A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is
Page 38
Gazi, Osman 166
Genghis Khan 144, 147, 171
descendants of 171
Georgia 151, 157
Germany 303
Ghadir Khumm, see Saudi Arabia
al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid 134, 137, 140–1
Ghazan 142
family of 142, 144
Ghazi I of Iraq 213–14
al-Ghifari, Abu Dharr 236–7
al-Ghita, Sheikh Ja‘far Kashif 200
Golan Heights, see Syria
Greater Occultation 109
Greater Syria 20, 41, 43–4, 47, 51, 57, 74, 76, 82, 118, 126, 135, 168–9, 186, 210, 215, 218–19, 265
Greece 205
Habsburg Empire 170
al-Hadi, Ali
Tenth Imam 108
tomb of 289
Hadid, Marwan 264
Hadith 62, 117, 146
Hafez (Khwaja Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Hafez-e-Shirazi) 17
Hafsa 36
Hajj, see Islam
al-Hakam, Marwan bin 48, 73
family of 49
al-Hakim, Ayatollah Baqir death of (2003) 283, 286
al-Hakim, Fatimid Caliph 128–9
al-Hakim, Grand Ayatollah Muhsin 229–31
al-Hallaj, Husayn bin Mansur crucifixion of 148
Hallaq, Wael 97
Hama, see Syria
Hamadan, see Iran
Hamza, uncle of Prophet Muhammad 30, 32
Hanafi (doctrinal law school) 216
Hanafi (tribe) 76
al-Hanafiyyah, Muhammad ibn 78, 103–4
family of 76, 79
Hanbalis 111–12, 135, 176, 216, 263
ul-Haq, General Zia 276–8
death of (1988) 278
Hariri, Rafiq
assassination of 301
Hasan, son of Ali and Second Imam 38, 60, 88, 102–3, 181
descendants/family of 42, 65–6, 75, 82, 112, 209
tomb of 216
Hasan II, son of Hassan-i Sabbah 131
Hasan III, Jalal al-din 131
Hawran, see Syria
Hazara (ethnic group) 272–3
Hejaz 73–4, 107, 181, 191
Heraclius 64
Herat, see Afghanistan
Hezbollah 267–8, 293, 298, 301
Hidden Imam 108–9, 114–18, 155, 163, 192, 194, 200
Hijrah 25, 29, 34–5, 38, 71, 112
Hilla, see Iraq
al-Hilli, Allamah 145–6, 164
Hilm
concept of 28
Hind, wife of Abu Sufyan 30, 60, 67
Hinduism 15, 17–18, 172–3
Hourani, Albert 225
Houthi Insurgency, see Yemen
hudud 116
Hulegu the Mongol 144, 146
death of (1265) 142
Sacking of Baghdad (1258) 24, 139
Hungary 166
Hussein, son of Ali and Third Imam 38, 69–71, 76, 87–8, 105–6, 144, 209
death of 103
family of 42, 79
martyrdom of (680) 16–17, 71–3, 88–9, 102–4, 109, 125, 134, 164, 241–2, 255–6, 261
tomb of 108, 181
Hussein, Saddam 232, 247, 250–1, 269, 274–5, 281–2, 284
removed from power (2003) 227, 279
repression of Shi‘is under 16
rise to power (1979) 229, 248
Hussein of Mecca, Sharif (Hussein bin Ai al-Hashimi) 209, 221
family of 218
Ibn Arabi
Fusus al-Hikam 243
Ibn Hanbal 92, 97, 99, 160, 179
Ibn al-Furat 111
Ibn Kemal Pasha-Zade 160, 170
Ibn Nusayr 135
Ibn Rawh al-Nawbakhti
death of (938) 109
Ibn Saud (Abdul Aziz ibn Abdul-Rahman ibn Saud) 216–20, 271
seizure of Mecca and Medina (1924) 218
Ibn Taymiyyah 135, 179, 294
Ibn al-Zubair 72–3, 73
Ibrahim 78
Idris bin Abdullah, brother of Muhammad the Pure Soul 82
Ikhwan 217–18, 271
ijma 98
ijtihad 96, 116, 145–6, 164, 193
Il-Khanate 144
India 15, 18, 169, 276
Bengal 174
Deccan 173–4
Delhi 159, 171
Indian Mutiny 172
Lucknow 17, 173–4
Sind 174
Indonesia 15, 165, 186
Indus, River 171
International Crisis Group 284, 291
Iran 15–16, 19–20, 24, 43, 47–8, 57, 118–19, 130, 138, 147–8, 150, 159, 163–4, 186–8, 193, 200, 212, 226, 230–1, 252–3, 275, 283, 293, 304–6
Chaldiran 170
Constitution of 246
Constitutional Revolution (1905–11) 195
Fars 150
Green Revolution (2009) 302
Hamadan 201
Isfahan 110, 157–8, 164, 196–7
Islamic Revolution (1979) 16, 114, 225, 236, 239–46, 248, 255, 261–5, 270, 276, 278
Khorasan 75, 78, 83
Khuzistan 250
Kirman 150
Mashhad 119
Qumm 145, 157, 178, 244
Revolutionary Guards 267–8
SAVAK (Organization of Intelligence and National Security) 239
Shiraz 110
Tabriz 150, 152, 155
Tehran 195, 198, 241–2
Tus 119
Iran-Iraq War (1980–8) 239, 247–52, 254, 265
Iraq 16, 43–4, 72–3, 85, 125, 133, 142, 150, 156, 163, 186, 193, 213–14, 223, 226, 229–31, 292–3, 295
14 July Revolution (1958) 227
Anbar Province 290
Baghdad 80, 82–6, 100, 107–8, 110–14, 118–19, 126, 135, 139, 147, 152, 161, 170, 197, 208, 211, 213, 231, 248, 251, 281, 283
Basra 44, 48, 54–5, 66, 123, 176–7, 197, 208
British Mandate of (1920–32) 205–6, 208, 305
Fallujah 290
Hilla 155–6, 186, 196
Karbala 70–1, 132, 144, 164, 180–1, 186, 194, 196–8, 209, 212, 232, 248, 251, 261
Kufa 44, 48–9, 52, 56–7, 61–3, 65–6, 69–71, 73, 76, 78, 103, 108, 119, 123, 132, 151, 248
Ministry of Education 214
Ministry of Health 288
Mosul 135, 208, 211
Najaf 109, 144, 151, 186, 196–7, 212, 230–2, 244, 248, 251, 283, 286
oil revenues of 231–2
Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003–11) 227, 275, 278–9, 289–90, 292, 305
Ramadi 290
Raqqa 291
Republican Guard 274
Revolutionary Command Council 232, 248
Samarra 84, 108, 194, 288–9
Tikrit 292
Iraq Accord Front 290
Isaac 122
Isfahan, see Iran
bin Ishaq, Hunayn
descendants of 81
Islam 15, 17, 19, 23–4, 28–9, 37, 39, 41–4, 48, 60, 63–4, 67, 86, 88, 98, 101, 103, 112, 115, 121, 154, 165, 170, 181–2, 192, 200–2, 210, 220, 222, 234, 244, 254, 256, 271, 287, 301, 303
Ashura 17, 286, 297
conversion to 26, 36, 43, 51, 54, 74–5, 77, 81, 142, 144, 168, 172, 196
Hajj 82, 112, 126, 171
Muharram 241
radical 259–60
Ramadan 234
Sharia 20, 25, 83, 92, 94, 96–8, 115–17, 119, 127–8, 140, 142, 155, 162, 173, 178, 180, 192, 195, 220, 243, 277, 296
Zahra 241
zakat 277
Islamic State (Daesh/Islamic State in Iraq) 15, 289–91, 295
territory controlled by 291–2
Islamism 190, 220, 255–6, 260–2, 264, 270, 283, 293, 300, 303–4
jihadi 274, 285
Pan-Islamism 190, 192
Sunni 235, 263, 285
Ismail, son of Ja‘far al-Sadiq 106, 122–3
Ismail, Shah 152, 153, 164
territory conquered by 152–3, 155
Ismail II 156
Ismaili (Shi‘i branch) 24, 131–2, 134, 151, 207�
��8, 217, 233, 276
Ismailism 126
Israel 262, 265, 268–9, 286
Arab-Israeli War (1948) 205
Arab-Israeli War (1973) 231
Galilee 128
Six Day War (1967) 225, 235, 266
Istanbul, see Turkey
Jahan, Nur 173
Jahan, Shah 172
Jahangir 172–3
construction of Taj Mahal 173
al-Jamali, al-Afdal bin Badr 129
al-Jamali, Fadhil 226
bin al-Jarrah, Abu Ubaidah 35, 43
al-Jawad, Muhammad
family of 84, 108
Ninth Imam 107
al-Jawhar
conquest of Egypt 124–5
Jebel Amil 155, 186
Jerusalem, see Palestine
Jesus Christ 99
al-Jilani, Abd al-Qadir 157
shrine of 170
jizya (tax) 173
abolition of 172
Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of 205, 225, 294
Amman 294
Zarqa 286
Joseph 115
Judaism 24, 30, 98, 128, 142, 161, 177, 179, 191, 204–5, 220, 246, 260, 274
anti-Semitism 220
Junayd, Safavid leader 151
Junayd of Baghdad
death of (910) 149
Ka‘ba 109
occupation of (1979) 270
removal of black stone from (930) 123
removal of idols from 32, 102
Kabul, see Afghanistan
Kandahar, see Afghanistan
al-Karaki, Sheikh Ali al-Muhaqqiq 156
Karbala
Battle of (680) 16, 70–1, 76, 79, 103, 132, 134
see Iraq
removed from power (1963) 228–9
Kashmir 174
Kawkaba, see Syria
Kaysan, Abu Amr 104
al-Kazim, Musa 107
descendants/family of 106, 173
Seventh Imam 155, 173, 243
Kazimayn
shrine of 211
Kepel, Gilles
Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (2002) 300–1
Khadija
death of 34
al-Khalissi, Ayatollah Mehdi 212
Khan, Murshid Quli 156
Kharijis 61–3, 66, 76, 139, 176
Kharijism 76
al-Khasibi, Abu Abdullah
Kitab al-Hidaya al-Kubra (Book of Great Guidance) 135
Khazraj (tribe) 37
Khilafat Movement 221
al-Kho‘i, Ayatollah 250
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 114, 116, 232, 241–5, 247, 251, 253–4, 261–2, 268
death of (1989) 239, 252
Khorasan, see Iran
al-Khurasani, Abu Muslim
Abdurrahman bin Muslim 77–8, 105
Khuzistan, see Iran
King Abdulaziz University 273–4
Kirman, see Iran
Kissinger, Henry 249
Kitab al-Azilla (Book of Shadows) 134–5
Kitbogha 141
Kizilbash 153, 156, 160, 162, 170, 192
forced migration of 170
Kizilbash Confederation 159
Knox, John 176
Konya, see Turkey
Kufa, see Iraq
Kurdistan 230
Iranian 286
Kurds (ethnic group) 208, 212, 214, 227, 229, 274
Faili 228
Kuwait 251, 284
Labid 91
bin Laden, Osama 270, 274, 286–7
Lattakia, see Syria
League of Arab States 250
League of Nations 213, 218, 220
mandate system of 205–6
Lebanon 16, 128, 155, 206, 255, 265, 267, 269, 273, 293, 301
Civil War (1975–90) 266, 269
French Mandate of (1923–43) 205–7, 305
Israeli Invasion of (1982) 266–7
Israeli Invasion of (2006) 293
Libya 200, 267, 303
Civil War (2011) 302
Tripoli 219
Lucknow, see India
Lycia, see Turkey
Madelung, Wilferd 45
madhhab 97
al-Mahdi, Muhammad 108
Twelfth Imam 108, 121–2
Mahdi, Muhammad
family of 81–2
Mahmud, Ghilzai 158
al-Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir
Sheikh al-Islam 158
Malaki (doctrinal law school) 216
Malik-Shah 118
al-Maliki, Nouri 289, 299
Malikis 263
Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) 140, 142
Mamluks 175, 197
Ma‘moun 83–4, 99, 108
al-Mansour 80
family of 80
Manzikert
Battle of (1071) 118, 166
Mardin, see Turkey
Maronites 206
Marv 78
Marxism 236
Marxist-Leninism 226
Mashhad, see Iran
maslahah 203
Masyaf, see Syria
Matthiesen, Toby 299
Mauritania 15
Mecca, see Saudi Arabia
Medina, see Saudi Arabia
Mehmed V, Sultan 191
Momen, Moojan 133
Mongolia 141
Mongols 24, 141, 146, 148, 287
conversion to Islam 142, 144
Morocco 15, 82, 93, 186
Morsi, Muhammad 295
Moses 122
Mosul, see Iraq
Mothers of the Faithful (wives of the Prophet) 50
Mount Lebanon 128
bin Mu‘adh, Sa‘d 31
Mu‘awiya bin ‘Abi Sufyan 43, 51, 55–60, 66, 72, 75, 88–9, 94
death of 102–3
Mubarak, Hosni 294
removed from power (2011) 302–3
al-Mufid, al-Sheikh 89, 114
Mughal Empire (1526–1857) 159, 171–2, 185
territory of 165, 172
Muhajirun 33–4
Muhammad, Prophet 16, 18, 28–9, 31–2, 34–5, 38–42, 46, 51, 53, 55, 60, 62–3, 74, 77, 91–2, 96, 111, 114, 117, 122, 136, 138, 145, 153, 163, 189, 211, 220, 236–7, 260, 275
death of (632) 18, 23, 25–6, 33, 35–6, 39–41, 44
descendants/family of 23, 30, 32, 35, 38, 40, 42, 65–6, 69, 71–2, 77–9, 83, 89, 102–3, 107, 119, 157, 181, 209
journey to Medina 26
Muhammad bin Abu Bakr 56, 65
Muhammad, Ali, founder of Babi
movement 194
Muhammad the Pure Soul 80, 105
Muhammad III, Ala’al-din 131
Muharram, see Islam
Mu‘iz, Fatimid Caliph 124
Mujahideen 287
Mujahideen-e khalq 254
mujtahid 97, 146, 193, 195, 298, 200–3, 209, 211, 244
Muktafi, Caliph 85
al-Mulk, Nizam
death of (1092) 130
Munafiqun 30, 39
Muqtadir
Caliph 85–6, 111
death of (932) 86
Murad I 140
al-Murtada, Ali 115
Musavi, Mir Hossein 302
Musaylimah
as false prophet 160
Muslim Brotherhood 221–3, 260, 264
ideology of 222
Mustakfi, Caliph 110
al-Musta‘sim, Caliph
execution of 141
al-Mustansir, Caliph 129
Mu‘tasim, Caliph 100, 108
family of 84
Mutawakkil, Caliph
assassination of (861) 85
Mutawakkil III, Caliph 189
Mu‘tazilis 114–15, 203
Muti‘, Caliph 110
Muwahhidun 177
Nahda Party 303
Najaf, see Iraq
Najd, see Saudi Arabia
Napoleon (Napoleon Bonaparte)
Invasion of Egypt (1798) 189
al-Nasir, Caliph 119
bin Nasrullah, Ahmad bin Mahdi 217
Nasrulla
h, Hassan 269
Nasser, Gamal Abdel 225, 227, 270
nationalism 187, 204, 215, 222–3, 283, 286
Arab 190, 205–6, 208–9, 218–20, 225, 228, 235, 262, 269, 294, 300
pan-Arab 228
Sharifian 209
Nawabs of Awadh (1722–1856) 17, 173–4, 197
Nejd 175–6, 180
Niger, River 165
al-Nimr, Sheikh Nimr 298
Niyar bin Iyad 50
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 273
Northern Alliance 273
Northern Ireland
Troubles, The (1968–98) 304
Obama, Barack
State of the Union Address (2016) 18
Oil Price Crisis (1973–4) 225–6, 231, 235–6
Oljeitu 142–3
Oman 94
Organisation for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula (OIRAP) 255–6
Orkhan 166
al-Otaybi, Juhayman bin Muhammad bin Sayf 262, 271, 273
Ottoman Empire (c.1299–1923) 131, 133, 147, 150, 153, 161, 166, 174, 176, 185, 187–8, 191–2, 196–9, 204, 209, 213, 217–18, 287
abolition of (1924) 218, 221
Constantinople/Istanbul 19, 166–7, 169, 189
Janissaries 138, 168
territory of 156, 158, 162, 170, 181
Young Turks Revolution (1908) 191, 200, 219
Oxus, River 152, 159
Pahlavi, Shah Muhammad Reza 237, 240–2, 250
Pakistan 18, 274, 276–8, 294
Peshawar 273
Quetta 278
Services Center 273
Sind 74, 278
Palestine 220, 262, 265, 273
Arab Revolt (1936–9) 215
British Mandate of (1920–48) 205, 215, 305
Jerusalem 82, 127, 221
Tiberias 123
West Bank 266
Palestinian Islamic Jihad 262
pan-Arabism 213–14, 226
Paris, see France
Pasha, Ibrahim 181
Pasha, Nuqrashi
assassination of 222
Patriotic Brotherhood Party 213
Penitents 105
Persia 19, 72
Qajar Dynasty (1789–1925) 192, 194, 240
Persian Empire 158, 187–8
Ctesiphon 81
Persian Gulf War (1990–1) 284
Peshawar, see Pakistan
Peshmerga 289
Peter, Simon 122
Philippines 273
Plato 243
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The 220
Qadir, Caliph 111, 113, 118
al-Qa‘ida 271, 286, 289–90, 297
Qa’im, Caliph 118
Qajar Dynasty, see Persia
Qajars (tribe) 162
Qarmat, Hamdan 123
Qarmatis 111, 123, 126
Qasim, Brigadier Abd al-Karim 228
Qatif, see Saudi Arabia
Qayrawan, see Tunisia
Qays bin Sa‘d 54
Qaysi (tribal group) 74
qiyas 116
Quetta, see Pakistan
Qumm, see Iran
al-Qummi, Muhammad Taqi 263
Qur’an 15, 25–6, 28–9, 36, 41, 48, 50, 57–9, 61, 72, 87, 91–6, 98–100, 106, 114–16, 122, 136–7, 140, 145–6, 170, 175, 178–80, 203, 222, 231, 245, 252–3
revelation of 25, 39, 124
Quraysh (tribe) 23, 31, 34–7, 41–2, 44, 46, 48–9, 51, 57, 61, 64, 69, 112–13, 190