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Midnight's Descendants

Page 46

by John Keay


  Sinha-Kerkhoff, K., The Tyranny of Partition: Hindus in Bangladesh and Muslims in India, Gyan, New Delhi 2006

  Sisson, Richard and Leo E. Rose, War and Secession: Pakistan, India and the Creation of Bangladesh, University of California Press, Berkeley 1990

  Symonds, Richard, In the Margins of Independence: A Relief Worker in India and Pakistan (1942–49), OUP, Oxford 2001

  Talbot, Ian, Pakistan: A Modern History, St Martin’s, New York 1998

  Talbot, Ian, Pakistan: A New History, Hurst, London 2012

  Talbott, Strobe, Engaging India: Diplomacy, Democracy and the Bomb, Brookings, Washington 2004

  Tan, T.Y. and Gyanesh Kudaisya, The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia, Routledge, London 2000

  Tan, T.Y. and Gyanesh Kudaisya (eds), Partition and Post-Colonial South Asia: A Reader, 2 vols, Routledge, Abingdon 2008

  Tharoor, S., India from Midnight to the Millennium, Viking, New Delhi 1997

  Trench, Charles Chenevix, The Frontier Scouts, Cape, London 1985

  Tuker, Francis, While Memory Serves, Cassell, London 1960

  Tully, Mark and Satish Jacob, Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi’s Last Battle, Cape, London 1985

  Van der Veer, Peter, Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India, University of California Press, Berkeley 1994

  Van Schendel, W., The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia, Anthem, London 2005

  Van Schendel, W., A History of Bangladesh, CUP, Cambridge 2009

  Varma, Sushma J. and Radhika Seshan, Fractured Identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada, Rawat, Jaipur 2003

  Von Tunzelmann, Alex, Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire, Henry Holt, New York 2007

  Whitehead, Andrew, A Mission in Kashmir, Viking Penguin, New Delhi 2007

  Wickramasinghe, Nira, Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Identities, Hurst, London 2006

  Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam, Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Hurst, London 2000

  Wirsing, Robert, India, Pakistan and the Kashmir Dispute: On Regional Conflict and its Resolution, St Martin’s, New York 1994

  Wolpert, Stanley, Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan, OUP, New York 1993

  Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali, The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories, Columbia UP, New York 2007

  Ziegler, Philip, Mountbatten: The Official Biography, Collins, London 1985

  Zinkin, Taya, Reporting India, Chatto and Windus, London 1962

  Ziring, Lawrence, Bangladesh: From Mujib to Ershad, an Interpretive Study, OUP, Karachi 1992

  Ziring, Lawrence, Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History, OUP, Karachi 1997

  Index

  The page numbers in this index relate to the printed version of this book; they do not match the pages of your ebook. You can use your ebook reader’s search tool to find a specific word or passage.

  AASU (All-Assam Students’ Union) 220–3, 235

  Abdullah, Farooq 209–10, 232–3, 236, 238

  Abdullah, Sheikh Mohamed ‘the Lion of Kashmir’ 205: background 70; political outlook 70–1; friendship with Nehru 70–1; ‘Quit Kashmir’ stance 71; installed as Emergency Administrator 76–7; as India’s ‘quisling’ 81; anti-Pakistan sentiments 83; arrested and placed in detention 89; as guest of Nehru and Ayub Khan 136–7; released from detention 169–70

  Advani, Lal Krishna 276, 280

  Afghanistan xxxiii, 60, 67, 73–4, 117, 123, 125, 216, 245, 247–50, 286, 300–1, 306

  Afzal, Mohamed 282

  Agartala Conspiracy (1968) 155

  Agra 18

  Ahmadi community 96

  Ahmed, Tajuddin 171–2

  Ahmedabad 282

  Ahsan, Aitzaz 174–5

  AIADMK (Tamil party) 206, 213, 215

  Air India Flight 182 bombing 239–41

  Akali Dal (Sikh party) 105, 203, 206, 224–30, 232, 241

  Akbar, M.J. 266

  Aksai Chin 126, 128–34

  al-Qaeda 240

  Aldrin, ‘Buzz’ 117

  Alexander, Albert Victor, Lord 1–2, 4

  Ali, Nizam Mir Usman 65–6

  Ali, Tariq 93

  Ali Khan, Liaquat: and division of territory 35; against migration 48; knowledge of Kashmir incursion 74; Nehru’s unwillingness to meet 81; persuaded of need for Kashmir plebiscite 82; prevaricates over ceasefire 87; assumes power 94; US bias 95; reaction to Hindu massacre 97; death 95, 103

  Ali Khan, Mazar 92–3

  Aligarh 70

  All-India Muslim League 94

  All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) 267–8

  All India Radio 107

  Allahabad 54, 190

  Alwar state 40

  Ambani, Dhirubhai 294

  Ambedkar, Dr 296

  Amin, Nurul 50

  Amritsar 16, 38, 202, 226–31

  Anandpur Sahib Resolution (1973) 203, 224–5, 229

  Andhra Pradesh 110–11, 116

  Anglo–Nepal war (1814–16) 119

  Ankara 141

  Arab–Israeli war (1973) 171

  Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) (1958) 304–5

  Armstrong, Neil 117

  Arunachal Pradesh 126

  Asia–Africa Conference (Bandung 1955) 124

  Asian Employment Programme survey (1987) 200

  Asian Games (Delhi, 1982) 227

  Asian Relations Conference (1947) 123

  Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) 223, 235

  Assam 272: insurgency groups in xxii; population interchange 42, 49–50, 219–20; Sylhet awarded to East Pakistan 64; Chinese incursions nearby 133; Hindu–Muslim conflict 166, 220–3; population growth 219–20; elections 221–2; massacre at Nellie 221–3; remains contentious 223

  Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal 141

  Attlee, Clement 1

  Awami League 98–9, 154, 157–9, 162, 164, 171, 203

  Awami National Conference 233

  Ayodhya 270–1, 273–83, 295

  Ayub Khan, Muhammad: on the army 48; changing views on 91; friendly relations with US 95; sends Mirza to Dhaka as Governor 99–100; as part of emergency government 100; proclaims martial law 101; takes over control of Pakistan 102; relations with China 135–6; and Kashmir 135–7, 156; introduces ‘Basic Democracy’ 142–4, 157, 254; attempts to introduce new Constitution 143–4; and East Pakistan 154–5; resigns 157

  Azad Kashmir xxix, 134, 139–41, 290, 306

  Azad Kashmiris (Free Kashmiris) 73–5, 78–80, 88

  Azad, Maulana 6

  Babbar Khalsa (militant Sikh group) 240

  Babri mosque, Ayodhya xxxii, 50

  Bagh Ali 42

  Baghdad Pact 125

  Bahawalpur state 19, 38, 40, 42, 44–5

  Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) 296–7

  Bajaur 73

  BAKSAL (Bangladesh Peasants and Workers Awami League) 172–3

  Baloch separatists xxxii

  Balochistan xxvii, xxxiii, 96, 101, 176, 285, 306, 308

  Baltistan 69

  Bandaranaike, Sirimavo 150, 214–16

  Bangalore 294–5, 302

  Bangladesh 143: creation of (1971) xxix, 50; fluidity of borders xix–xx, xxii, xxvii; ring-fencing of xxi; chars in xxi, xxiii; migration, diaspora and remittances xxxii, 51, 200; identity in xxiii; religion in xxxiii, 204–5; politics and democracy in xxxiii, 251–5; view of China xxxiv; communal discord in xxv; as Islamic state xxvi, 251; and Kashmir 67; and Pakistan elections 158; war leading up to birth of 161–8; reconstruction in 170–1; famine 171–2; reign of terror in 172–3; Constitution 204; self-help organisations in 243; refugees from 246, 272, 274; elections 252; importance of NGOs in 252–4; infrastructure 253–4; water-sharing with India 254; violence in 274; see also East Pakistan (East Bengal)

  Bannihal Pass 58, 64, 69

  Baramula 75

  Basic Objectives Resolution 94–5

  Basu, Jyoti 116

  Bay of Beng
al 133

  Bengal xvii, xxviii, 10, 17, 36, 46–53, 55–7, 128

  Bengal Assembly 9

  Bengal famine (1943) 14

  Bhagalpur 273

  Bhakra-Nangal dam 112

  Bhalapura Khagrabari enclave xx

  Bharat 36

  Bharatpur 19, 20

  Bhashani, Abdul Hamid Khan ‘Red Maulana’ 158

  Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh 225–31, 240

  Bhopal 54, 60, 63, 177, 285–6

  Bhutan 61, 125, 185, 300

  Bhutto, Benazir 19, 180, 246, 250–1, 278, 291

  Bhutto, Shah Nawaz 64–5

  Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali xxxiii, 102, 158, 172: as Foreign Minister 135; suggests Sheikh Abdullah visits Pakistan 136–7; and Indo–Pakistan war 146–7; boycotts round-table talks 155; meets China’s leadership 156; and Kashmir 156, 169–70; as voice of the people 156–7; post-election negotiations 160; and ‘Operation Searchlight’ 161; takes over presidency from Yahya 168; authoritarian rule 175–9; nuclear programme 177–8; reaction to Indian nuclear experiment 185; objects to annexation of Sikkim by India 190; preferential treatment of Sindis 245; imprisonment and death 179–81

  Bihar 10, 15, 17, 55, 97, 106, 151, 184, 231, 273

  bin Laden, Usama 306–7

  Birendra, King 121–2, 188, 255–6, 258–60

  BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) xxxiii, 209–10, 220, 233, 238, 269, 274–6, 279–80, 282–4, 286, 290, 292, 295

  Black September 247

  Black Thunder operations (1986, 1988) 241

  Bombay (Mumbai) 54, 64, 66, 94, 109, 130, 181, 254, 282

  Bombay Club 294

  BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee) 243, 252

  Brahmaputra river xvii, xxi, 133

  Brar, General 229

  Brezhnev Doctrine 164

  British Commonwealth 24

  Brohi, A.K. 93

  Brown, Major William 9

  Bulganin, Nikolai 111

  Burma (Myanmar) xxii, 60, 124, 129

  Bush, George W. 260

  Cabinet Mission (1946) 203: members of 1–2; importance of 2; first draft outline for constitutional options 3; discussions and recommendations 3–5; undermined by Nehru and Gandhi 6–7; aftermath of inter-communal killing 7–10, 13–15; and Wavell’s Plan B 10–11; and Darling’s opinion-seeking quest 11–20, 25; failure to understand sub-national identities 15–21; failure to clarify status of princely states 21–5; abandonment of Plan 25; Mountbatten and acceptance of Partition 25–6

  Calcutta xviii–xix, xxviii, 35, 47, 49–51, 55–6, 94, 97, 133, 165, 224, 301

  Calcutta Killings (1946) 8–11, 13–14, 46

  Cambodia 124, 258

  Canada, Canadians xxxi, 177, 201, 212, 217, 224, 240

  Carter, Jimmy 207

  Central Police Reserve Force (CPRF) 57, 239

  Central Provinces 94

  Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO) 125, 144

  Ceylon see Sri Lanka

  Chamber of Princes 24

  Chandigarh 203, 225, 229, 241

  Chatterji, Joya xxv

  Chattisgarh 56, 106, 116

  Chauhan, Dr Jagjit Singh 224, 231

  Chelvanayakam, S.J.V. 214

  China xxii, xxxiv, 111, 115, 118, 120, 146, 167, 207, 255, 278, 303: relations with India 122–34, 291–2; relations with Pakistan 135–6, 151, 164

  Chitral 117

  Chittagong 42, 162, 243

  Churchill, Winston 33, 117

  Clinton, Bill 286

  Cohen, Stephen Philip 102

  Cold War 83, 111, 124, 247

  Colombo 165, 167, 210, 287, 300, 302

  Communism, Communists 13, 47, 111–15, 125, 132, 150, 256, 303

  Communist Party of India 56, 112–13, 115–16, 152

  Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (CPM-L) 116, 152, 274

  Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) 256–60

  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) 286

  Congress [O] 151, 206

  Congress Party 83, 114, 149–51, 190, 202, 233–5, 274, 292; see also Indian National Congress

  Congress [R] (later Congress [I]) 151

  Constituent Assembly 4–8, 24, 28, 31, 35, 94–6, 99

  Cooke, Hope 186–7

  Cripps, Sir Stafford 1–2, 4, 23

  Dahal, Pushpa Kamal 256

  Dahala Khagrabari enclave xx

  Dalai Lama 118, 120, 127

  Dandakaranya 56, 116

  Dandakaranya Special Zonal Committee 57

  Darjeeling 117

  Darling, Malcolm Lyall 11–20

  Datta-Ray, Sunanda 186–8

  Delhi xxviii, 8, 18, 40, 42, 53–4, 166, 246

  Delhi Development Authority 193

  Desai, Morarji 151, 188, 190–1, 205, 207

  Dhaka xxxi, 10, 37, 48–9, 51, 97–9, 154, 160–1, 168, 171, 253–4, 301–2

  Dhaka University 162

  Dholpur 19

  Dien Bien Phu 124

  Dipendra, Prince 259

  Dir 73

  Direct Action Day (16 August 1946) 7–11, 14

  DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazagham) 108, 150, 213

  Dogra Maharajahs of Jammu and Kashmir 69–70, 72, 78

  East Pakistan (East Bengal) 37, 136, 151: dissension in xxxiii; and regional similarities xxvii–xxviii, xxxii–xxxiii; becomes Bangladesh xxix, 49, 168; and Indian demands for northern corridor 42; refugees and migrants 48–51, 55, 97; described as ‘rural slum’ 51; given Sylhet 64; discounted by Pakistan leadership 92; supports Muslim League 94; protest and violence in 96–7, 154–5, 160, 178; conciliatory gestures 97–8; language riots 98; provincial elections 98–9; direct rule imposed on 99; emergency government formed 100; becomes known as East Pakistan 100; Deputy Speaker killed 102; poverty in 142; Six Point plan for 154–5, 158–60; and Agartala Conspiracy 155; events leading up to ‘Operation Searchlight’ 155–61; majority representation in Assembly 157–8; monsoon flooding in 158–9; struggle over 160–1; war leading up to birth of Bangladesh 161–8; emergence as Bangladesh 168; see also Bangladesh; Pakistan

  East Timor 131

  The Economist 266–7

  Education Act (1959) 114

  Ekatmata Yatra (unity pilgrimage) 270

  Elizabeth, Princess (later Queen Elizabeth II) 66, 117

  EROS (Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students) 214

  Ershad, Mohamed 199, 204, 251–2

  Far Eastern Economic Review 172

  Farakka barrage 139, 254

  Federal Security Force (FSF) 175–6, 178

  Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) 306

  Ferozepur 40, 42

  Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence (1947) 123–5

  France, French 61, 124, 177

  Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance treaty (1949) 125

  Gagarin, Yuri 117

  Gandhi, M.K. (‘Mahatma’) xxiii, xxxii, 68, 75, 205: and independence talks 5–6; visits trouble spots 10, 46–7; on division of India 35; and Nagas 106; and Muslims 205–6; embarks on final fast 83–4; death 84, 103

  Gandhi, Indira xxxiii, 49, 124, 172, 294: birth and background 149; election victories 148–50, 152; and the ‘Emergency’ 149, 191–4, 205–6, 303; politics and economy under 150–3, 182–94, 205–10; sets up Congress [R] 152; introduces constitutional amendments 153; reaction to Pakistan war 164–6; war with Pakistan 166–8; visits Bangladesh 169; nuclear intentions 177, 185; and assault on Sikkim 185–90; and Punjab 201, 224, 226–30; and ‘Operation Blue Star’ (1984) 203, 227–30; return to power 208–10, 232; and Sri Lanka 216–18; orders elections in Assam 221, 223; life threatened 231; and Kashmir 232–3; assassination 217, 233–4

  Gandhi, Rajiv 217: and Kashmir 232; coopted as leader 234; signs conciliatory Accords 235–6, 238–9; and local initiatives 265; amends Criminal Procedures Code 268–9; and Ayodhya 271; electoral defeat 274; economic reforms 294–5; assassination 275

  Gandhi, Sanjay: and Maruti factory 183; economic methods 192–4; electoral defeat 206; and mother�
�s return to power 209; and Punjab 225, 228; death 225

  Gandhi, Sonia 234, 292

  Ganganagar 231

  Ganges river xvii, 122, 139

  Gangtok 186–7, 189, 263

  Garhmukteshwar 15

  George VI, King 33, 39

  Gilgit Agency 69, 71, 78–9

  Gilgit Scouts 78–9

  Goa xxxii, 61, 124, 130–1, 144

  Godhra 282

  Godse, Nathuram 84, 205–6

  Golden Temple (Amritsar) 241: attack on 203, 227–35; restoration 232, 239; Khalistan militants in 241

  Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) xxii, 272

  Government of India Act (1935) 99

  Grameen Bank 243, 252

  Guha, Ramachandra 85, 103, 108–9, 131, 192, 266

  Gujarat 21, 184, 188, 190, 282

  Gulf states 194–200

  Gunnar Myrdal, Karl 126

  Gurgaon 18–19, 53, 302

  Gurkhas 80, 119, 122, 131, 140

  Gyanendra, King 259–62

  Haryana state 13, 18, 202

  Hasina Wajed, Shaikh 173, 251–2

  Hazara 73

  Helweg, Arthur 200–1

  Hillary, Edmund 117, 121

  Himachal Pradesh 202

  Hindu Kush 117

  Hindus, Hinduism xviii, xxiii–xxiv, 103: in Khulna xviii; and Muslims xxiv, 8–9, 14–15, 17, 21, 38, 84, 136, 163–4, 166, 220–3, 226, 228, 274, 277, 279–83; and communal autonomy xxiv; in Bangladesh xxv; similarities with Muslims xxvii, 17; migration and remittances xxxi, 270–1, 283; zealotry xxxiii, 293; and Constituency Assembly members 5; and the Meos 18; in Jat country 20; in Pakistan 30, 83, 92; nationalism 36; casualties of Partition 43–6, 105; fraternity with Muslims in Calcutta 47; internal migration 49–50, 54–5, 66, 163, 186 in East Bengal 51, 96–8, 162–4; in princely states 63; in Jammu and Kashmir 68–9, 72, 87–9, 136, 281; and education 114; and Gurkhas 119; in Nepal 122, 143, 256–7; in Sri Lanka 150, 211; political engagement 204–7, 209–10, 267–77; in Assam 220; Sikhs massacred by 234

  Hindustan 16, 35–6

  Hindustan Times 189–90

  Hissar 44

  Hizbul Mujahidin 281

  Hong Kong xxxiv

  Hooghly river xvii, 139

  Hunza 78–9

  Huq, Fazul 99

  Hussein, Altaf 178, 246

  Hyderabad 22, 60–1, 63, 65–7, 85–6, 105, 110, 276

  INDIA: fluidity of borders xix–xx; military capability xxvi–xxvii; and regional similarities xxvii–xxviii, xxxii–xxxiii; complexity 15–21; naming of 35–7; intellectual and scientific advances 109, 112

 

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