Putin's Kleptocracy_Who Owns Russia?

by Karen Dawisha

  46. Lev Timofeyev, Russia’s Secret Rulers (New York: Knopf, 1992); Anthony Jones and William Moskoff, Ko-ops: The Rebirth of Entrepreneurship in the Soviet Union (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991).

  47. Sokolov and Pluzhnikov, “Kak KGB svodil schyotu s KPSS [How the KGB settled scores with the CPSU].”

  48. Aleksandr Borin, “KGB podstavil sobstvennyy proyekt, shtoby svalit’ Gorbacheva [KGB established own project to topple Gorbachev],” Novaya gazeta, February 14, 2008, http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/13431400 (accessed July 31, 2013).

  49. Aleksandr Borin, “Zanyat’ ‘Oboronku’ [To occupy ‘Defense’],” Novaya gazeta, February 7, 2008, http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/13397267 (accessed July 21, 2013).

  50. Borin, “Zanyat’ ‘Oboronku’ [To occupy ‘Defense’].”

  51. Vadim Belykh and Valery Rudnev, “The Party’s Money,” Izvestiya, February 10, 1992, http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/13539206 (accessed June 20, 2012).

  52. Carlo Bonini and Giuseppe D’Avanzo, “I Cekisti al Potere [The Checkists in power],” La Repubblica, July 15, 2001, http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/07/15/cekisti-al-potere.html (accessed April 4, 2012).

  53. Carlo Bonini, Giuseppe d’Avanzo, and James Marcus, Collusion (New York: Melville House, 2007).

  54. Leonov et al., “General Nikolay Leonov at the CEP,” 14.

  55. Vladimir Putin, Nataliya Gevorkyan, Natalya Timakova, and Andrei I. Kolesnikov, First Person (New York: Public Affairs, 2000), 80, 94.

  56. Grigoriy Volchek, “Valeriy Shchukin: ‘Sluzhba v KGB—plyus dlya politika’ [’KGB service is a plus for a politician’],” Zvezda (Perm’), June 15, 2000, www.nevod.ru/local/zvezda/archive.html (accessed May 4, 2013).

  57. Gordon Bennett, “The SVR: Russia’s Intelligence Service,” UK Ministry of Defense, March 2000, http://www.fas.org/irp/world/russia/svr/c103-gb.htm (accessed April 11, 2012); Alan Cullison, Gregory L. White, and David Crawford, “In Putin’s Past, Glimpses of Russia’s Hardline Future,” Wall Street Journal, December 21, 2007, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119820263246543973.html (accessed April 17, 2012).

  58. Nikolay Leonov, “Krestnyy put’ Rossii, gody 1991–2000 [The Way of the Cross of Russia, 1991–2000].”

  59. “Kalugin Interview,” in Timofeev, Russia’s Secret Rulers, 107.

  60. Yuriy Drozdov and Vasiliy Fartyshev, Yuriy Andropov i Vladimir Putin: na puti k vozrozhdeniyu [Yuri Andropov and Vladimir Putin: On the path to renewal] (Moscow: Olma Press, 2001); Vladimir Usol’tsev, Sosluzhivets: Neizvestnyye stranitsy zhizni prezidenta [Colleague: Unknown Pages from the life of the President] (Moscow: Eksmo, 2004).

  61. “Memorandum to the TsK KPSS from N. Kruchina, Administrator of the Administration of the TsK KPSS Affairs, re the deposit of 100,000,000 rubles into the account of the Kompartbank commercial bank, Reel 1.992 Opus 11(84), February 1991,” in Fond 89: Communist Part of the Soviet Union on Trial. Archives of the Communist Party and Soviet State. Guide to the Microfilm Collection in the Hoover Institution Archives, compiled by Lara Soroka (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2001).

  62. “Gavriil Popov Interview,” in Timofeyev. Russia’s Secret Rulers, 21.

  63. Vadim Volkov, Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002).

  64. “Konstantin Maydanyk Interview,” in Timofeyev, Russia’s Secret Rulers, 75.

  65. Boris Berezovskiy, interview by Karen Dawisha, Washington, DC, February 14, 2000.

  66. Ivan Novikov, “Resolution on Aid to Foreign Banks Issued,” TASS, February 10, 1992, 66.

  67. “Agents in Power,” St. Petersburg Times, February 12, 2008, http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?story_id=25000&action_id=2 (accessed December 15, 2012); “Andrey Akimov,” Gazprom, n.d., http://www.gazprom.com/about/management/directors/akimov/ (accessed April 28, 2013); Hans-Martin Tillack, “Liechtenstein contra Gazprom,” Stern.de, October 10, 2007, http://www.stern.de/wirtschaft/2-finanzpruefung-liechtenstein-contra-gazprom-599892.html (accessed June 8, 2013); Roman Kupchinsky, “Bulgaria’s ‘Overgas,’ a Russian Spy in Canada, and Gazprom,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, February 13, 2009, http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=34511 (accessed May 8, 2013).

  68. American Embassy Vienna to U.S. Secretary of State, “Raiffeisen on Ukraine-Russian Gas Deal,” Wikileaks, February 6, 2006, http://wikileaks.org/cable/2006/02/06VIENNA350.html (accessed December 14, 2012).

  69. Powell, “Follow the Money”; Celestine Bohlen, “Secrecy by Kremlin Financial Czars Raises Eyebrows,” New York Times, July 30, 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/30/world/secrecy-by-kremlin-financial-czars-raises-eyebrows.html (accessed April 10, 2012).

  70. Powell, “Follow the Money.”

  71. Palmer, “Statement on the Infiltration of the Western Financial System by Elements of Russian Organized Crime,” 339.

  72. Bonini and D’Avanzo, “I Cekisti al Potere [The Checkists in power].”

  73. Tifft and Zarakhovich, “Desperately Seeking Rubles.”

  74. Palmer, “Statement on the Infiltration of the Western Financial System by Elements of Russian Organized Crime.”

  75. Makarov Commission, “Results of the Work of the Special Commission of the General Procuracy of the Russian Federation on Investigation of Material Connected with the Corruption of Officials”; Palmer, “Statement on the Infiltration of the Western Financial System by Elements of Russian Organized Crime,” 317.

  76. Jones and Moskoff. Ko-ops, 92.

  77. Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin.

  78. Hearst, “Will Putinism See the End of Putin?”

  79. Yuriy Drozdov and A. G. Markin, Operatsiya “Prezident”: Ot kholodnoy voyny do perezagruzki [Operation “President”: From Cold War to reboot] (Moscow: Artstil’-poligrafiya, 2010); Nikolay Leonov, “Krestnyy put’ Rossii, 1991–2000 [The way of the cross of Russia, 1991–2000],” Gramotey.com, 2002, 51, http://www.gramotey.com/?open_file=1269069791; Vladimir Putin, remarks at Körber-Stiftung conference, St. Petersburg, quoted from the transcript (at http://www.koerber-stiftung.de/fileadmin/bg/PDFs/bnd_101_de.pdf) by Timothy Garton Ash, “Putin’s Deadly Doctrine,” New York Times, July 18, 2014.

  80. Timofeyev, Russia’s Secret Rulers, 143.

  81. Vladimir Putin, “Prime Minister Vladimir Putin Delivers His Report on the Government’s Performance in 2011 to the State Duma,” Premier.gov.ru, April 11, 2012.

  82. Vyacheslav Shironin, KGB-TsRU: Sekretnyye pruzhiny perestroiki [KGB-CIA: The secret springs of perestroika] (Moscow: Yaguar, 1997).

  Chapter Two: The Making of Money and Power

  1. Clifford G. Gaddy and Barry W. Ickes, “Putin’s Protection Racket,” Center for Research on International Financial and Energy Security, September 23, 2010, http://crifes.psu.edu/papers/Putin’s%20Protection%20Racket.pdf (accessed May 9, 2013).

  2. Yuri Felshtinsky and Vladimir Pribylovsky, The Corporation: Russia and the KGB in the Age of President Putin (New York: Encounter Books, 2008); Andrey Illarionov, “The Rise of the Corporatist State in Russia,” Institute of Economic Analysis, March 7, 2006, http://www.iea.ru/siloviki_model.php (accessed March 9, 2011).

  3. Michael Specter, “Kremlin, Inc.,” New Yorker, January 29, 2007, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/01/29/070129fa_fact_specter (accessed March 3, 2010).

  4. Alena V. Ledeneva, Can Russia Modernise? Sistema, Power Networks and Informal Governance (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).

  5. Karen Dawisha, “Is Russia’s Foreign Policy That of a Corporatist-Kleptocratic Regime?,” Post-Soviet Affairs 49, no. 4 (2011): 331–65.

  6. Yevgeniy Gontmakher, “Rossiyskogo gosudarstva ne sushchestvuyet [A Russian state does not exist],” Moskovskiy Komsomolets, August 18, 2013, http://www.mk.ru/specprojects/free-theme/article/2013/08/18/901103-rossiyskogo-gosudarstva-ne-suschestvuet.html (accessed August 19, 2013).

  7. Gontmakher, “Rossiyskogo gosudarstva ne sushchestvuyet
[A Russian state does not exist].

  8. Credit Suisse, Global Wealth Report 2013, October 2013, 53, https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=BCDB1364-A105-0560-1332EC9100FF5C83 (accessed No-vember 1, 2013).

  9. Ted Koppel, “Acting President Putin Grants Interview,” Nightline, March 24, 2000, http://www.russialist.org/archives/4196.html (accessed April 28, 2013).

  10. Ben Judah, “Last Cake with a Russian Agent,” Standpoint, January/February 2010, 31, http://standpointmag.co.uk/last-cake-with-a-russian-agent-features-jan-10-ben-judah-anton-surikov (accessed August 13, 2013).

  11. Izvestiya Analytical Center, “Criminal Russia,” Izvestiya, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, FBIS Report, Central Eurasia, FBIS-USR-94-123, October 18-19, 1994, http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=FBISX&p_theme=fbis&p_nbid=F6AI52KNMTMzNTY0MTg5MC4zODYxMjoxOjE1OjIwNS4yMDEuMjQyLjEyNg&p_action=doc&p_docref=v2:11C33B0D5F860D98@FBISX-12F1D7F7DDEA0138@2449671-12F1D7FBE83A10B0-12F1D7FC15747650 (accessed April 28, 2012).

  12. Gessen, The Man without a Face, 61–63; Usol’tsev, Sosluzhivets [Colleague], 186; Carlo Bonini and Giuseppe D’Avanzo, “Putin, le bugie sul KGB [Putin, lies about the KGB],” La Repubblica, July 11, 2001, http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/07/11/putin-le-bugie-sul-kgb.html (accessed April 11, 2012).

  13. Pete Earley, Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia’s Master Spy in America after the End of the Cold War (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2007), 296.

  14. Michael Wines, “Putin Was Once Decorated as a Spy: Few Agree on His Deeds,” New York Times, January 10, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/10/world/putin-was-once-decorated-as-a-spy-few-agree-on-his-deeds.html (accessed May 7, 2013); Lorraine Millot, “Cinq ans en Allemagne sans (presque) laisser de traces [Five years in Germany without (almost) leaving any traces],” Libération (Paris), March 25, 2000, http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/0101329582-cinq-ans-en-allemagne-sans-presque-laisser-de-traces-de-1985-a-1990-l-agent-du-kgb-vladimir-poutine-a-travaille-a-dresde-rda-en-toute-discretion (accessed June 4, 2013).

  15. Andreas Förster, “Der getarnte Freund [The camouflaged friend],” Berliner Zeitung, January 8, 2000, http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/die-deutsche-vergangenheit-des-russischen-praesidenten—stasi-berichte-legen-nahe—dass-der-kgb-mann-wladimir-putin-in-dresden-und-leipzig-eine-besondere-rolle-spielte-der-getarnte-freund,10810590,9755026.html.

  16. Alexander Rahr, Wladimir Putin (Munich: Universitas Verlag in der F.A. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, 2000), 56.

  17. Alexander Mannheim and Daisy Sindelar, “A Spy in the House of Putin,” Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, November 7, 2011, http://www.rferl.org/content/putin_spy_affairs_wife_beating_philanderer/24383939.html; Joseph Fitsanakis, “Vladimir Putin ‘Targeted by German Spy Agency’ during His KGB Days,” Intelnews.org, November 9, 2011, http://intelnews.org/2011/11/09/01-862 (accessed February 18, 2012).

  18. Iren Pitch, Pikantnaya druzhba: Moya podruga Lyudmila Putina, eyo sem’ya i drugiye tovarishchi [Piquant friendship: My friend Lyudmila Putina, her family and dear friends] (Moscow: Zakharov, 2002).

  19. Andrey Sharogradskiy, “Interv’yu s byvshim sosluzhivtsem Vladimira Putina [Interview with a former colleague of Vladimir Putin],” Radio Liberty, November 11, 2003, http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/24187711.html (accessed July 9, 2013).

  20. Irina Borogan, “Erich Schmidt-Eenboom: ‘The Downfall of Putin’s Main Domestic Enemy Has Been a Success of German Foreign Intelligence,’ ” Agentura.ru, n.d., http://agentura.ru/english/experts/shmidt-eenboom/ (accessed August 20, 2013).

  21. Sharogradskiy, “Interv’yu s byvshim sosluzhivtsem Vladimira Putina [Interview with a former colleague of Vladimir Putin].”

  22. David Childs and Richard Popplewell, The Stasi: The East German Intelligence and Security Service (London: Macmillan, 1996), 82.

  23. Chris Hutchins with Alexander Korobko, Putin (Leicester, UK: A&A Inform, 2012), 48.

  24. Millot, “Cinq ans en Allemagne sans (presque) laisser de traces [Five years in Germany without (almost) leaving any traces].”

  25. Wines, “Putin Was Once Decorated as a Spy.”

  26. Hutchins with Korobko, Putin, 42; David Hoffman, “Putin’s Career Rooted in Russia’s KGB,” Washington Post, January 30, 2000, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/putin.htm (accessed May 9, 2013).

  27. Steffen Winter, “Zoff um Auszeichung fuer Wladimir Putin [Trouble about the award of dis-tinction for Vladimir Putin],” Spiegel Online, January 16, 2009, http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/saechsischer-dankesorden-zoff-um-auszeichnung-fuer-wladimir-putin-a-601656-druck.html (accessed May 10, 2013).

  28. Putin et al., First Person, 69.

  29. Vladimir Putin, “Prime Minister Vladimir Putin Addresses the General Meeting of the Academy of Sciences,” Government.ru, May 18, 2010, http://archive.government.ru/eng/docs/10609/ (accessed May 8, 2012).

  30. Karen Dawisha, The Kremlin and the Prague Spring (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).

  31. Putin et al., First Person, 69.

  32. Richard C. S. Trahair and Robert Lawrence Miller, Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations, 2nd ed. (New York: Enigma, 2012), 287.

  33. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 271.

  34. Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, 249–75.

  35. “Protocol Guiding Cooperation between the Stasi and the KGB,” Office of the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records (BStU), MfS, BdL/Dok. No. 001862, March 29, 1978, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/115716 (accessed May 9, 2013).

  36. Leonid Nikitinskiy and Yuriy Shpakov, “Putin v razvedke” [Putin in Intelligence],” Freelance Bureau, January 20, 2000, http://flb.ru/info/3508.html (accessed June 9, 2013); Ulrich Heyden, “Was trieb Putin in den 80er Jahren als KGB-Mann in Dresden? [What did Putin do in the 80s as a KGB man in Dresden?],” Sächsische Zeitung, February 23, 2008, http://www.sz-online.de/nachrichten/kultur/was-trieb-putin-in-den-80er-jahren-als-kgb-mann-in-dresden-2266496.html (accessed March 8, 2012).

  37. “Stasi Note on Meeting between Minister Mielke and KGB Chairman Andropov,” Office of the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records (BStU), MfS, ZAIG 5382, July 11, 1981, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/115717 (accessed May 6, 2013).

  38. “Stasi Note on Meeting between Minister Mielke and Head of the KGB 5th Directorate Abramov,” Office of the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records (BStU), MfS, ZAIG 5387, September 26, 1987, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/115722 (accessed May 6, 2013).

  39. Karen Dawisha, Eastern Europe, Gorbachev and Reform, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

  40. Putin et al., First Person, 73.

  41. Nikitinskiy and Shpakov. “Putin v razvedke” [Putin in Intelligence].”

  42. Vladislav Kramar, “Vladimir Shirokov: ‘Gruppa v Drezdene byla nebol’shaya, no moshchnaya’ [Vladimir Shirokov: ‘The Dresden group was small but powerful’],” Voenno-Promyshlennyy Kur’er, December 14, 2005, http://vpk-news.ru/articles/3728 (accessed March 9, 2013).

  43. Mark Franchetti, “Germans Flush Out Putin’s Spies: Fears That KGB Ring Is Still Active,” Sunday Times (UK), January 16, 2000, http://www.russialist.org/archives/4040.html (accessed June 10, 2013).

  44. Franchetti, “Germans Flush Out Putin’s Spies.”

  45. Oleg Blotskiy, Vladimir Putin: Doroga k vlasti [Vladimir Putin: The path to power], book 2 (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya, 2002), 263.

  46. Putin et al., First Person, 76.

  47. Putin et al., First Person, 79–81.

  48. Kramar, “Vladimir Shirokov.”

  49. Putin et al., First Person, 70.

  50. Michael Wines, “Path to Power: A Political Profile. Putin Steering to Reform, but with Soviet Discipline,” New York Times, February 20, 2000, http://
www.nytimes.com/2000/02/20/world/path-power-political-profile-putin-steering-reform-but-with-soviet-discipline.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm (accessed May 8, 2013).

  51. Franchetti, “Germans Flush Out Putin’s Spies.”

  52. Sergey Kolesnikov, “Interview with Masha Gessen et al.: ‘Pochemy Ya rasskazal pro Dvorets Putina. My pereshli granitsy mezhdy dobrom i zlom v 2009 gody’ [Why I spoke out about Putin’s Palace. ‘We crossed the line between good and evil in 2009],” Snob.ru, June 23, 2011, http://www.snob.ru/selected/entry/37367 (accessed June 30, 2012).

  53. Roger Witten, William R. McLucas, Andrew B. Weissman, Kimberly A. Parker, and Jay Holtmeier, “Siemens Agrees to Record-Setting $800 Million in FCPA Penalties,” Wilmerhale Publications, December 22, 2008, http://www.wilmerhale.com/pages/publicationsandnewsdetail.aspx?NewsPubId=95919 (accessed October 8, 2013).

  54. Kalugin, Spymaster, 198.

  55. Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, 392.

  56. John C. Schmeidel, “My Enemy’s Enemy: Twenty Years of Co-operation between West Germany’s Red Army Faction and the GDR Ministry for State Security,” Intelligence and National Security 8, no. 4 (1993): 59–72.

  57. Pyotr A. Abrasimov, Vospominaya proshedshiye gody: Chetvert veka poslom Sovetskogo Soyuza [Memories of past years: A quarter of a century as a Soviet ambassador] (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya, 1992); CIA. “The Soviet Presence in Berlin,” Special Report. Office of Current Intelligence. Central Intelligence Agency. SC no. 00595/63B, June 7, 1963, http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000422398.pdf (accessed June 4, 2013).

  58. Kalugin, Spymaster, 250.

  59. Childs and Popplewell, The Stasi.138.

  60. John Schmeidel, “My Enemy’s Enemy: Twenty Years of Cooperation between West Germany’s Red Army Faction and the GDR Ministry of State Security,” Intelligence and National Security 8, no. 4 (1993): 59–72.

  61. Gessen, The Man without a Face, 257–60.

  62. “Kraft: Putin Stole Bowl Ring,” New York Post, June 15, 2013, http://pagesix.com/2013/06/15/kraft-putin-stole-bowl-ring/ (accessed April 8, 2014).