, Noel, 247
Annei Inn, 196–97
Antelme, Robert, 138–39
Aquino, Benigno, 189, 191
Aquino, Benigno, III, 191
Aquino, Corazon “Cory,” 191
Arbuthnot, Robert, 152
Arc de Triomphe (Remarque), 290
Arendt, Hannah, 228
Argentina, 319
Arnhem, 2, 16, 307
Asahi, 141–42, 302–3
Asia, 8, 34, 102, 111
attacks of vengeance in, 111–13, 117, 118
displaced people in, 131
Athens, 106, 108–9, 209
Atlantic Charter, 314–15, 323, 324
Atlantic Monthly, 313
atomic bombs, 312–13, 329
on Hiroshima, 60, 66, 271, 296, 298, 304, 309, 312–13
on Nagasaki, 271, 296, 298, 309, 327
Soviet Union and, 313
Attlee, Clement, 167, 243, 249–52, 262, 271, 273, 289, 313–14
Aufbau, 286
Auschwitz, 93, 133, 161, 163, 182, 183, 206, 228, 229, 231, 232
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 95, 158, 170
Ayukawa Gisuke, 260–61
Bach, Julian Sebastian, 46, 47, 288
Back Home (Mauldin), 143
Baden-Baden, 73, 292
Baker, Beatrice M., 308
Baldwin, Hanson W., 329
Balfour, James, 166
Balfour Declaration, 166–67
Bancroft, George, 278
Bandera, Stepan, 170
Bao Dai, 121
Bárdossy, Lászó, 207
Bartov, Hanoch, 160
Bataan Death March, 213–14
Battalion X, 116
Beatles, 23, 51
Beauvoir, Simone de, 20, 25, 291–92
Becher, Johannes, 284, 285
Beckers, Karl, 282
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 278, 283, 337
Belarus, 319
Belgium, 84, 102, 207, 253
prosecutions for collaboration in, 207
Beneš, Edvard, 95, 97, 159
Bengal, 56
Bengal Famine Mixture, 56
Ben-Gurion, David, 164–67
Benjamin, Walter, ix
Berezhkov, Valentin, 20
Bergen-Belsen, 15, 21, 29, 31–32, 55–57, 64, 70–71, 76–77, 162, 163, 165, 226, 280, 307
liberation of, 29–30
trial at, 228–30, 234
Berlin, 22, 33, 59–60, 72, 284
British and U.S. troops in, 42
destruction of, 4–5
end of war and, 21
Berlin Alexanderplatz (Döblin), 72
Berliner Tagesspiegel, 72
Berlin Wall, 22, 285, 335–37
Bernhard, Prince, 24
Bevin, Ernest, 327, 328–29
Bhagavad Gita, 313
Bidault, Georges, 328
Bimko, Hadassah, 56–57, 229
Birkenau, 163, 206, 228
Birley, Robert, 277–78, 279, 284
birthrates:
in displaced persons camps, 31–33
in Netherlands, 28–29, 31
of illegitimate children, 28–29, 31, 38
black market, 58–60, 68, 70–72, 82, 105
in France, 58
in Germany, 71, 179, 288
in Japan, 68–70, 140
in Netherlands, 68
blacks:
American racism and, 280, 287
in Japan, 45
Blake, William, 249–50
Blaskowitz, Johannes, 16
Bleiburg, 147
Blue Angel, The, 40
Böll, Heinrich, 70
Borowski, Tadeusz, 75–76, 77
Bosnia, 103
Bowers, Faubion, 297
Bradford, John P., 281
Brecht, Bertolt, Threepenny Opera, 283–84, 285
Breslau, 158
Bretton Woods Conference, 317–18
Brigade (Bartov), 160
Britain, 243–51, 273, 335
change in social and political attitudes in, 243–48
Conservative Party in, 243–46, 248, 273
cultural exchanges between Germany and, 278
cultural improvement in, 247–48
elections of 1945 in, 8, 10, 243–45, 250
food supplies in, 57, 65
France and, 255, 325
Germany’s recovery and, 181
and Jews’ move to Palestine, 167
Labour Party in, 243–44, 246–48, 250, 271, 273
London, see London
Malaya and, 111
Middle East and, 325
as model for world government, 310
New Jerusalem spirit in, 249–51, 270–71
plans for reforms in, 251
socialism in, 245, 246, 248–50, 271
United Nations and, 326
British Foreign Office, 167–68, 181, 226, 308
Brother Tomo, 118
Browning, F. A. M. “Boy,” 16
Brücke, Die, 278
Brünn, 158
Brussels, 273
Buchenwald, 133, 226, 231, 232, 241–42, 252, 280
Budapest, 59–60, 133, 205
Budinszky, László, 207
Budweis, 75
Buisson, Patrick, 26
Byrnes, James F., 328–29
Cairo, 248
Calvocoressi, Peter, 237
Camus, Albert, 310–11
Canterbury Tale, A, 248–50
capitalism, 177, 181
Carinthia, 145–46
Carmi, Israel, 99
Catholics, 311, 312
Chamberlain, Neville, 255, 323, 335
Changchun, 196
Charlemagne, 281
Charpentier, Jacques, 222–23
Chataigneau, Yves, 123
Chekhov, Anton, 284
Chiang Kai-shek, 62, 66, 102, 124, 191–93, 195, 196, 318, 326, 330
China, 34, 66, 79, 102, 108, 191–97, 330
babies sold in, 69–70
civil war in, 9, 62, 102, 191–97, 328
Communists in, 192–97, 203–4, 261, 328, 330
Japan and, 102, 112, 184, 192–97, 299
Japanese civilians in, 80–81
Malaya and, 113–14
Nanking, see Nanking
Soviet Union and, 80–82, 195–97
Tsingtao, 193–94
United Nations and, 316, 318, 326, 328, 329
Cho Man-sik, 264, 267, 269
Christian Democrats, 271, 273, 282, 289
Christian universalism, 311, 322
Chungking, 330
Churchill, Clementine, 245
Churchill, Winston, 19, 91, 103, 107, 150, 154, 155, 227, 244, 246, 247, 250–52, 254, 256, 271, 273, 310, 318–20, 324, 328–29
Allied victory and, 17, 18–19
Atlantic Charter and, 314–15
in elections of 1945, 8, 10, 243–45, 250
Greece and, 109, 110
United Nations and, 316–17
war crimes and, 210, 225–26, 235
civil wars, 149–50
Clay, Lucius, 65, 66, 177, 185
Cleveringa, Rudolph, 3
Cold War, 9–10, 103, 270, 272, 294, 303, 327–28
Combat, 310–11
Cologne, 60, 180, 282, 288
colonialism, 111, 315, 325–26
Communist Party, communism, 6, 64, 82, 186, 250, 254–55, 272, 312, 328, 335
in anti-Nazi and anti-fascist resistance, 102–3, 109, 175
in China, 192–97, 203–4, 261, 328, 330
in Czechoslovakia, 97
in France, 50, 84, 102, 198, 199, 252, 272, 328
in Germany, 50–51, 66, 67, 180
Germany’s recovery and, 181
Greece and, 109, 110
in Hungary, 205
in Indonesia, 120
internationalism and, 112
Italy and, 105–6, 272
Japan and, 102, 272, 305
Jews and, 88
in Malaya, 112–13
Nazis and, 181
people’s trials and, 203–7
United Nations and, 316, 317