A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is
Page 39
merchants 32
nobility 64
opposition to 28–9
Qutb, Muhammad 270
Qutb, Sayyid 259–60, 270
execution of (1966) 259
Milestones 270
Radi, Caliph 111
al-Radi, al-Sharif 113
Ramadan, see Islam
Ramadi, see Iraq
Raqqa, see Iraq/Syria
Al-Rashid 216
al-Rashid, Harun 82–3, 96
Reformation 175, 181–2, 304
Renan, Ernest 187
Rhine, River 148
al-Rida, Ali 83–4
Eighth Imam 107, 119, 145, 178
shrine of 119, 159
Rida, Rashid 199–200, 219–20
al-Rikabi, Fuad 227
Riyadh, see Saudi Arabia
Roman Empire 148
Romanus Diogenes, Emperor 166
Rouhani, Hassan 302
Rumi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad 17
Rushdie, Salman
Satanic Verses, The 252–4
Russian Empire (1721–1917) 15, 168, 175, 189, 194, 198, 200
Annexation of Crimea (1784) 189
October Revolution (1917) 247
Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) 189
ibn Saba’, Abdullah 133
sabb 159, 162–3, 171
Sabbah, Hassan-i 130
death of (1124) 131
Sa‘d 37
Sadat, Anwar 264
assassination of (1981) 270
al-Sadiq, Ja‘far 80, 96, 105–6, 115, 117, 121
death of (765) 105–6, 108
family of 79, 105–6
tomb of 216
al-Sadr, Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir 228, 248, 250
execution of (1980) 249
family of 267
al-Sadr, Ayatollah Muhammad Sadiq 282
al-Sadr, Muqtada 282
al-Sadr, Musa
Safavid Empire (1501–1736) 16, 150–2, 155, 158–9, 163, 165, 170, 173, 185, 196, 287
practice of sabb 159
territory of 156
Saffah, Caliph (Abu al-‘Abbas) 78, 80
Sahwa (militias) 290–1
Saladin 130–1
defeat of Ismaili Caliphate (1171) 126
al-salaf al-salih 203–4
Salafism 204, 275
Salamiyya, see Syria
Saleh, Ali Abdullah 300
Samarra, see Iraq
Saudi Arabia 15, 24, 73, 186, 217, 223, 226, 235–6, 238, 247, 251, 264, 270, 277, 279, 293, 295, 297, 303, 305–6
Dir’iyah 179, 181
Eastern Province 255, 261, 298
Ghadir Khumm 62, 102, 112, 125, 211
Grand Mosque Siege (1979) 270
Jeddah 218, 274
Mecca 25–6, 28–9, 31, 33–4, 36, 38, 52, 54–5, 72–3, 111, 113, 123, 126, 171, 176, 181, 217–18, 274
Medina 26, 29–31, 33–5, 38, 44, 52, 55, 69, 76, 107–8, 176, 181, 191, 216–17, 253, 274
Ministry of the Interior 298
Najd 216–17
National Guard 261
proclamation of (1932) 215
Qatif 217, 261–2, 298
Riyadh 180, 216, 294
Ta’if 32
SAVAK (Organization of Intelligence and National Security), see Iran
Sawad 80
Schimmel, Annemarie 137
Second World War (1939–45) 207, 223, 225, 233, 249
Selim II, Ottoman Sultan 169
Selim the Grim, Ottoman Sultan 153, 170, 189
Seljuq Empire (1037–1194) 118, 126, 130
Seljuqs of Rum 166
Serbia 166
al-Shafi’i 95, 97–8
Shafi’i (doctrinal law school) 216
Shah, Jahan 149
Shah, Nadir 158–60, 176, 188, 251
religious policies of 162
territory conquered by 161
Shah, Naser al-Din 193
Shaltut, Sheikh Mahmud 263
al-Shami, Abu Anas 286–7
Sharia, see Islam
Shariati, Ali 236–8
Sharifians 209, 211
Sharur
Battle of (1501) 152
Sheikh Safi
death of (1334) 151
Shi‘i 15–18, 20, 23–4, 87–9, 96, 102–4, 108, 110, 112–13, 121, 126, 132, 136–8, 149, 158, 165, 169–74, 176, 179, 181, 185–6, 188, 192, 196–202, 207–15, 218, 226–30, 236–7, 239–41, 248–50, 264, 268, 276–7, 279, 283–5, 288, 295, 297–8, 303, 305–6
conversion to 16
doctrine of 87, 136
Gnostic 133–4, 138, 150, 154, 159, 196
shrines 161
Twelver 109–10, 113–17, 119, 121, 124, 132, 134, 138, 142, 144–6, 150–1, 154–5, 157, 160, 162–3, 170–1, 176–7, 180, 186, 193, 195–6, 200, 202–4, 206–7, 217, 234, 241, 244, 253, 263, 266, 269, 276, 293–4, 297, 304
al-Shi‘i, Abu Abdullah 124
Shi‘i Crescent 293
Shi‘i Supreme Islamic Council 267
Shiqaqi, Fathi 262–3
Shiraz, see Iran
Shirazi, Mirza Hasan 194–5
Shirazi, Mirza Muhammad Taqi 209
Sidqi, Colonel Bakr 214
al-Simmari, Ali bin Muhammad
death of (941) 109
Sind, see India
Sistani, Ayatollah 284
Sitt al-Mulk 128
Sind, see Pakistan
Six Day War, see Israel
socialism 227, 236
Society of Religious Scholars (Jama’at al-‘ulama’) 249
Somalia 273
Soviet Union (USSR) 231, 240, 273
Invasion of Afghanistan (1979–89) 271, 273–4, 277–8
Spain 74, 171
Andalusia 165, 273
Madrid Train Bombing (2004) 286
Reconquista (711–1492) 165
Streusand, Douglas 169
Sufism 136, 148–9, 176, 237
Chishti order of 172–3
doctrine of 136–7
Senussi Brotherhood 221
Suleyman the Magnificent 170
sulh-i kull 172–3
Sunna 62, 92, 95, 179
Sunni 15–18, 23–4, 88–9, 96, 101, 104–5, 110, 113, 117–19, 125, 134, 139–41, 149–50, 154, 156, 158–9, 161–2, 166, 169, 175–9, 181, 185–6, 188, 198–9, 201–5, 208–12, 214–15, 226, 228–9, 234, 237, 239, 246, 248–50, 253, 256, 258, 266, 273, 276, 279, 283, 285, 288–9, 296, 298, 303–6
doctrine of 101, 136
shrines 170
Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI) 251–2, 283–4, 289
Badr Brigade 284–5
al-Suwaidi, Sheikh Abdullah 161–2
Syria 29, 44, 53, 56–7, 62, 73, 75, 85, 135, 151, 186, 208, 225, 233, 236, 258, 295
Aleppo 130, 135, 147, 206, 264
Civil War (2011–) 15, 291, 295, 305
Coup d’état (1966) 233, 235
Damascus 43–4, 63, 71, 74, 123, 130, 147, 191, 206, 233, 296
French Mandate of (1923–43) 205–7, 233, 305
Golan Heights 128, 266
Great Syrian Revolt (1925) 206–7
Hama 206, 264–5
Hama Massacre (1980) 264–5
Hawran 206
Kawkaba 206
Lattakia 135
Masyaf 131
Raqqa 57
Salamiyya 123–4
Syriac (language) 81, 208
Syriac (language), see Syria
al-Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir 252
al-Tabarani, Abu Said 135
Tabataba’i, Sayyid Mihdi 171
Tabriz, see Iran
Tahmasp 170
family of 155, 164
takfir 164, 178, 193–4
Talha 52, 54–5, 59
Taliban
Capture of Kabul (1996) 272
Demolition of Bamyan Buddhas (2001) 272
Mazar-e Sharif Massacre (1998) 272
Tanta
wi, Sheikh Muhammad Sayyid 264
taqiyya 16, 106, 132, 135, 162
Tatars
Crimean 189
Muslim 189
tawakkul 237
Tawhid 177, 180
Teguder 141–2
Tehran, see Iran
al-Thaqafi, Mukhtar 76–7, 103–4
Thaqif 32
Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) 182
Tiberias, see Palestine
Tigris, River 74, 80, 109, 201, 208
Tikrit, see Iraq
Timur (Tamburlaine/Tamerlane) 146–7, 166
descendants of 171–2
Timurid Empire (1370–1507) 147, 150
Transoxania 141, 147
Treaty of Hudaybiyya (628) 59
Tripp, Charles 282
bin Tughluq, Muhammad 140
Tughril Beg 118
Tulaqa’ 37
Tunisia 72
Qayrawan 124
Revolution (2010–11) 299, 302
Turkey 20, 205, 211, 221, 304
Diyarbakir 152
Istanbul 19
Konya 166
Lycia 49
Mardin 152
Turkish (language) 146, 169, 174
Turkmen (ethnic group) 149–52, 154, 208
al-Tusi, Muhammad bin Hassan 115
al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din 144–5, 149–50
Twelve Imams 88–9, 107–9, 153
al-‘Ubaydi, Muhammad Habib 210
Ubaydullah 123–4
bin Ubayy, Abdullah 30
Uhud
Battle of (625) 29–30, 32, 34, 38, 102
Ukraine 168
Umamah bint Abu al-‘As 38
Umar, Caliph 35–6, 38, 47–50, 53, 55, 60, 62, 92, 94, 102, 128, 171
assassination of 253
Caliph 40, 42–3, 93
death of (644) 45
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) 72–7, 80, 83, 88, 91, 94–5, 103, 106, 129, 136, 141, 171, 213
territory of 74, 86
Umm Kulthum
family of 45
United Arab Emirates 251
United Kingdom 194, 210, 218, 240, 253, 271
Foreign and Commonwealth Office 254
London 279
United Nations 274–5, 283
United States of America 240, 271–2, 275
9/11 Attacks 273–4
Central Intelligence Agency 273
Washington DC 241, 279, 281, 285
Urdu (language) 174
Usulis 171, 192–3, 197, 244
doctrine of 164, 193–4
Uthman bin Affan, Caliph 45–7, 53–5, 60, 63, 65, 69, 87, 92, 94, 102, 115, 171, 236–7
Caliph 49–50, 96, 236
family of 49
murder of 50–2, 65, 67, 75
Uzbekistan 141
Bukhara 74
Samarkand 74, 147
Tashkent 273
Uzbeks (ethnic group) 157
Uzun Hasan 150
death of (1472) 151
family of 152
Van, Lake 166
velayat-e faqih 245, 251–2, 260, 268
Vicar of Bray 155
Vieira de Mello, Sérgio
death of (2003) 283
Vienna
Siege of (1529) 168, 287
al-Wahhab, Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd 175–81, 218, 220
Wahhabism 177, 179, 197, 215, 217–19, 226, 247, 259–60, 264, 270, 272, 277, 293, 296–7, 304
spread of 180–1, 216
Walid bin Uqba 49
Walid I, Caliph 171
Walila Berber (confederation) 82
Waqqas, Umar bin Sa‘d bin Abi 70–2
Washington DC, see United States of America
al-Wathiq 100
West Bank, see Palestine
World Health Organisation (WHO) 288
Yahya 76
bin Yalbaq, Ali 111
Yamani (tribal group) 74
Yarmouk
Battle of (636) 43
Yazbek, Samar
Crossing: My Journey to the Shattered
Heart of Syria, The 295–6
Yazdi, Karim
death of (1919) 210
Yazid, Umayyad Caliph 71–2, 268
death of 72–3
family of 69
Yazidis (religious community) 15, 208
Yemen 15, 18, 32, 65, 70, 73, 132–3, 151, 186, 217, 273, 295, 299–300, 302
Houthi Insurgency (2004–15) 300
Revolution (2011–12) 300, 302
Young Turks 191, 200, 219
az-Zahir 128–9
Zahra, see Islam
zakat, see Islam
Zarqa, see Jordan
al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab 285–8, 290, 293–4
al-Zawahiri, Ayman 288
Zayd, half-brother of Muhammad al- Baqir 105
Zayd bin Ali 77
family of 76, 110
Zaydism 110, 132, 151, 186, 299–300
Zionism 220
Ziyad bin Abihi 72
bin Ziyad, Ubaydullah 70–1
Governor of Basra 70
Zoroastrianism 142, 246
Zubair 52, 54–5, 59
family of 69
al-Zubair, Abd Allah bin 69, 72