Putin's Kleptocracy_Who Owns Russia?

by Karen Dawisha

  263. “2013 List of Richest Billionaires in Russia,” Forbes.ru, June 21, 2013, http://www.forbes.ru/rating/200-bogateishih-biznesmenov-rossii-2013/2013?full=1&table=1 (accessed June 21, 2013).

  264. Aleksandr Levinskiy, “Arkadiy Rotenberg: ‘Yesli by menya ne piarili kak druga Putina, biznes byl by pokhuzhe’ [’If they had not promoted me as a friend of Putin, business would have been worse’],” Forbes.ru, July 23, 2012, http://www.forbes.ru/sobytiya/lyudi/84415-esli-menya-ne-piarili-kak-druga-putina-tak-i-biznes-byl-pohuzhe (accessed June 25, 2013).

  265. Hill and Gaddy. Mr. Putin, 351.

  266. In Search of Putin’s Money, directed by Sarah Spiller, 2012.

  267. Zykov, “Case #144128: ‘Putin’s Case,’ Part 4.”

  268. Putin et al., First Person, 121–22.

  269. A. A. Zykov, “Ozero Cooperative. Part 5,” Rutube, 2012, http://rutube.ru/video/0d2ff0aec39d3b909a83(f)554590bc49f/.

  270. “Polnyy Spisok Uchrediteley Koopererativa ‘Ozero’ [Complete list of founders of the ‘Ozero’ Cooperative],” Anticompromat.org, n.d., http://www.anticompromat.org/putin/ozero.html (accessed April 28, 2012).

  271. Rimma Akhmirova, “Zabor Putina [Putin’s fence],” Sobesednik.ru, September 14, 2010, http://sobesednik.ru/incident/sobes_35_10_dacha (accessed July 23, 2012).

  272. Jones and Moskoff, Ko-ops.

  273. Jones and Moskoff, Ko-ops.

  274. Viktor Yushkin, “Lyudi kak teni [People like shadows],” Postimees, September 20, 2007, http://rux.postimees.ee/200907/glavnaja/mnenie/22618.php (accessed June 8, 2012); “2013 List of Richest Billionaires in Russia.”

  275. Mukhin, “Byvshiy sledovatel’ po osobo vazhnym delam Andrey Zykov [Former investigator for especially important cases Andrey Zykov].”

  276. Milov et al., “Putin: Corruption.”

  277. Milov et al., “Putin: Corruption.”

  278. Milov et al., “Putin: Corruption.”

  279. Shleynov, “Druzya Prem’era [Friends of the premier].”

  280. Milov et al., “Putin: Corruption.”

  281. Delany, “An Inside Track to President Putin’s Kremlin.”

  282. Delany, “An Inside Track to President Putin’s Kremlin”; “Vladimir Yakunin’s Biography,” Russian Railways, 2013, http://eng.rzd.ru/factorye/public/en?STRUCTURE_ID=11&layer_id=4506&refererLayerId=4523&id=21 (accessed June 22, 2013).

  283. Delany, “An Inside Track to President Putin’s Kremlin.”

  284. Delany, “An Inside Track to President Putin’s Kremlin.”

  285. Anatoly Medetsky, “Putin Promises $13.6 Bln in Infrastructure Spending,” Moscow Times, June 21, 2013, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/putin-promises-136bln-in-infrastructure-spending/482057.html (accessed June 22, 2013); Andrey I. Kolesnikov, “Eto gibkoye slovo ‘Svoboda’ [‘Freedom’ is a flexible word],” Russkiy Pioneer, June 21, 2013, http://www.ruspioner.ru/profile/blogpost/482/view/4141/ (accessed June 22, 2013).

  286. David M. Herszenhorn and Andrew E. Kramer, “Putin Puts Pensions at Risk in $43 Billion Bid to Jolt Economy,” New York Times, June 22, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/22/world/europe/russia-to-tap-reserve-funds-for-infrastructure-projects.html?ref=europe&_r=0 (accessed June 22, 2013).

  287. Aleksey Navalnyy, “Dacha Yakunina [Yakunin’s dacha],” Navalny.livejournal.com, June 1, 2013, http://navalny.livejournal.com/804492.html (accessed June 8, 2013).

  288. “Grease My Palm,” Economist, November 27, 2008, http://www.economist.com/node/12628030 (accessed July 7, 2012).

  289. “200 bogateyshikh biznesmenov Rossii—2013 [200 wealthiest businessmen in Russia—2013],” Forbes.ru, April 18, 2013, http://www.forbes.ru/rating/200-bogateishih-biznesmenov-rossii-2013/2013?full=1&table=1 (accessed May 8, 2013).

  290. Vladimir Milov, Boris Nemtsov, Vladimir Ryzhkov, and Ol’ga Shorina, “The Nemtsov White Paper, Part V: Putin the Thief,” La Russophobe, April 3, 2011, http://larussophobe.wordpress.com/2011/04/03/special-extra-the-nemtsov-white-paper-part-v-putin-the-thief/ (accessed February 6, 2012).

  291. Kolesnikov, “Interview with Masha Gessen et al.”

  292. “Vlast’ i den’gi—2013: Reyting dokhodov federal’nykh chinovnikov [Power and money—2013: Rating of the incomes of federal officials],” Forbes.ru, June 18, 2013, http://www.forbes.ru/rating/vlast-i-dengi-2013-reiting-dohodov-federalnyh-chinovnikov/2013 (accessed July 6, 2013).

  293. “Reiting 25 camykh dorogikh top-menedzherov—2012 [Top 25 best-paid top managers—2012],” Forbes.ru, November 19, 2012, http://www.forbes.ru/sobytiya-photogallery/lyudi/210627-reiting-25-samyh-dorogih-top-menedzherov-2012/photo/11 (accessed May 9, 2013).

  294. “Reyting Rossiyskikh milliyarderov 2011 [Ratings of Russian billionaires 2011],” Finance Magazine, February 2011, http://m2011.finansmag.ru/ (accessed May 6, 2013).

  295. Andrew E. Kramer and David M. Herszenhorn, “Midas Touch in St. Petersburg: Friends of Putin Glow Brightly,” New York Times, March 1, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/world/europe/ties-to-vladimir-putin-generate-fabulous-wealth-for-a-select-few-in-russia.html (accessed June 5, 2013).

  296. Hill and Gaddy, Mr. Putin.

  297. Milov et al., “Putin: Corruption.”

  298. High Court of Justice, “Judgment by Mr. Justice Andrew Smith, Fiona Trust & Holding Corporation and Others vs. Privalov and Others,” England and Wales High Court (Commercial Court) Decisions, December 10, 2010, para. 581, http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Comm/2010/3199.html (accessed June 8, 2013).

  299. “Vlast’ i den’gi [Power and money].”

  300. Aleksey Boyarskiy et al., “Tayna za sem’yu zaborami [Secret behind family fences],” Kommersant-den’gi, January 31, 2011, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1576415 (accessed April 8, 2013).

  301. Kramer and Herszenhorn, “Midas Touch in St. Petersburg.”

  302. Tom Parfitt, “Russia’s Rich Double Their Wealth, but Poor Were Better Off in the 1990s,” Guardian, April 11, 2011, http://www.thetheGuardian.com/world/2011/apr/11/russia-rich-richer-poor-poorer (accessed August 31, 2013).

  Chapter Three: Putin in St. Petersburg, 1990–1996

  1. Roman Shleynov, “Nepravitel’stvennyy doklad: Ugolovnyye dela, v kotorykh upominalsya Vladimir Putin, ob’yasnyayut kadrovuyu politiku prezidenta [Nongovernmental report: Criminal cases that mention Vladimir Putin, explaining the personnel policy of the president],” Novaya gazeta, October 3, 2005, http://dlib.eastview.com.proxy.lib.muohio.edu/browse/doc/8335194 (accessed May 4, 2012).

  2. Anders Åslund, Russia’s Capitalist Revolution (Washington, DC: Petersen Institute for International Economics, 2007), 201.

  3. Anu Nousiainen, “Putin Knows the Finns Well Enough, but Do Any of Us Really Know Him?,” Helsingen Sanomat, January 9, 2000, http://www2.hs.fi/english/archive/thisweek/02022000.html (accessed January 18, 2012).

  4. Åslund, Russia’s Capitalist Revolution, 201.

  5. A. Konstantinov, Banditskiy Peterburg (St. Petersburg: Bibliopolis, 1995); A. Konstantinov and M. Dikselius, Banditskaya Rossiya (St. Petersburg: Bibliopolis, 1997); Louise Shelly, “Contemporary Russian Organised Crime.” In Cyrille Fijnaut and Letizia Paoli, eds., Organised Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond (Dordrecht: Springer, 2004), 563–85.

  6. Pitch, Pikantnaya druzhba [Piquant friendship], 265.

  7. “Interview with Aleksandr Belyayev,” Russpress, March 24, 2012, http://www.russpress.net/?p=2214 (accessed March 26, 2012).

  8. Maureen Orth, “Russia’s Dark Master,” Vanity Fair, October 2000, http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2000/10/putin200010 (accessed April 1, 2012).

  9. Vladimir Ivanidze, “Spasaya podpolkovnika Putina: Vtoraya popytka [Saving Lieutenant Colonel Putin: The second attempt],” Radio Svoboda, March 16, 2010, http://www.svobodanews.ru/articleprintview/1983851.html (accessed April 28, 2012).

  10. Oleg Lur’ye, “Kolbasa dlya Pitera [Sausage for Piter],” Novaya gazeta, March 13, 2000, http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/3464053 (acces
sed June 15, 2013).

  11. Gessen, The Man without a Face, 118.

  12. “Ushli iz zhizni ‘babushka russkoy demokratii’ Marina Sal’ye [The ‘grandmother of Russian democracy’ Marina Sal’ye dies],” RBK.ru, March 21, 2012, http://top.rbc.ru/society/21/03/2012/642799.shtml (accessed January 28, 2014).

  13. Vladimir Ivanidze, “Nerazborchivyye svyazi severnoy stolitsy [The indecipherable connections of the northern capital],” Sovershenno sekretno, August 2000, http://www.sovsekretno.ru/magazines/article/514 (accessed March 23, 2012); Oleg Lur’ye. “Kolbasa dlya Pitera: Kak V. Putin pytalsya spasti svoy gorod ot goloda [Sausage for St. Pete: How Vladimir Putin tried to avert famine],” Novaya gazeta, March 13, 2000, http://www.novayagazeta.ru/society/11313.html (accessed March 20, 2012); Marina Sal’ye, “V. Putin—‘Prezident’ korrumpirovannoy oligarkhii! [V. Putin—‘President’ of a corrupt oligarchy!],” Antikompromat, March 2000, http://anticompromat.org/putin/salie.html (accessed March 21, 2012).

  14. Sal’ye Commission, “Ye. Gaidar to P. Aven, EG-5-03444,” January 28, 1992, http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=384728604885108&set=a.384728321551803.94156.273762169315086&type=1&theater#!/photo.php?fbid=384729264885042&set=a.384728321551803.94156.273762169315086&type=1&permPage=1 (accessed March 27, 2012).

  15. Gessen, The Man without a Face, 123.

  16. Sal’ye Commission, “Letter from A. N. Belyaev to V. V. Putin, Doc. No. 300010,” January 13, 1992, http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=384728604885108&set=a.384728321551803.94156.273762169315086&type=1&theater#!/photo.php?fbid=384734771551158&set=a.384728321551803.94156.273762169315086&type=1&permPage=1 (accessed March 27, 2012).

  17. “Interview with Aleksandr Belyayev.”

  18. St. Petersburg City Council of People’s Deputies, “Resheniye ot 08.05.92 No. 88 Ob otchete deputatskoy gruppy po voprosu realizatsii Komitetom vneshnikh svyazey pri mere kvot na syr’ye i materialy,” [Decision from 08.05.92 No. 88 on the Report of the parliamentary group on questions about the Implementation of the Committee for Foreign Liaison of the mayor’s office about the quotas for raw materials], Anticompromat.org, May 8, 1992, section 2.2, http://anticompromat.org/putin/salie92.html (accessed March 14, 2012).

  19. St. Petersburg City Council of People’s Deputies, “Resheniye ot 08.05.92 No. 88 Ob otchete deputatskoy gruppy po voprosu realizatsii Komitetom vneshnikh svyazey pri mere kvot na syr’ye i materialy,” table 2.

  20. St. Petersburg City Council of People’s Deputies, “Resheniye ot 08.05.92 No. 88 Ob otchete deputatskoy gruppy po voprosu realizatsii Komitetom vneshnikh svyazey pri mere kvot na syr’ye i materialy,” section 5.5.1.

  21. St. Petersburg City Council of People’s Deputies, “Resheniye ot 08.05.92 No. 88 Ob otchete deputatskoy gruppy po voprosu realizatsii Komitetom vneshnikh svyazey pri mere kvot na syr’ye i materialy,” section 5.6.

  22. St. Petersburg City Council of People’s Deputies, “Resheniye ot 08.05.92 No. 88 Ob otchete deputatskoy gruppy po voprosu realizatsii Komitetom vneshnikh svyazey pri mere kvot na syr’ye i materialy,” section 7.4.

  23. St. Petersburg City Council of People’s Deputies, “Resheniye ot 08.05.92 No. 88 Ob otchete deputatskoy gruppy po voprosu realizatsii Komitetom vneshnikh svyazey pri mere kvot na syr’ye i materialy,” section 7.4.

  24. St. Petersburg City Council of People’s Deputies, “Resheniye ot 08.05.92 No. 88 Ob otchete deputatskoy gruppy po voprosu realizatsii Komitetom vneshnikh svyazey pri mere kvot na syr’ye i materialy,” table 2.

  25. Sal’ye, “V. Putin—‘Prezident’ korrumpirovannoy oligarkhii! [V. Putin—‘President’ of a corrupt oligarchy!]”; Yuriy Felshtinskiy and Vladimir Pribylovskiy, The Age of Assassins: The Rise and Rise of Vladimir Putin (London: Gibson Square, 2008), 58.

  26. Richard Torrence, “Social Life in St. Petersburg,” in Joyce Lasky Reed and Blair Ruble, eds., St. Petersburg, 1993–2003: A Dynamic Decade (Washington, DC: St. Petersburg Conservancy, 2010), 62. For Torrence’s biography, see http://www.circlesinternet.org/torrence/page0/page0.html.

  27. St. Petersburg City Council of People’s Deputies. “Resheniye ot 08.05.92 No. 88 Ob otchete deputatskoy gruppy po voprosu realizatsii Komitetom vneshnikh svyazey pri mere kvot na syr’ye i materialy.” section 6.2.

  28. Sal’ye Commission, “Agreement No. 1 between V. V. Putin and G. M. Miroshnik,” Decem-ber 25, 1991, http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=384734771551158&set=a.384728321551803.94156.273762169315086&type=1&permPage=1#!/photo.php?fbid=384737841550851&set=a.384728321551803.94156.273762169315086&type=1&permPage=1 (accessed April 25, 2012).

  29. “To the Chairman of the Russian Federation Supreme Soviet R. I. Khasbulatov on the Abuses in the ZGV in the Sphere of Trade and the Sales of Military Equipment and Property,” Literaturnaya gazeta, May 13, 1992, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA334747 (accessed May 3, 2012).

  30. Oleg Lur’ye. “Kolbasa dlya Pitera [Sausage for St. Pete].”

  31. Pitch, Pikantnaya druzhba [Piquant friendship], 171.

  32. Oleg Lur’ye, “Kolbasa dlya Pitera [Sausage for St. Pete].”

  33. Vladimir Pribylovskiy, “Georgiy Miroshnik,” http://www.anticompromat.org/putin/miroshnik.html.

  34. Hill and Gaddy, Mr. Putin, 345–46.

  35. Andrew Higgins, Guy Chazan, and Alan Cullison, “Secretive Associate of Putin Emerges as Czar of Russian Oil Trading,” Wall Street Journal, June 11, 2008, https://global.factiva.com.proxy.lib.muohio.edu/ha/default.aspx?ftx=andrew%20higgins#./!?&_suid=1405270373321037987486994825304 (accessed April 17, 2012).

  36. Catherine Belton and Neil Buckley, “On the Offensive: How Gunvor Rose to the Top of Russian Oil Trading,” Financial Times, May 14, 2008, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/c3c5c012-21e9-11dd-a50a-000077b07658,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fc3c5c012-21e9-11dd-a50a-000077b07658.html&_i_referer=#axzz1pyls8joc (accessed March 23, 2012).

  37. U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Russian Officials.”

  38. Higgins et al., “Secretive Associate of Putin Emerges as Czar of Russian Oil Trading.”

  39. “Grease My Palm.”

  40. “Grease My Palm.”

  41. Edward Lucas, “Private Eye Piece about Economist Libel Case,” Private Eye, August 7, 2009, http://www.edwardlucas.com/2009/08/07/private-eye-piece-about-economist-libel-case/#respond (accessed August 4, 2013).

  42. Luke Harding, “Russian Billionaire Drops Libel Case against Economist,” Guardian, July 30, 2009, http://www.theGuardian.com/world/2009/jul/30/russian-billionaire-timchenko-libel-economist (accessed August 8, 2013).

  43. Harding, “Russian Billionaire Drops Libel Case against Economist.”

  44. Vsevolod Bel’chenko, “Kuznets svoego ‘Gazproma’ [Blacksmith of his own ‘Gazprom’],” Ogonek, March 29, 2010, http://dlib.eastview.com.proxy.lib.muohio.edu/browse/doc/21614432 (accessed January 28, 2014).

  45. “Vladimir Putin Talked with Writers,” ITAR-TASS, September 29, 2011, http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c142/236108.html (accessed March 14, 2012).

  46. Higgins et al., “Secretive Associate of Putin Emerges as Czar of Russian Oil Trading.”

  47. Brian Whitmore, “Inside the Corporation: Russia’s Power Elite,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 15, 2007, http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1078958.html (accessed June 21, 2012).

  48. Thane Gustafson, Wheel of Fortune: The Battle for Oil and Power in Russia (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012), 45.

  49. Higgins et al., “Secretive Associate of Putin Emerges As Czar of Russian Oil Trading.”

  50. Anastasiya Kirilenko, “Sled Timchenko v ‘doklade Sal’ye’ [The footprints of Timchenko in the Sal’ye document],” Radio Svoboda, March 11, 2010, http://www.svobodanews.ru/articleprintview/1979833.html (accessed April 28, 2012).

  51. Sal’ye Commission, Nevskiy Dom and Kirishinefteorgsintez, “Application 001: For the Supply of 150 Thousand Tons of Diesel and Oil Products,” March 31, 1992, http
://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.384728321551803.94156.273762169315086&type=3#!/photo.php?fbid=384740611550574&set=a.384728321551803.94156.273762169315086&type=3&theater (accessed April 14, 2012).

  52. Sal’ye Commission, “From Vladimir Putin to P. O. Aven: Document No. 200245,” December 4, 1991, http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.384728321551803.94156.273762169315086&typ.

  53. St. Petersburg City Council of People’s Deputies, “Resheniye ot 08.05.92 No. 88 Ob otchete deputatskoy gruppy po voprosu realizatsii Komitetom vneshnikh svyazey pri mere kvot na syr’ye i materialy.”

  54. Anders Åslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1995), 42; Alexander Vorobyov and Stanislav Zhukov, “Russia: Globalization, Structural Shifts and Inequality,” Working Paper No. 19, Center for Economic Policy Analysis, New School University, February 2000, 14, http://www.newschool.edu/scepa/publications/workingpapers/archive/cepa0119.pdf (accessed April 28, 2012).

  55. Copetas, Bear-Hunting with the Politburo.

  56. Belton and Buckley, “On the Offensive.”

  57. Quirin Schiermeier, “Russian Science Academy Rejects Putin Ally,” Nature, June 4, 2008, http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080604/full/453702a.html (accessed June 23, 2013).

  58. Yuliya Latynina, “Reforms Spell the End for Russian Sciences,” Moscow Times, September 25, 2013, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/reforms-spell-the-end-for-russian-sciences/486560.html (accessed September 25, 2013).

  59. Ivan Rybkin, “Ivan Rybkin protiv Vladimira Putina [Ivan Rybkin against Vladimir Putin],” Kommersant, February 2, 2004, http://http://dlib.eastview.com.proxy.lib.muohio.edu/browse/doc/5864150 (accessed June 18, 2013).

  60. Luke Harding, “Putin, the Kremlin Power Struggle and the $40bn Fortune,” Guardian, December 20, 2007, http://www.theGuardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/21/russia.topstories3 (accessed March 20, 2012).

  61. Higgins et al., “Secretive Associate of Putin Emerges As Czar of Russian Oil Trading.”

  62. Roman Shleynov, “Kto Tretiy Vladelets ‘Gunvora’? [Who is the third owner of ‘Gunvor’?],” Novaya gazeta, October 12, 2009, http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/20752073 (accessed July 31, 2013).