Year Zero
Page 40
concentration camps, 4, 13, 76, 89, 94, 95, 133–34, 179, 226, 309
Auschwitz, 93, 133, 161, 163, 182, 183, 206, 228, 229, 231, 232
Bergen-Belsen, see Bergen-Belsen
Birkenau, 163, 206, 228
Buchenwald, 133, 226, 231, 232, 241–42, 252, 280
Dachau, see Dachau
Dora-Mittelbau, 163
Eisenhower’s visit to, 226–28
films and newsreels on, 227, 279–80, 320
hunger in, 55
Ohrdruf, 226–27
see also displaced person camps; extermination camps
Connolly, Cyril, 248, 254, 290
Constantine I, King, 107
Copeau, Pascal, 198–99
Cossacks, 145, 146, 148–49, 151–53, 168
Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts (CEMA), 247–48
Coward, Noël, 275
Croatia, 102, 103, 145–49
Culala, Felipa, 188–89
Cultural Association for the Democratic Renewal of Germany (Kulturbund), 284, 285
Czechoslovakia, 62, 253, 335
Communist Party in, 97
German prisoners in, 75
Germans forcibly returned to Germany from, 154–60
revenge against Germans in, 95–98
Revolutionary Guards in, 96–97
Soviet Union and, 97
Czernowitz, 158
Dachau, 71, 76, 77, 165, 166, 226
SS guards killed at, 76
Daily Herald, 19, 21, 320, 323
Daily Mirror, 64, 227
Dalton, Hugh, 271, 273
Damascus, 323–25
Dam Yehudi Nakam, 99
Dantzig, Rudi van, 27
Danzig, 158
Davies, “Rusty,” 152–53
Dayang Dayang, 188–89
Death Mills, 279–80
de Bary, William Theodore, 35–36, 186–87
Debussy, Claude, 332
Declaration of St. James’s, 233
de Gaulle, Charles, 18, 19–20, 50, 124, 125, 137, 170–71, 198–99, 201, 221, 222, 252–53, 255, 271, 292, 295, 324
democratization:
of Germany, 173, 177, 178, 276, 280–81, 287, 289
of Japan, 175–76, 185, 276, 279, 287, 295, 298, 302–5
Denier, Albert, 123
De Patriot, 135
Deutsche Allgemeine Nachrichtenagentur, 232
Deutsche Bank, 182, 183
displaced people, 131–33
in Asia, 131
return home of, see homecomings
displaced person (DP) camps, 6, 13, 71, 76, 160
Bergen-Belsen, see Bergen-Belsen
birthrates in, 31–33
Jews in, in 1945, 160
see also concentration camps; extermination camps
Döblin, Alfred, 72–73, 279, 293
Doenitz, Karl, 17
“Don’t Let’s Be Beastly to the Germans” (Coward), 275
Dora-Mittelbau, 163
Drau Valley, 145–46
Dresden, 180
Driving Out the Tyranny (Norel), 136
Dulles, Allen, 312
Dulles, John Foster, 312, 313, 324, 328, 329
Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 318
Dunston, Charles, 182
Duras, Marguerite, 138–39, 252–53
Dutch East Indies, 111, 114
see also Indonesia
Dutch Mennonites, 2
Dutch National Socialist Movement (NSB), 218, 220
East Germany, 180, 271–72, 335–36
Eden, Anthony, 150–51, 168, 321
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 79
Eichmann, Adolf, 206, 228
Eighty Years’ War, 14
Einstein, Albert, 313
Eisenhower, Dwight, 17, 18, 42, 71–72, 181, 305, 312
concentration camps and, 226–28
Eisenhower, Mamie, 226–27
Elisohn, Herr, 4
Enlightenment, 276, 311, 322
Entertainment Committee of the Netherlands, 24
Erasmus, 311
Ernst, Earl, 300
Eumenides (Aeschylus), 209–10, 225
Europe:
division of, 335
united vision of, 253–57, 295, 310–11
European Union, 9, 273, 294, 306
Evatt, Herbert, 321
extermination camps:
Treblinka, 89–90
see also concentration camps; displaced person camps
fascism, 175, 236
communism in resistance to, 102–3, 109, 175
Fassbinder, Rainer Werner, 141
Fateless (Kertész), 133–34
Father Tiger, 117
Federal Council of the Churches of Christ, 312
Fierlinger, , 155
Finkielstejn, Chaja, 89
Flanders, 102
Flick, Friedrich, 181, 183
Flood, Daniel J., 64–65
Foot, Michael, 320, 323, 325
For a Lost Soldier (Dantzig), 27
Foulkes, Charles, 16
Four Freedoms, 314, 323
Fragebogen, 177
France, 57–58, 101, 102, 106, 252–53, 335
Algeria and, 121–24
black market in, 58
Britain and, 255, 325
brothels in, 201
collaborators in, 84–86, 101, 103
Communist Party in, 50, 84, 102, 198, 199, 252, 272, 328
culture in, 290–94
economic restructuring in, 252, 253, 255
food supplies in, 58
German occupation of, 26–27, 28, 50, 84–86, 201
Germany occupied by, 292–95
homosexuals in, 26–27
Indochina and, see French Indochina
Japan and, 120
Jews in, 220
liberation of, 20, 50, 85, 120, 171
Middle East and, 325
Netherlands and, 220
Paris, see Paris
POWs returning to, 137–39
purges in, 198–201
resistance in, 170–71, 199, 201, 252, 253
Syria and, 323–25
United Nations and, 326, 328, 329
Franco, Francisco, 176, 244
Frank, Anne, 29, 55–56
Frank, Hans, 231
Frankische Presse, 331
French Indochina, 111, 120, 124, 253, 324
hunger in, 121
Vietnam, 102, 106, 120–22, 124–27
French Revolution, 197–98, 199
Friedeburg, Hans-Georg von, 15, 18
Fritz-Krockow, Libussa, 91–92, 94
Frost, John, 16n
Fujin Gaho, 38
Fujiwara Sakuya, 69
Fulbright, J. W., 313
Furtwängler, Wilhelm, 4
Gandhi, Mahatma, 310
, 158
George II, King, 109
German culture, 278, 283, 289, 294
British culture and, 278
destruction of, 158–60, 282
reeducation and, 277–95, 297
German Democratic Republic, 180, 271–72
Germans:
absence of attacks by other Germans on, 77
Czechs’ revenge against, 95–98
falsely accused of having been Nazis, 93, 94
in former German lands invaded by Soviets, 91, 92
fraternization with, 24, 39–43, 45
French collaborators with, 84–86, 101, 103
Jewish Brigade and, 98–99
Kovner’s plot against, 99–101
Poles’ revenge agai
nst, 90–95
prisoners in Czechoslovakia, 75
soldiers’ return home, 139–41, 144
Soviets’ revenge against, 79–80, 82–84
German-speaking refugees, 62–63
Germany, 39–43, 59–60, 62, 64, 70, 72–73, 253, 335
Aachen, 281–82, 302
Allied Control Council in, 287–88
Allied occupation of, 39–43, 45–46, 48, 65, 276, 279–95
banking system in, 182
Berlin, see Berlin
black market in, 71, 179, 288
books in, 288, 289, 293
Cologne, 60, 180, 282, 288
communists in, 50–51, 66, 67, 180
demilitarization of, 276, 279
democratization of, 173, 177, 178, 276, 280–81, 287, 289
denazification in, 276, 279, 281, 288, 289, 293
East, 180, 271–72, 335–36
economy of, 66, 180, 181
education in, 178–79, 279, 281–82, 293, 294
food supplies in, 61, 63–65, 67–68
France occupied by, 26–27, 28, 50, 84–86, 201
French occupation of, 292–95
Germans forcibly returned to, 154–60
Hollywood movies in, 286–87, 290
Hungary and, 206
magazines in, 286
newspapers in, 288–89, 293
planners in, 256
Poland occupied by, 87–88
prostitution in, 42–43
purge of former Nazis and collaborators in, 172–73, 176–83, 279
relief to, 65–66
resistance and, 169, 171–72
retreat from Soviet Union, 79
Silesia and, 92–93
Soviet occupation of, 39, 42, 67, 82–84, 284–85, 292
surrender of, 17–18
West, 183, 271, 272, 282, 336
Germany Year Zero, 40, 242
Gide, André, 290
Gilbert, Martin, 20
Gilbert and Sullivan, 300
Gimborski, Cesaro, 94
Girl, Watch Out for Yourself, 47–48
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 201
Globocnik, Odilo, 145
Goering, Hermann, 231
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 241, 278, 279, 283, 284
Gogol, Nikolai, 284
Gomułka, Władisław, 159
Gone With the Wind, 286, 287
Gonin, Lieutenant Colonel, 30
Goudsmit, Siegfried, 134–35
Gracey, Douglas, 126
Grass, Günter, 280, 287
Great Britain, see Britain
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 187–88
Greece, 102, 106–11, 191, 207–9
Athens, 106, 108–9, 209
cattle thieving in, 207–8
civil war in, 107–11
communism and, 109, 110
EAM/ELAS in, 106–10, 207, 209
liberation of, 208, 209
Soviet Union and, 110
trials in, 207
Turkey and, 155
Green Cross Corporation, 212
Grese, Irma, 228, 230
Grew, Joseph, 296
Gromyko, Andrei, 327
Groult, Benoîte, 25–26, 27, 40, 43, 51
Groult, Flora, 25
Gruppe Neubeginnen, 242
Haayen, Maria, 22–23
Habe, Hans, 280
Hailey, William Malcolm Hailey, Baron, 326
Hama, 323
Hampton, Lionel, 19
Hanoi, 120, 121, 124–27
Harrison, Earl G., 167
Hartglass, Apolinari, 165
Hatta, Mohammed, 114–15, 119
Hayek, Friedrich, 250–51
Healey, Denis, 253–54
Heine, Heinrich, 2
Hen in the Wind, A, 141
Herbert, A. P., 277
Hess, Rudolf, 231
Hessel, Franz, 309
Hessel, Stéphane, 252, 309, 322
Het Parool, 50
Heuss, Theodor, 178–79
Heute, 286
Heymont, Irving, 71, 162, 163–64, 166
Himmler, Heinrich, 181, 220, 225, 226, 230
Hirohito, Emperor, 174–75, 176, 301, 304
Hiroshima, 60, 66, 271, 296, 298, 304, 309, 312–13
Hiss, Alger, 327
Hitler, Adolf, 8, 71, 78, 92, 95, 107, 132, 146–48, 159, 161, 166, 171, 172, 175, 178, 183, 235, 251, 282, 298, 312, 335
Abs and, 182
Horthy and, 206
Mussert and, 219–21
reeducation and, 278, 280, 281
Hitler Youth, 2, 115
Ho Chi Minh, 121, 126, 127, 315, 323
Hodge, John R., 265–67
Hoenisch, Josef, 93
Hokkaido, 297
Holland, see Netherlands
Hollywood movies, 286–87, 290, 320
homecomings, 131–68
of author’s father, 6, 132–33, 139
of British and American soldiers, 144–45
Germans forcibly returned to Germany, 154–60
of German soldiers, 139–41, 144
of Japanese soldiers, 139–44
of Jewish survivors, 134–36
of POWs to France, 137–39
Russians forcibly returned to Soviet Union, 150–53
Zionism and, 161–68
Homma Masaharu, 188, 213
Homs, 323
Honecker, Erich, 51
Hoover, Herbert, 297
Horizon, 248, 254, 290
Horthy, Miklós, 205–6
Ho Yin-chin, 195
Huijer, P. J G., 119
Hukbalahap, 188–91
Hull, Cordell, 225, 235
Humanité, 200
human rights, 322
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 309, 322
Hungary, 205–7, 253, 335
Germans forcibly returned to Germany from, 154–60
trials in, 205, 206–7
hunger, 53–59, 61–65
in Algeria, 121, 122
in concentration camps, 55
in Germany, 61, 63–65, 67–68
in Netherlands, 53–55
in Indochina, 121
in Japan, 61–62, 63, 67–68, 298
in Soviet Union, 79
Hunger Plan, 79
Hupka, Herbert, 158
Hurley, Patrick J., 192
Ibuka, Masaru, 72
Ikor, Roger, 137
Imperial Rule Assistance Association, 184
Imrédy, Béla, 206
India, 167
Indochina, see French Indochina
Indonesia, 102, 111, 112, 114–20, 122, 125
bersiap in, 116–18
communists purged in, 120
independence of, 114, 119–20
Japan and, 111, 114–16
pemuda in, 116–19
Information Control Division, 288
Inter-Allied Commission on the Punishment of War Crimes, 233
Intervues Imaginaires (Gide), 290
Iran, 312
Iraq, 131, 325
Ishii Shiro, 210–12
Islam, Muslims, 113, 121–22, 155
Isorni, Jacques, 199
Israel, 100, 161–68
Italy, 102–6, 108
communism and, 105–6, 272
fascists in, 102–6
moral panic in, 49
revenge in, 105, 106
Jackson, Robert H., 236–37
Jacobs, G. F., 114
Jakarta, 116, 117
&nb
sp; Japan, 8, 9, 34–39, 61, 64, 70, 72, 106, 111, 257–62, 272, 273, 332
Allied army food in, 67–68
Allied occupation of, 35–38, 43–48, 65, 260, 276, 279, 295–306
American culture in, 290
American fraternization with women in, 44–47
armed forces of, 306
black market in, 68–70, 140
business and industrial elites in, 185–87
China and, 102, 112, 184, 192–97, 299
communism and, 102, 272, 305
constitution of, 305–6
democratization of, 175–76, 185, 276, 279, 287, 295, 298, 302–5
economic control in, 260
disease in, 61
education in, 301–2
feudalism in, 175, 185, 186, 188, 299, 300, 302, 305, 332
France and, 120
Hiroshima, 60, 66, 271, 296, 298, 304, 309, 312–13
hunger in, 61–62, 63, 67–68, 298
Indonesia and, 111, 115–16
Korea and, 262–67
MacArthur and, 35, 37, 65, 66, 174–76, 183–86, 191, 211, 261, 296–301, 304
Malaya and, 112
Manchukuo and, see Manchukuo
military police (Kempeitai) in, 183–84, 188, 214, 259
Nagasaki, 271, 296, 298, 309, 327
Omi, 302
patriotic organizations in, 184
Pearl Harbor attacked by, 188, 216, 314, 316
Philippines invaded by, 188–90
prostitution in, 34–38, 45
purge of wartime bureaucracy and political establishment in, 172–76, 183–87
rebuilding of, 261–62
reform bureaucrats in, 251, 259, 260
relief to, 65–66
resistance and, 169, 171, 172
rule in Southeast Asia, 112, 115
Soviet Union and, 66–67, 69, 80, 297
surrender of, 262, 265, 271
Tokyo, 60, 61, 62, 69
U.S. military operations in, 303
writing system in, 301–2
Japanese:
in China, 79, 80–81
kamikaze pilots, 140, 141–42
letters to MacArthur from, 174–75, 185
MacArthur’s view of, 296–97
soldiers’ return home, 139–44
Soviets’ revenge against, 80
war criminals, trials of, 212–18
Western masculinity and, 40–41, 45
Japanese culture, 296, 297, 299
Kabuki theater, 300, 301, 332
reeducation and, 276, 287, 295–306
Shinto, 263, 300–301
Japanese Tragedy, The, 304
Japan Times, 332
Java, 118
jazz, 289–90, 291
Jebb, Gladwyn, 308, 320–21, 327
Jefferson, Thomas, 286
“Jerusalem” (Blake), 249–50
Jewish Agency, 168
Jewish Brigade, 98–99, 161
Jewish Chronicle, 162