8. Cox references this card in a 1948 letter. See Earnest Sevier Cox to Mittie Maude Lena Gordon, December 18, 1948, Box 7, Folder 1, Cox Papers.
9. Earnest Sevier Cox to Rosie Lee Gearring, April 4, 1944, Box 6, Folder 2; Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 28, 1947, Box 6, Folder 5, Cox Papers.
10. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon and Alberta Spain to Earnest Sevier Cox, June 18, 1953, Box 9, Folder 4, Cox Papers.
11. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, November 14, 1949, Box 7, Folder 5, Cox Papers.
12. Indiana State Board of Health, Birth Certificates, 1907–40, Indiana Archives and Records Administration, Indianapolis, Ind., Ancestry.com subscription database, http://www.ancestry.com (accessed July 10, 2016).
13. Report of Special Agent Harry B. Behrmann, March 27, 1944, Indianapolis, Ind., FBI File No. 100-V24410-166, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
14. Rosie Lee Gearring to Earnest Sevier Cox, May 31, 1944, Box 6, Folder 2, Cox Papers.
15. Marriage Announcement of John and Rosa Lee Gearring, Indianapolis Recorder, August 17, 1940, 4.
16. Report of Special Agent Harry B. Behrmann, March 27, 1944, Indianapolis, Indiana, FBI File No. 100-V24410-166, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
17. Report of Special Agent Harry B. Behrmann, March 27, 1944, Indianapolis, Indiana, FBI File No. 100-V24410-166, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
18. Rosie Lee Gearring to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 22, 1944, Box 6, Folder 2, Cox Papers.
19. Rosie Lee Gearring to Earnest Sevier Cox, June 6, 1944, Box 6, Folder 2, Cox Papers.
20. Rosie Lee Gearring to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 22, 1944, Box 6, Folder 2, Cox Papers.
21. Rosie Lee Gearring to Earnest Sevier Cox, April 21, 1944, Box 6, Folder 2, Cox Papers.
22. Rosie Lee Gearring to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 5, 1945, Box 6, Folder 3, Cox Papers.
23. Peace Movement of Ethiopia Constitution, 12.
24. Program for the Memorial Service of William Gordon, Box 7, Folder 2, Cox Papers.
25. Alberta Spain to Earnest Sevier Cox, September 10, 1962, Box 14, Folder 6, Cox Papers.
26. Seminal works on Black Power include Joseph, Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour; Quito Swan, Black Power in Bermuda: The Struggle for Decolonization (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); Nico Slate, ed., Black Power Beyond Borders: The Global Dimensions of the Black Power Movement (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); Kate Quinn, ed., Black Power in the Caribbean (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014); Russell Rickford, We Are an African People: Independent Education, Black Power and the Radical Imagination (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016); Rhonda Williams, Concrete Demands: The Search for Black Power in the 20th Century (New York: Routledge, 2015).
27. Erik S. McDuffie, “A New Day Has Dawned for the UNIA: Garveyism, the Diasporic Midwest and West Africa, 1920–1980,” Journal of West African History 2, no. 1 (Spring 2016): 74.
28. Adeleke, UnAfrican Americans.
29. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon and Alberta Spain to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 17, 1955, Box 10, Folder 2, Cox Papers.
30. Earnest Sevier Cox to Mittie Maude Lena Gordon, April 10, 1946, Box 6, Folder 4, Cox Papers. On the NAACP’s quest for UN intervention, see Anderson, Eyes Off the Prize.
31. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, September 8, 1948, Box 7, Folder 1, Cox Papers.
32. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, October 26, 1948, Box 7, Folder 1, Cox Papers.
33. Earnest Sevier Cox to Mittie Maude Lena Gordon, May 22, 1949, Box 7, Folder 1, Cox Papers.
34. Benjamin Gibbons to Earnest Sevier Cox, December 24, 1947, Box 6, Folder 5, Cox Papers.
35. Benjamin Gibbons to Jacques Garvey, June 23, 1944, Box 1, Folder 12, Marcus Garvey Memorial Collection, Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn.
36. Benjamin Gibbons, “Letter to the Editor: UNIA Backs Legislation for Migration to Liberia,” Philadelphia Tribune, April 19, 1958.
37. Hedlin, “Earnest Cox and Colonization,” 178.
38. Hedlin, “Earnest Cox and Colonization,” 177.
39. Hedlin, “Earnest Cox and Colonization,” 177–82.
40. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 25, 1950, Box 7, Folder 6, Cox Papers; Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 17, 1950, Box 7, Folder 6, Cox Papers.
41. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, July 2, 1949, Box 7, Folder 3, Cox Papers.
42. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, July 2, 1949, Box 7, Folder 3, Cox Papers.
43. McDuffie, “A New Day Has Dawned for the UNIA,” 88.
44. “Back-to-Africa Slayer Is Held to Grand Jury,” Chicago Defender, June 21, 1941.
45. “Back-to-Africa Slayer Is Held to Grand Jury.”
46. Lucreacy Rockmore to Earnest Sevier Cox, August 17, 1949, Cox Papers, Box 7, Folder 4.
47. Amy Jacques Garvey to Earnest Sevier Cox, October 31, 1947, Box 1, Folder 5, Marcus Garvey Memorial Collection, Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn.
48. Amy Jacques Garvey to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 5, 1948, Box 1, Folder 5, Garvey Memorial.
49. Tony Martin, Amy Ashwood Garvey: Pan-Africanist, Feminist, and Mrs. Garvey No. 1 (Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 2007), 208.
50. Amy Ashwood Garvey to William V. S. Tubman, May 26, 1946, William V. S. Tubman Papers, 1904–1992 (Record Group: Tubman Personal Papers), Liberian Collections Project, Indiana University Library, Bloomington, Ind.
51. Amy Ashwood Garvey to William V. S. Tubman, May 26, 1946, Tubman Papers.
52. Amy Ashwood to William V. S. Tubman, May 26, 1946, Tubman Papers.
53. On racial uplift politics, see Gaines, Uplifting the Race.
54. Chandra Talpade Mohanty, “Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses,” in Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003).
55. Paul Robeson, Here I Stand (Boston: Beacon, 1958), 33–35. See also Penny Von Eschen, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Colonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997).
56. Adi and Sherwood, Pan-African History, 73.
57. Nydia Swaby, “Women Radical, Woman Intellectual, Woman Activist: The Political Life of Pan-African Feminist Amy Ashwood Garvey” (M.A. thesis, Sarah Lawrence College, 2011), 72.
58. McDuffie, “A New Day Has Dawned for the UNIA,” 91.
59. McDuffie, “A New Day Has Dawned for the UNIA,” 78.
60. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 4, 1957, Box 12, Folder 1, Cox Papers.
61. West, “ ‘Like a River.’ ”
62. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon and Alberta Spain to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 17, 1955, Box 10, Folder 2, Cox Papers.
63. Alberta Spain and Josie Love to George W. Armstrong, November 14, 1949, Box 7, Folder 5, Cox Papers.
64. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, November 14, 1949, Box 7, Folder 5, Cox Papers.
65. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, March 27, 1956, Box 11, Folder 2, Cox Papers.
66. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 4, 1957, Box 12, Folder 1, Cox Papers.
67. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, September 2, 1952, Box 9, Folder 3, Cox Papers.
68. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, February 18, 1953, Box 9, Folder 4, Cox Papers.
69. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon and Alberta Spain to Earnest Sevier Cox, June 29, 1953, Box 9, Folder 4, Cox Papers.
70. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, September 2, 1952, Box 9, Folder 3, Cox Papers.
71. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, November 19, 1956, Box 11, Folder 4, Cox Papers.
72. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, August 2, 1954, Box 10, Folder 1, Cox Papers.
73. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, March 3, 1961, Cox Papers, Box 14, Folder 3, Cox Papers.
74.
James Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935–1961 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
75. Benjamin Gibbons to Earnest Sevier Cox, January 7, 1960, Box 14, Folder 1, Cox Papers.
76. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, March 3, 1961, Box 14, Folder 3, Cox Papers.
77. Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans.
78. Kevin Gaines, African Americans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Movement (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
79. See Gaines, African Americans in Ghana. I have opted not to describe Ghana as the first nation to break free of European colonialism in recognition of Sudan’s earlier victory in 1956.
80. Allison Paige Sellers, “The ‘Black Man’s Bible’: The Holy Piby, Garveyism, and Black Supremacy in the Interwar Years,” Journal of Africana Religions 3, no. 3 (2015): 325–42; Robert A. Hill, Dread History: Leonard P. Howell and Millenarian Visions in the Early Rastafarian Religion (Kingston: Miguel Lorne Publishers, 2001); Horace Campbell, Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney (Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1987); Rupert Lewis, “Marcus Garvey and the Early Rastafarians,” in Rastafari: A Universal Philosophy in the Third Millennium, ed. Werner Zips (Kingston: Ian Randle, 2006), 42–58.
81. Maymie De Mena Aiken to Thomas Harvey, March 11, 1953, Box 4, Folder 1, Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Records, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library (MARBL), Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.
82. Maymie De Mena Aiken to Thomas Harvey, November 25, 1952, Box 3, Folder 9, UNIA Collection.
83. Taylor, Veiled Garvey, 208.
84. Taylor, Veiled Garvey, 209.
85. Maymie De Mena Aiken to Thomas Harvey, November 25, 1952, Box 3, Folder 9, UNIA Collection.
86. Maymie De Mena Aiken to Thomas Harvey, November 25, 1952, Box 3, Folder 9, UNIA Collection.
87. Eugenie Bailey to Thomas Harvey, 1951 (no month or date listed), Box 3, Folder 4, UNIA Collection.
88. Eugenie Bailey to Thomas Harvey, 1951 (no month or date listed), Box 3, Folder 4, UNIA Collection.
89. Courtney Desiree Morris, “Becoming Creole, Becoming Black: Migration, Diasporic Self-Making, and the Many Lives of Madame Maymie Leona Turpeau de Mena,” Women, Gender, and Families of Color 4, no. 2 (Fall 2016): 171–95.
90. “A Personality,” Daily Gleaner, October 27, 1953.
91. Amy Jacques Garvey to William Sherrill, December 17, 1953, Box 1, Folder 3, UNIA Collection.
92. Amy Jacques Garvey to William Sherrill, December 17, 1953, Box 1, Folder 3, UNIA Collection.
93. Memorial Service Flier for Ethel Collins, Box 22, UNIA Collection.
94. Death Certificate of Mittie Gibson, File No. 41729, Cook County Genealogy Records Office, Chicago, Ill.
95. Alberta Spain to Earnest Sevier Cox, June 19, 1961, Box 14, Folder 3, Cox Papers.
96. David Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: W. Murrow, 1986).
97. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie.
98. See Dagbovie, “ ‘God Has Spared Me to Tell My Story.’ ”
99. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 28.
100. Ashley Farmer, Remaking Black Power: How Black Women Transformed an Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017).
101. Ashley Farmer, “Reframing African American Women’s Grassroots Organizing: Audley Moore and the Universal Association of Ethiopian Women, 1957–1963,” Journal of African American History 101, nos. 1–2 (Winter–Spring 2016): 69–96.
102. McDuffie, “ ‘I Wanted a Communist Philosophy,’ ” 186, 189.
103. Farmer, Remaking Black Power.
104. Farmer, “Reframing African American Women’s Grassroots Organizing.”
105. Farmer, “Reframing African American Women’s Grassroots Organizing.”
106. Robert Trent Vinson, The Americans Are Coming! Dreams of African American Liberation in Segregationist South Africa (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012), 20–21.
107. Farmer, “Reframing African American Women’s Grassroots Organizing.”
108. Quoted in Ashley Farmer, “Mothers of the Movement: Audley Moore and Dara Abubakari,” Women, Gender, and Families of Color 4, no. 2 (Fall 2016): 274–95.
109. “Women’s Group Seeks to Save 2 from ‘Hot Seat,’ ” Louisiana Weekly, September 14, 1957.
110. Carole Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya (New York: Henry Holt, 2006).
111. Frank Guridy, Forging Diaspora: Afro-Cubans and African Americans in a World of Empire and Jim Crow (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010).
112. Alberta Spain and Edmond Holiday to Earnest Sevier Cox, August 27, 1962, Box 14, Folder 6, Cox Papers.
113. Charise Cheney, Brothers Gonna Work It Out: Sexual Politics in the Golden Age of Nationalism (New York: New York University Press, 2005).
114. Alberta Spain to Senator of the United States of America, March 12, 1962, Box 14, Folder 6, Cox Papers.
115. Benjamin Gibbons to Earnest Sevier Cox, September 11, 1962, Box 14, Folder 6, Cox Papers.
116. Edward E. Curtis IV, Black Muslim Religion in the Nation of Islam, 1960–1975 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006).
117. Erik S. McDuffie, “The Diasporic Journeys of Louise Little: Grassroots Garveyism, the Midwest, and Community Feminism,” Women, Gender, and Families of Color 4, no. 2 (Fall 2016): 146–70.
118. Elijah Muhammad, Message to the Blackman (Phoenix, Ariz.: Sectarius MEMPS, 1973), 161.
119. Muhammad, Message to the Blackman, 161.
120. “It Is Time to Get a Divorce: Black Muslims Call for Separate U.S. Negro States,” Globe and Mail, February 28, 1963.
121. Earnest Sevier Cox to Peace Movement of Ethiopia, September 1, 1962, Box 14, Folder 6, Cox Papers.
122. Mittie Maude Lena Gordon to Earnest Sevier Cox, October 10, 1947, Box 6, Folder 5, Cox Papers.
123. Alberta Spain to Earnest Sevier Cox, September 10, 1962, Box 14, Folder 6, Cox Papers.
124. Alberta Spain to Earnest Sevier Cox, September 10, 1962, Box 14, Folder 6, Cox Papers.
125. Alberta Spain to Earnest Sevier Cox, September 10, 1962, Box 14, Folder 6, Cox Papers.
126. Ross Valentine, “The Back to Africa Movement,” Richmond Times–Dispatch, September 19, 1965.
127. Henry F. Cauthen and W. D. Workman Jr., “Resettlement Revived,” State, September 21, 1965.
128. Cauthen and Workman, “Resettlement Revived.”
129. Author’s interviews with Mwariama Dhoruba Kamau, January 16, 2013, and July 28, 2013.
130. Michael O. West, “Garveyism Root and Branch: From the Age of Revolution to the Age of Black Power” (unpublished paper in author’s possession).
131. A. Jacques Garvey, “The Source and Course of Black Power in America: The Dynamic Leadership of Garvey,” Star (Kingston), October 4, 1966.
Epilogue
1. Gordon to Cox, September 17, 1951, Box 8, Folder 4, Cox Papers.
2. Cox to Gordon, August 18, 1951, Box 8, Folder 5, Cox Papers.
3. West, “ ‘Like a River,’ ” 81–100; Wilson Jeremiah Moses, The Golden Age of Black Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
4. McDuffie, “Garveyism in Cleveland.”
5. McDuffie, “ ‘A New Day Has Dawned for the UNIA.’ ”
6. Jakobi Williams, From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013).
7. The literature on the Black Panther Party is extensive. Some of the most important works include Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin, Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013); Donna Murch, Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California (Chapel Hil
l: University of North Carolina Press, 2010); Yohuru Williams, Black Politics, White Power: Civil Rights, Black Power, and the Black Panthers in New Haven (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2008); Alondra Nelson, Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011; Robyn Spencer, The Revolution Has Come: Black Power, Gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2016).
8. Robin D. G. Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon, 2002), ix.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below
Abubakari, Dara (Virginia Collins)
Africa: African nationalist movements
African redemption discourse
All-African People’s Conference
Atlantic Charter and
challenges facing African women
civilizationist discourse
diasporic awareness of Africa
European colonialism and
as homeland. See also anticolonial movements; Pan-Africanist discourse; under individual countries
The African: A Journal of African Affairs
African Blood Brotherhood (ABB)
African Legion
African Motor Corps
African Orthodox Church (AOC)
African Reconstruction Association (ARA)
African redemption discourse. See also Pan-Africanist discourse
African Universal Church and Commercial League
Afro-Asian solidarity
Aldred-Brooks, Eva
Ali, Noble Drew
All-African People’s Conference (1958)
Allen, Celia Jane
biographic information
collaborations with white supremacists
emigration campaign and
FBI surveillance of
global white supremacy and
leadership development strategies
PME and
poetry of
proto-feminist consciousness and
Set the World on Fire Page 33