Putin's Kleptocracy_Who Owns Russia?

by Karen Dawisha

  66. Peter Truscott, Putin’s Progress, London: Pocket Books, 2005; Robert Moore, A Time to Die: The Kursk Disaster, New York: Doubleday, 2002; Carré, Jean-Michel, dir., Kursk—A Submarine in Troubled Waters, 2004.

  67. Patrick Jackson, “Media Struggles for Kursk Truth,” BBC News, August 21, 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/886016.stm (accessed February 26, 201).

  68. Nataliya Rostova, “Interview with Marina Litvinovitch,” Slon.ru, May 31, 2011, http://slon.ru/russia/kogda_poyavilsya_putin_komanda_elcina_vospryala_d-591758.xhtml.

  69. Jean-Michel Carré, “Kursk: A Submarine in Troubled Waters,” 2004, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=985zeVQLnDc.

  70. Carré, “Kursk.”

  71. Shevtsova, Putin’s Russia, 117–20.

  72. Tina Burrett, Television and Presidential Power in Putin’s Russia (New York: Routledge, 2011), 41.

  73. Stephen Dalziel, “Spectre of Kursk Haunts Putin,” BBC, August 12, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1487112.stm (accessed February 25, 2012).

  74. Vladimir Putin, “Interview on Vesti, RTR, August 23, 2000,” in Burrett, Television and Presidential Power in Putin’s Russia, 40.

  75. “Boris Berezovsky’s Witness Statement,” Guardian, November 2, 2011, http://www.theGuardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2011/nov/02/boris-berezovsky-witness-statement-full (accessed February 23, 2012).

  76. Testimony in the Berezovsky vs. Abramovich Trial, November 7, 2011, 56, http://pravo.ru/store/interdoc/doc/307/Day_21.pdf (accessed February 23, 2012).

  77. Burrett, Television and Presidential Power in Putin’s Russia, 49.

  78. Vladimir Putin, “Interview with Le Figaro,” Kremlin, October 26, 2000, http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2000/10/26/0000_type82916_134301.shtml (accessed February 23, 2012).

  79. Testimony in the Berezovsky vs. Abramovich Trial, 58.

  80. Vladimir Novikov, “Difficulties of a Georgian Translation,” Kommersant Vlast, February 11, 2008, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/851013 (accessed February 26, 2012).

  81. Tom Parfitt, “Badri Patarkatsishvili: Georgian Billionaire and Promoter of Putin Latterly Exiled to London,” Guardian, February 14, 2008, http://www.theGuardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/15/georgia.russia (accessed February 26, 2012).

  82. Testimony in the Berezovsky vs. Abramovich Trial, 25.

  83. Testimony in the Berezovsky vs. Abramovich Trial, 105–6.

  84. Testimony in the Berezovsky vs. Abramovich Trial, November 8, 2011, 135–36, http://pravo.ru/store/interdoc/doc/308/Day_22.pdf (accessed February 23, 2012).

  85. Testimony in the Berezovsky vs. Abramovich Trial, November 8, 2011, 83.

  86. Testimony in the Berezovsky vs. Abramovich Trial, November 8, 2011, 90.

  87. Rstaki and Borisov, “Delo Putina [The Putin affair].”

  88. Semenenko, “Book Is Closed on Probe of Mabetex.”

  89. World Bank, “Pavel Borodin,” Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative, 2013, http://star.worldbank.org/corruption-cases/node/18561 (accessed May 18, 2014).

  90. Berres, “Filipp Turover.”

  91. Saradzhyan, “Warrant Issued for Borodin Witness.”

  92. Clover et al., “Putin Says There Is to Be No Review of Privatizations.”

  93. Åslund, Russia’s Capitalist Revolution, 228.

  94. Ignatius, “Sergey Kolesnikov’s Tale of Palatial Corruption, Russian Style.”

  95. “Fotographii ‘dvortsa Putina’ v Praskoveevke na Chyornom more [Photos of ‘Putin’s Palace’ in the Black Sea Praskoveevka],” RuLeaks, January 18, 2011, http://ruleaks.net/1901 (accessed January 8, 2012).

  96. Rinat Sagdiyev and Irina Reznik, “Kakimi proyektami, krome dvortsa v Praskoveevke, zanimalis’ druz’ya Putina [What other projects besides the palace in Praskoveevka are Putin’s friends engaged in],” Vedomosti, April 4, 2011, http://www.vedomosti.ru/library/news/1387741/kakimi_proektami_krome_dvorca_v_praskoveevke_zanimalis?full#cut (accessed May 5, 2012).

  97. Kolesnikov, “Interview with Masha Gessen et al.”

  98. Yevgeniya Al’bats, “Chisto konkretnyy kandidat [A very specific candidate],” New Times, Feb-ruary 27, 2012, http://dlib.eastview.com.proxy.lib.muohio.edu/searchresults/article.jsp?art=6&id=26696471 (accessed February 28, 2012).

  99. Al’bats, “Chisto konkretnyy kandidat [A very specific candidate].”

  100. Nataliya Vetlitskaya, “Skazka [Fairy tale],” LiveJournal.com, August 15, 2011, http://n-vetlitskaya.livejournal.com/72068.html?thread=2321028#t2321028 (accessed October 18, 2013).

  101. “Pevitsa Vetlitskaya rasskazala v bloge ‘skazku,’ kak uchastvovala v ‘sverkhsekretnom korporative dlya tsarya’ [Singer Vetlitskaya tells the ‘fairy tale’ in her blog how she participated in a ‘top-secret corporate party for the tsar’],” News.ru, August 17, 2011, http://www.newsru.com/russia/17aug2011/vetlitskaya.html (accessed October 8, 2013).

  102. Luke Harding, “Concert Raises Questions about Putin’s Alleged Love for Abba,” Guardian, February 6, 2009, http://www.theGuardian.com/world/2009/feb/06/vladimir-putin-russia-abba-tribute-concert (accessed May 9, 2013).

  103. Stephen Grey, Jason Bush, and Roman Anin, “Billion-Dollar Medical Project Helped Fund ‘Putin’s Palace’ on the Black Sea,” Reuters, May 21, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/investigates/russia/#article/part1 (accessed May 21, 2014).

  104. Catherine Belton, “A Realm Fit for a Tsar,” Financial Times, November 11, 2011, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/69d1db86-1aa6-11e1-ae14-00144feabdc0.html?siteedition=intl#axzz2hhM6rWb1 (accessed November 12, 2011).

  105. Al’bats, “Chisto konkretnyy kandidat [A very specific candidate]”; and Witten, et al., “Siemens Agrees to Record-Setting $800 Million in FCPA Penalties.”

  106. Belton, “A Realm Fit for a Tsar.”

  107. Kolesnikov, “Interview with Masha Gessen et al.”

  108. Anin, “Upravleniye ‘del’tsov’ prezidenta [The administration of ‘hustlers’ of the president].”

  109. “Bearer Shares,” Tax Haven Guide, October 13, 2013, http://www.taxhavensguide.com/bearer-shares.php (accessed October 13, 2013).

  110. Kolesnikov, “Interview with Masha Gessen et al.”

  111. Jason Bush, Elizabeth Piper, Stephen Grey, and Maria Tsvetkova, “When Putin Ordered Up New Hospitals, His Associates Botched the Operation,” Reuters, May 22, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/investigates/russia/#article/part2 (accessed May 22, 2014).

  112. Al’bats, “Chisto konkretnyy kandidat [A very specific candidate].”

  113. Belton, “A Realm Fit for a Tsar.”

  114. Al’bats, “Chisto konkretnyy kandidat [A very specific candidate].”

  115. Ignatius, “Sergey Kolesnikov’s Tale of Palatial Corruption, Russian Style.”

  116. “Ziyad Manasir,” Forbes.com, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/profile/ziyad-manasir/ (accessed October 18, 2013).

  117. Al’bats, “Chisto konkretnyy kandidat [A very specific candidate].”

  118. Pavel Sedakov, “Pamyatnik epokhe: Dvorets podryadchika ‘Gazproma’ [Monument to the epoch: Palace contracted by ‘Gazprom’],” Forbes.ru, December 17, 2010, http://www.forbes.ru/ekonomika/nedvizhimost/61256-pamyatnik-epohe-neftyanogo-raya (accessed October 8, 2013).

  119. Ignatius, “Sergey Kolesnikov’s Tale of Palatial Corruption, Russian Style.”

  120. Sergey Kolesnikov, “Bor’ba s korruptsiyey: Prizrak dvortsa [The struggle with corruption: The specter of the palace],” Vedomosti, May 24, 2011, http://dlib.eastview.com.proxy.lib.muohio.edu/browse/doc/24806636 (accessed October 18, 2013).

  121. Korobov and Kashin, “Interview with Vladimir Kozhin.”

  122. Grey et al., “Billion-Dollar Medical Project Helped Fund ‘Putin’s Palace’ on the Black Sea”; Bush et al., “When Putin Ordered Up New Hospitals, His Associates Botched the Operation.”

  123. Anin, “Upravleniye ‘del’tsov’ prezidenta [The administration of ‘hustlers’ of the president]”; Yevgeniy Titov, “Prem’ernoye povedeniye [Premiere behavior],” Novaya gazeta, February 14, 2011, http://dlib.e
astview.com.proxy.lib.muohio.edu/browse/doc/24209635 (accessed May 9, 2012).

  124. “ ‘Putin’s Friends’ Have Falling Out in Cherepovets,” Olgaskaspb.com, April 17, 2012, http://oglaskaspb.com/bank/a43/ (accessed June 9, 2012).

  125. “Businessmen ‘Friends of Putin’ Brought under Criminal Investigation,” Oglaskaspb.com, July 10, 2012, http://oglaskaspb.com/eng/bank/a59/ (accessed June 9, 2013).

  126. Kolesnikov, “Interview with Masha Gessen et al.”

  127. “Honorary Consulate and Diplomatic Passport,” Honoraryconsul.ru, n.d., http://www.honoraryconsul.ru/index.php?an=dip_pass (accessed March 9, 2013).

  128. Roman Shleynov, Vlad Lavrov, Aleksandr Bozinovski, and Stevan Dojčinović, “Honorary Consuls: Wealth Can Beget Wealth,” Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, November 29, 2009, http://reportingproject.net/visa/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56:honorary-consul&catid=34:visa&Itemid=53 (accessed October 8, 2013).

  129. Alexander Kulygin, “Political Monster ‘Berlusputin’ Menaces Moscow Theatergoers,” RFE/RL Russian Service, February 2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNhVZc6KCbo (accessed February 26, 2012).

  130. Evans et al., “WikiLeaks Cables.”

  131. “Reformirovaniye Administratsii RF Prezidenta [Reform of the Administration of the RF President],” 25.21.

  132. Reuters, “Navalny Hit with New Theft Charges,” Moscow Times, October 30, 2013, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/navalny-hit-with-new-theft-charges/488709.html (accessed October 30, 2013).

  133. Earley, Comrade J, 299.

  134. Earley, Comrade J, 301.

  135. “Vladimir Putin’s Presidential Inauguration,” RT, May 7, 2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNiWnSOsAnE (accessed May 7, 2012).

  136. William Grimes, “Sergei Tretyakov, Spy Who Fled to U.S., Dies at 53,” New York Times, July 9, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/10/world/europe/10tretyakov.html?_r=0 (accessed June 8, 2013); “Afterwords with Pete Earley and Sergei Tretyakov,” C-SPAN, January 28, 2008, http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Tret (accessed May 8, 2012).

  137. Stratfor, “Re: [CT] Contradictory Quotes about Tretyakov Autopsy,” Wikileaks, September 7, 2010, http://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/1168958_re-ct-contradictory-quotes-about-tretyakov-autopsy-.html (accessed October 11, 2013).

  138. Shevtsova, Putin’s Russia, 123.

  139. Dale R. Herspring and Jacob Kipp, “Understanding the Elusive Mr. Putin,” Problems of Post-Communism 48, no. 5 (2001): 13; Carol R. Saivetz, “Putin’s Caspian Policy,” Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, October 2000, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/3101/putins_caspian_policy.html (accessed September 11, 2011).

  140. Lucas, The New Cold War.

  141. Sabrina Tavernise, “American Jailed as Spy in Moscow Is Freed on Putin’s Orders,” New York Times, December 15, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/15/world/american-jailed-as-spy-in-moscow-is-freed-on-putin-s-orders-us-welcomes-gesture.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm (accessed June 3, 2013).

  142. Shevtsova, Putin’s Russia, 145.

  143. “Lesnevskaya: Yel’tsin pri Putine molchal, opasayas’ za detey i vnukov [Lesnevskaya: Under Putin, Yel’tsin remained silent out of fear for his children and grandchildren],” Sobesednik.ru, No. 168, 2007, http://www.newsru.com/russia/27jun2007/lesnevskaya.html.

  144. Mikhayl Kas’yanov and Yevgeniy Kiselev, “Mikhayl Kas’yanov: ‘Yel’tsin sam soglasilsya na nesvobodu’ [Yel’tsin himself agreed to a lack of freedom],” New Times, September 21, 2009, http://dlib.eastview.com.proxy.lib.muohio.edu/browse/doc/20645756 (accessed July 9, 2013).

  145. Shevtsova, Putin’s Russia, 157–58.

  146. Olga Kryshtanovskaya and Stephen White, “Putin’s Militocracy,” Post-Soviet Affairs, October–December 2003, 294.

  Chapter Seven: Russia, Putin, and the Future of Kleptocratic Authoritarianism

  1. Nicholas Eberstadt, “Putin’s Hollowed-out Homeland,” Wall Street Journal, May 8, 2014, http://rbth.com/articles/2013/01/12/russian_authorities_plan_to_cut_health_spending_in_2013_21817.html (accessed May 8, 2014).

  2. U.S. Department of State, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2013: Russia,” Washington, DC, 2013, 310–12.

  3. U.S. Department of State, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2013: Russia,” 310–12.

  4. Yuliya Latynina, “Russia: A Superpower If Measured in Mansions and Yachts,” unpublished mimeo, Putin’s Russia Symposium, Havighurst Center, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 2011.

  5. Nemtsov and Martynyuk, “Nezavisimyy Ekspertnyy doklad [Independent expert report]”; Aleksandr Sokolov, “Zatraty na Olimpiadu Sochi-2014 rekordnyye za vsyu Istoriyu Olimpiyskikh igr [Cost for the Sochi 2014 Olympics is a record in the history of the Olympic Games],” Initsiativnaya gruppa po provedeniyu referenduma, August 16, 2012, http://igpr.ru/articles/zatraty_na_olimpiadu_v_sochi (accessed August 8, 2013).

  6. Varvara Petrenko, “Russian Authorities Plan to Cut Health Spending in 2013,” Russia beyond the Headlines, January 12, 2013, http://rbth.com/articles/2013/01/12/russian_authorities_plan_to_cut_health_spending_in_2013_21817.html (accessed May 7, 2014).

  7. Eberstadt, “Putin’s Hollowed-out Homeland.”

  8. Dmitriy Oreshkin, “Beg: Pochemu uyezhayut iz Rossii? [Running: Why leave Russia?],” Novaya gazeta, January 30, 2011, http://old.novayagazeta.ru/data/2011/010/00.html (accessed May 8, 2014).

  9. Masha Gessen, “The Living Ghosts of Moscow,” New York Times, May 29, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/29/opinion/gessen-the-living-ghosts-of-moscow.html?ref=opinion&_r=0 (accessed May 29, 2014).

  10. Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2013, 2014, http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2013/ (accessed April 9, 2014).

  11. Indem Fund, Corruption Process in Russia: Level, Structure, Trends (Moscow: Indem Fund, 2005).

  12. Transparency International, “Russia,” Global Corruption Barometer 2013, 2014, http://www.transparency.org/gcb2013/country/?country=russia (accessed May 3, 2014).

  13. Rebecca Kesby, “Why Russia Locks Up So Many Entrepreneurs,” BBC World Service, July 4, 2012, http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18706597 (accessed November 27, 2013).

  14. Elena Masyuk, “Henry Reznik: Our Court Is a Stranger to Doubts,” Novaya gazeta, January 14, 2014, http://en.novayagazeta.ru/politics/61770.html (accessed January 24, 2014).

  15. “Russia’s Lower House Adopts Bill on Economic Amnesty,” Russian Legal Information Agency, July 3, 2013, http://rapsinews.com/legislation_news/20130703/268004684.html (accessed March 28, 2014).

  16. V. V. Putin, “Speech at Naval Parade, Sevastopol,” Kremlin, May 9, 2014, http://kremlin.ru/transcripts/20992 (accessed May 25, 2014).

  17. Levada Center, “Mozhet, zavtra voyna [Perhaps tomorrow there will be war],” May 6, 2014, http://www.levada.ru/06-05-2014/mozhet-zavtra-voina (accessed May 11, 2014).

  18. Presidential Council, “Problemy zhiteley Kryma [Problems of Crimean residents],” Presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights, May 7, 2014, http://www.president-sovet.ru/structure/gruppa_po_migratsionnoy_politike/materialy/problemy_zhiteley_kryma.php?print=Y (accessed May 11, 2014).

  19. OECD, Human Resources Management Country Profiles, “Russian Federation,” Decem-ber 6, 2012, http://www.oecd.org/gov/pem/OECD%20HRM%20Profile%20-%20Russia.pdf (accessed February 23, 2014).

  20. Sergei Guriev, “Why I Am Not Returning to Russia,” New York Times, June 5, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/06/opinion/global/sergei-guriev-why-i-am-not-returning-to-russia.html?pagewanted=all (accessed June 6, 2013).

  21. Yulia Ponomareva, “New Wave of Russian Emigration: Leave or Stay?,” Russia beyond the Headlines, June 10, 2013, http://rbth.com/society/2013/06/10/new_wave_of_russian_emigration_leave_or_stay_26923.html (accessed May 7, 2014).

  22. Ponomareva, “New Wave of Russian Emigration.”

  23. Interfax, “Number of Russians Eager to Leave the Country Almost Doubled since 2009,” Russia beyond the
Headlines, June 6, 2013, http://rbth.com/news/2013/06/06/number_of_russians_eager_to_leave_the_country_almost_doubled_since_2009_26799.html (accessed May 9, 2014).

  24. Freedom House, “Russia: Freedom in the World 2014,” 2014, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/russia-0#.U4N7NvldWSo (accessed May 27, 2014).

  25. Levada Center, “On the Growth of Social and Political Infantilism in Russia,” May 16, 2014, http://www.levada.ru/16-05-2014/o-roste-sotsialno-politicheskogo-infantilizma-v-rossii (accessed May 27, 2014).

  26. “London Has the Most Billionaires in the World,” al Jazeera, May 11, 2014, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/05/london-most-billionaires-world-201451101120149236.html (accessed May 27, 2014).

  27. Credit Suisse, Global Wealth Report 2013.

  28. Hazem Beblawi, “The Rentier State in the Arab World,” in Giaccomo Luciani, ed., The Arab State (London: Routledge, 1990), 85.

  29. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Russia,” November 26, 2013; Olga Oliker, Keith Crane, and Lowell H. Schwartz, Russian Foreign Policy: Sources and Implications (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2009), 77.

  30. Henry Meyer and Agnes Lovasz, “Russia Faces Economy Trap as Oil Decline Looms, EBRD Says,” Bloomberg.com, December 14, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-13/russia-at-risk-from-dwindling-oil-reserves-european-bank-says.html (accessed November 4, 2013).

  31. Samuel Bakowski, “Courage to Face Down Corruption: Russia’s Endemic Problems,” Transparency International, January 29, 2010, http://blog.transparency.org/2010/01/29/courage-to-face-down-corruption-%E2%80%93-russia%E2%80%99s-endemic-problems/ (accessed November 22, 2013); Aleksey Dumovskiy, “Russian Police Officer, Pt. 1,” YouTube, November 6, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4vB2a15dOU (accessed November 22, 2013).

  32. Vladimir Milov, Leonard L. Coburn, and Igor Danchenko, “Russia’s Energy Policy, 1992–2005,” Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2006: 285–313.

  33. Anders Åslund, “How Rosneft Is Turning into Another Gazprom,” Moscow Times, June 21, 2013, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/how-rosneft-is-turning-into-another-gazprom/482022.html (accessed June 22, 2013).