A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is
Page 37
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T. Matthiesen, Sectarian Gulf: Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and the Arab Spring that Wasn’t, Stanford Briefs, 2013.
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B. Metcalf, Deoband: Islamic Revival in British India, 1860–1900, Princeton University Press, 1982.
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Sources and Further Reading
In writing this book I have consulted the best available scholarly works I could locate. They are all included in the bibliography, together with a number of works by journalists who have been eyewitnesses to events, as well as a few memoirs, novels and biographies.
I feel it is right to mention the principal scholarly sources on which I have relied, and to express my deepest gratitude to their authors, since without them this book could not have been written. I would also like to draw them specifically to the attention of readers who wish to look further into the topics covered by this book.
For the early history up to the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate I have relied on Wilferd Madelung’s magisterial The Succession to Muhammad. For the history up to the Abbasid era, my main sources have been Hugh Kennedy’s The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates and Amira Bennison’s The Great Caliphs, as well as the contributions cited in the New Cambridge History of Islam by Farhad Daftary, Tayeb El-Hibri and Wael Hallaq. For the history of Iran, I have relied in particular on David Morgan’s Medieval Persia and Michael Axworthy’s Iran: Empire of the Mind. For the Ottoman Empire, I have relied in a similar way on Caroline Finkel’s Osman’s Dream. For the history of Iraq in modern times, I have used Charles Tripp’s A History of Iraq and Yitzhak Nakash’s The Shi‘is of Iraq. For Saudi Arabia I have used Madawi Al-Rasheed’s A History of Saudi Arabia, Toby Matthiesen’s The Other Saudis and David Commins’s The Mission and the Kingdom. For the history of Shi‘ism, my main sources have been Heinz Halm’s extraordinarily detailed Shi‘ism, Moojan Momen’s more accessible Shi‘i Islam: A Beginner’s Guide, Juan Cole’s Sacred Space and Holy War and Vali Nasr’s The Shia Revival. Other specialist books I have found very helpful are Hugh Kennedy’s The Caliphate, Matthew Pierce’s Twelve Infallible Men and Michael Crawford’s biography of Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab. A very useful collection of essays on Sunni-Shi‘i relations on which I have also relied extensively is Bengio and Litvak’s The Sunna and Shi‘a in History. Finally, the collection of essays entitled Sectarianization, edited by Nader Hashemi and Danny Postel, provided me with much food for thought when writing the final chapter.
Index
Aaron 122
Abaqa 144
Abbas, uncle of Prophet Muhammad 41
bin Abbas, Abdullah 40, 55
Abbas I, Shah 156, 158
Abbasid Caliphate and Dynasty (750–1258) 78, 79–81, 82, 85–8, 93, 101, 103, 106, 108, 110, 113, 115, 118–19, 123–7, 129–30, 139–40, 144, 188, 190, 192, 204, 252
Abbasid Revolution (746–50) 91, 105
Battle of the Zab River (750) 78
Abdan 123
Abduh, Muhammad 201–3, 219
Abdul Hamid II, Ottoman Sultan 188, 190–1, 198
Caliph 188
Abdul Malik, Caliph
death of (705) 74
family of 73
Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah pay
homage to 76
Abdulaziz, Ottoman Sultan 189
Abdullah I of Saudi Arabia, King 293–4, 297
Abdullah II of Jordan, King 293
Abdullah the Elder 122–4
Abdurrahman bin Mu‘awiya, Umayyad Prince 80
Abraham 122
Abu Bakr 35–9, 48, 50–1, 53, 60, 62–3, 66, 92, 102, 112, 128, 171
Caliph 40–2
family of 56, 72
Abu Hanifa 97, 105
shrine of 157, 170
Abu Hashim, son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
death of (716) 104
Abu Lulu
shrine of 253
Abu Said, last Timurid 150
Abu Sufyan 37, 43, 46
family of 30, 32, 60, 67
Abu Talib, uncle of the Prophet 38
Abu‘l-Shalaghlagh, Muhammad death of 123
al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din 181, 201–2, 204, 219, 243, 263
Afghanistan 131, 147, 186, 201, 221, 286, 294
Civil War (1992–6) 272
Herat 76, 147
Kabul 74, 272–3
Kandahar 158
Mazar-e Sharif 272
Soviet Invasion of (1979–89) 271, 273–4, 277–8
Aflaq, Michel 233
al-Aftah, Abdullah 107, 106
Agha Khan 131
Ahmed, son of Buya 110
Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 189
Aisha, wife of Prophet Muhammad 35–6, 39–41, 55, 59, 117
Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep Confederation) 148, 150–1, 154
territory of 152
Akbar, Emperor 171, 172
Akhbari, School of Twelver Shi‘ism 163, 193, 197
doctrine of 164
Alawis 134, 151, 170, 206–8, 233–4, 258, 293–4
doctrine of 135
Alevis 196
Algeria 72
Ali 39–41, 45, 51–2, 55–6, 61–4, 69, 72, 76, 92, 94, 133, 137, 144, 149, 151, 153, 176, 181, 211, 251
as First Imam 103
Caliph 56–7, 59
death of 65, 88–9
descendants/family of 16, 23–4, 38, 45, 56, 75–6, 81, 87, 104, 112–13, 124
shrine of 109, 161
Ali Zayn al-Abidin, 79, 110
Fourth Imam 132
tomb of 216
Almohad Caliphate (1121–1269) 139
Amin, Abbasid Caliph 83
Amir, Fatimid Caliph 131
Amman, see Jordan
bin Anas, Malik 96–7
Andalusia, see Spain
Ansar 34, 43–4, 57
anti-Semitism, see Judaism
bin Aqeel, Muslim 69–70
Arab Spring 291, 303–4
Bahraini Uprising (2011) 302
Egyptian Revolution (2011) 299, 302
Libyan Civil War (2011) 302
Syrian Civil War (2011–) 15, 291, 295, 305
Tunisian Revolution (2010–11) 299, 302
Yemeni Revolution (2011–12) 300, 302
Arabic (language) 15, 74, 81, 99, 136, 174, 267
ARAMCO 235
Arif, Abd al-Rahman 229
Arif, Abd al-Salam 229
death of (1966) 229
Aristotle 243
Armenia 84, 157
al-‘As, Amr ibn 61, 63, 65
conquest of Egypt 58–9
Asaf-ud-Daula 17
al-Ash‘ari, Abu Musa 54, 59, 61, 63
al-Ash‘ath 61
al-Ashtar, Malik 52, 58
Ashura, see Islam
al-Askari, al-Hasan 135
death of (874) 108, 121
Eleventh Imam 108, 121–2, 135
tomb of 289
Asma, daughter of Abu Bakr 56
al-Assad, Bashar 294–5, 301
al-Assad, Hafez 233, 250, 265, 295
death of (2000) 233
Assassins 131, 144
Association for the Rapprochement of the Islamic Doctrinal Law Schools 263
Ataturk, Kemal (Mustapha Kemal) 19, 211
Aurungzeb 172–3
Austria 168, 175
Axworthy, Michael 254
Azerbaijan 16, 84, 156, 186
Al-Azhar Mosque 202, 221, 263–4, 294
Ba‘ath Party (Iraq) 227–31, 247–8, 255, 267, 283–4
Ba‘ath Party (Saudi Arabia) 235
Ba‘ath Party (Syria) 233, 235, 255, 264, 267, 285
Babak 84
Babi movement 194
Babur, grandfather of Emperor Akbar 171
Badr
Battle of (624) 29, 36, 42–3
al-Badri, Sheikh Abd al-Aziz 231
Baghdad
Sacking of (1258) 16, 24, 139, 141
see Iraq
al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr 291
Baha’i 133, 194
Baha’ullah, Mirza Husayn Ali Nuri 194
Bahmani Sultanate 173
Bahrain 16, 150, 155, 157, 176, 186, 192, 217, 303
Saudi military presence in 298
Uprising (2011) 302
al-Bakr, Ahmed Hassan 229–30
al-Banna, Hasan 222
assassination of (1949) 222
founder of Muslim Brotherhood 221
Banu Hashim (clan) 41–2
Banu Qaynuqa‘ (clan) 30
Banu Qurayza (clan) 31
Banu Umayya (clan) 46, 66–7
al-Baqir, Muhammad
death of (732) 104–5
family of 79, 104, 110
Fifth Imam 132
tomb of 216
Barak, Ehud 267
Basra, see Iraq
Battle of the Trench (627) 31
Bayezid, Sultan 170
Bayqara, Husayn
death of (1506) 147
Bedouin 31, 123, 127, 199
Bengal, see India
Bektash, Hajji 138
Bektashi Order 138
Berbers 124–5
Kutama 124
Bey, Ali Galip 198
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali 276
Bigley, Ken
kidnapping and murder of (2004) 285
Bihbihani, Agha Muhammad Baqir Wahid 164
Bint al-Huda
execution of (1980) 249
al-Bistami, Abu Yazid 148
Bokhara 273
Brandeis University 198
Bremer, Paul 281
Brussels 284
Buddhism 142
Burma 273
Bush, George W. 281
ibn Buwayh, Ahmad
arrival at Baghdad (945) 86
Buyids 86, 110–13, 118
Byzantine Empire 41, 47, 49, 56, 82, 112, 135, 168
Fall of Constantinople (1453) 166–7, 169
Cairo, see Egypt
Calder, Norman 91–2
Caliphate of Cordoba (929–1031) 139
Calvin, John 176
Catholicism 169, 206
Central Intelligence Agency, see United States of America
Chak Dynasty 174
Chaldiran
Battle of (1514) 153–4, 156, 159
see Iran
Chosroes 64
Christian Democrat Party 303
Christianity 15, 17, 24, 33, 47, 74, 81, 98, 112, 128, 138, 142, 148, 161, 165–6, 168–9, 177, 179, 181–2, 198, 204, 207, 210, 220, 246, 258, 260, 266, 274, 301, 304
Bible 88
Coptic 125
Incarnation 74
missionaries 196
Orthodox 168, 205, 233
Protestantism 169, 175–6
Cockburn, Paul 291
Cold War 240
Cole, Juan 196
communism 255–6
Companions of the Prophet 23, 34, 36–7, 39–41, 43, 45–6, 50, 52, 62, 71–3, 87–8, 94–5, 112, 117, 135, 149, 163–4, 171, 179, 219, 237, 264, 275, 294
Concert of Europe/Vienna Congress 190–1
Crawford, Michael 179
Crimea 168, 189
Crusades 127, 130, 287
Cyprus 47
Damascus, see Syria
Danube, River 148, 166
ad-Darazi, Muhammad bin Ismail murder of 128
al-Da‘wa Party 228, 248–9, 252, 283, 289
al-Dawla, Baha 113
al-Dawla, Mu‘izz 112
Daylam 110–12
Deccan, see India
Delhi, see India
Deobandism 259–60, 272
Dhu’l-Fiqar (sword) 102
Diyarbakir, see Turkey
Dreyfus, Alfred 220
Druze 128–9, 151, 170, 206–7, 233
doctrine of 129
Efendi, Ebussuud 160, 170
Egypt 44, 47, 57–8, 73, 85, 111, 125–6, 155, 168, 221, 225, 270, 294–5
Cairo 113, 125, 128, 140, 200, 202–3, 221–2, 263, 294, 299
Revolution (2011) 299, 302
Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty (1979) 264
El-Hibri, Tayeb 79–80, 100
Enlightenment 174
Eritrea 273
Euphrates, River 57, 74, 109, 208, 210, 212, 214, 291
Faisal I of Iraq (Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi) 211–13
death of (1933) 213
Fallujah, see Iraq
faqr (poverty) 237
al-Faraj, Muhammad Abd al-Salam 270
Fars, see Iran
Farsi (language) 19
Fatah, Palestinian movement 266
Fatima, daughter of Prophet Muhammad 87
death of 40
descendants/family of 23–4, 38, 40, 42, 65, 69, 77, 80–1, 104, 124, 145
shrine of 145, 178
Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) 16, 126–7, 129–30, 134, 142, 217
Fighting Vanguard 264–5
Finkel, Caroline 174
First Fitna (656–61) 64
Battle of the Camel (656) 62
Battle of Nahrawan (659) 62, 64
Battle of Siffin (657) 57, 60, 62, 64–5
First Saudi State (1744–1818) 218
First World War (1914–18) 150, 187, 200, 205, 208, 221, 231, 250, 261, 271
Battle of Shu‘ayba (1915) 201
Treaty of Lausanne (1923) 205
Four Rightly Guided Caliphs 91
France 74, 206, 210, 218, 232
Dreyfus Affair (1894–1906) 220
Paris 85, 242
Revolution (1789–99) 85, 247
Versailles 85
Friedman, Thomas 18
al-Furat, Ali
execution of (924) 109
Gabriel (angel)
role in revelation of Qur’an 25
Gaddafi, Muammar 267, 303
Galib, Sharif 181
Galilee, see Israel
Ganges, River 165