Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made
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140 Susan Howson and Donald Moggridge (eds.), The Collected Papers of James Meade, vol. IV: The Cabinet Office Diary, 1944–46, London, Unwin Hyman, 1990, p. 98 (entry for 25 June 1945); R. F. Harrod, The Prof: A Personal Memoir of Lord Cherwell, London, Macmillan, 1959, p. 252.
141 Amery was probably referring here to Rajani Palme Dutt, who stood against him as a Communist, making India a key issue in his campaign. Dutt won fewer than 2,000 votes, not enough to affect the outcome. Amery to WSC, 14 Dec. 1944, IOR/L/PO/11/4, ff. 252–3; ‘Verdict’, Statesman, 27 July 1945.
142 ‘Empire Views on Election’, The Times, 28 July 1945.
143 Mackenzie King diary, 26 July 1945.
144 ‘Discussion with Director of British Daily’, Harijan, 10 Nov. 1946, in MKG, Collected Works, vol. LXXXVI, pp. 50–1.
145 ‘Expectations Roused in Political Circles’, Times of India, 27 July 1945.
146 Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Thy Hand, Great Anarch! India: 1921–1952, Chatto & Windus, London, 1987, p. 755.
147 Nicholas, Washington Despatches, pp. 595–6 (28 July 1945).
148 ‘Young Bob Speaks’, Time, 11 June 1945.
149 ‘Mr Morrison in New York’, The Times, 12 Jan. 1946.
150 Charmley, End of Glory, p. 649.
151 Ashley Jackson, ‘Tswana War Poetry: Part One’, Botswana Notes and Records, 27 (1995), pp. 97–110. Quotation at 106. For examples of war poetry from the Gold Coast, including a paean to Churchill, see Ohenaba Sakyi Djan and Maurice S. Cockin, ‘Drums and Victory: Africa’s Call to the Empire’, Journal of the Royal African Society, 41 (1942), pp. 29–41.
152 Jackson, British Empire, pp. 180, 187.
153 Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism, Thomas Nelson & Sons, London, 1965, p. 40.
9. ONCE MAGNIFICENT AND STILL CONSIDERABLE
1 ‘The Light of Llandudno’, Time, 18 Oct. 1948.
2 Speech of 9 Oct. 1948.
3 ‘Conservative Conference’, The Times, 9 Oct. 1948.
4 Klaus Larres, Churchill’s Cold War: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2002, p. 104.
5 Speech of 9 Oct. 1948.
6 ‘Mr Churchill at Llandudno’ The Times, 11 Oct. 1948.
7 Alexander Cadogan diary, 20 Aug. 1945, Alexander Cadogan Papers, 1/15.
8 For a full discussion of this episode, see Richard Toye, ‘Churchill and Britain’s “Financial Dunkirk” ’, Twentieth Century British History, 15 (2004), pp. 329–60.
9 Amery diary, 27 Aug. 1945, Leo Amery Papers, 7/39. Amery was alluding to the poem ‘Say not the struggle naught availeth’ by Arthur Hugh Clough (1819–61).
10 ‘Information and comments from London embassy on commercial policy discussions’, 26 Sept. 1945, Frederick M. Vinson Papers, Box 166.
11 Amery diary 11 Sept. 1945, Leo Amery Papers, 7/39.
12 Ibid., 22 Nov. 1945.
13 ‘Mr John Amery’, Manchester Guardian, 20 Nov. 1942.
14 David Faber, Speaking for England: Leo, Julian and John Amery – The Tragedy of a Political Family, The Free Press, London, 2005, p. 4. See also Wm. Roger Louis, ‘Leo Amery and the Post-War World, 1945–55’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 30 (2002), pp. 71–90.
15 Harold Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, 1945–1955, London, Macmillan, 1969, p. 77.
16 Hugh Dalton diary, 14 Dec. 1945, Hugh Dalton Papers, I/33; see also Dalton, High Tide and After: Memoirs, 1945–1960, Frederick Muller, London, 1962, pp. 87–8.
17 ‘Tory Leadership and the Loan Vote’, Manchester Guardian, 15 Dec. 1945.
18 Hugh Dalton diary, 14 Dec. 1945, Hugh Dalton Papers, I/33.
19 Harry Crookshank diary, MS Eng. Hist. d.361, entry for 13 Dec. 1945.
20 Amery diary, 14 Dec. 1945, Leo Amery Papers, 7/39.
21 ‘Bretton Woods Will Cause Fierce Lords Battle’, News Chronicle, 15 Dec. 1945.
22 David Carlton, Anthony Eden: A Biography, Allen Lane, London, 1981, p. 259.
23 Speech of 5 March 1946; W. L. Mackenzie King diary, 1, 3 and 5 March 1946.
24 Walter Lippmann, ‘Mr Churchill’s Speech’, New York Herald Tribune, 7 March 1946.
25 ‘Churchill Taken to Task’, New York Times, 18 March 1946.
26 L. B. Pearson to W. L. Mackenzie King, 11 March 1946, Documents on Canadian External Relations, vol. XII: 1946, Department of External Affairs, Ottawa, 1977, p. 2043.
27 ‘The Loan Hearings’, The Economist, 23 March 1946, quoted in Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy in Current Perspective: The Origins and Prospects of Our International Economic Order, Columbia University Press, New York, 1980, p. 249n.
28 J. A. Hudson, ‘Mr Churchill and the Loan’, 14 March 1946, NA, PREM 8/197.
29 ‘Vandenberg Urges Full British Loan for “Self-Interest” ’, New York Times, 23 April 1946; Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy, p. 250.
30 Frank Fellows to WSC, 1 April 1949, Churchill Papers, CHUR 2/162, f. 187.
31 This was the opinion of the Republican Senator William Langer, quoted in ‘Churchill “is a Propagandist” ’, Canberra Times, 2 April 1949.
32 F. E. Evans, to A. R. K. Mackenzie, 21 March 1946, NA, FO 71/51624. The speech was given on 18 March.
33 L. S. Amery, The Washington Loan Agreements: A Critical Study of American Economic Foreign Policy, MacDonald, London, 1946, p. xi.
34 Amery diary, 26 Nov. 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 7/39.
35 See Richard Toye, ‘The Attlee Government, the Imperial Preference System, and the Creation of the GATT’, English Historical Review, 118 (2003), pp. 912–39.
36 Clement Davies to Archibald Sinclair, 30 May 1946, Thurso Papers, IV 1/10.
37 ‘Break-Up’, Time, 3 June 1946.
38 Ronald Hyam, Britain’s Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006, p. 221.
39 Amery diary, 8 Aug. 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 7/40.
40 Penderel Moon (ed.), Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1997, p. 168 (entry for 31 Aug. 1945).
41 Recollections of Harold C. Edwards, 1968, quoted in Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. VIII: ‘Never Despair’, 1945–1965, Heinemann, London, 1988, p. 141.
42 WSC to Amery, 14 May 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 2/2/4.
43 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 434, 6 March 1947, cols. 669, 671, 678.
44 Robert Cary to Leo Amery, 6 March [1947], Leo Amery Papers, 2/1/40.
45 Stuart Ball (ed.), Parliament and Politics in the Age of Churchill and Attlee: The Headlam Diaries, 1935–1951, Cambridge University Press for the Royal Historical Society, Cambridge, 1999, p. 492 (entry for 6 March 1947).
46 Amery diary, 2 April 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 7/40.
47 Peter Clarke, The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire, Allen Lane, London, 2007, p. 480.
48 WSC, memorandum on India, 20 Feb. 1947, quoted in Nicholas Owen, ‘The Conservative Party and Indian Independence, 1945–1947’, Historical Journal, 46 (2003), pp. 403–36, at 421.
49 Clarke, Last Thousand Days, p. 468.
50 Amery diary, 12 Dec. 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 7/40.
51 B. R. Ambedkar to WSC, 13 Nov. 1946, Churchill Papers, CHUR 2/52A/41.
52 Owen, ‘Conservative Party’, esp. p. 427.
53 Gilbert, ‘Never Despair’, p. 334.
54 Lawrence James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, Abacus, London, 1998 (first published 1997), pp. 635–6.
55 Speech of 6 Dec. 1947.
56 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 457, 28 Oct. 1948, col. 250.
57 ‘India and the Crown’, The Times, 6 Oct. 1948.
58 It was the omission of word ‘British’ before ‘Commonwealth’ in the final communiqué of the meeting of Commonwealth Prime Ministers that attracted attention. Attlee claimed that this had been inadvertent, but, nonetheless, ‘British’ did drop from official usage the following year. Clement Attlee, ‘Cabinet nomenc
lature’, 30 Dec. 1948, in Ronald Hyam (ed.), British Documents on the End of Empire, Series A, vol. II, part 4, HMSO, London, 1992, p. 178.
59 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 457, 28 Oct. 1948, col. 246.
60 Mackenzie King diary, 30 Oct. 1948.
61 Note by Clement Attlee on a meeting with Opposition leaders, 16 Dec. 1948, in Hyam, British Documents, p. 177.
62 WSC to J. C. Smuts, 22 May 1949, in Selections from the Smuts Papers, vol. VII: August 1945–October 1950, ed. Jean van der Poel, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973, p. 298.
63 Julian Amery diary, 20 July 1952, Julian Amery Papers, 4/302.
64 Nehru diary, 17 Dec. 1943, in Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, first series, 15 vols., Orient Longman/B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 1972–82, vol. XIII, p. 311.
65 John Kenneth Galbraith, Ambassador’s Journal: A Personal Account of the Kennedy Years, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1969 (entry for 23 April 1961).
66 David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War, Allen Lane, London, 2004, pp. 355–6.
67 ‘Churchilliana’, Indian News Chronicle, 27 Sept. 1951.
68 Amery diary, 7 Sept. 1951, Leo Amery Papers, 7/45.
69 See esp. Reynolds, In Command of History.
70 Amery to Reginald Dorman-Smith, 15 April 1943, in Hugh Tinker (ed.), Burma: The Struggle for Independence, 1944–1948, vol. I: From Military Occupation to Civil Government, 1 January 1944 to 31 August 1946, HMSO, London, 1983, p. 26.
71 WSC to James Stuart, 3 Dec. 1944, in Tinker, Burma, vol. I, p. 117.
72 John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.), The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries, 1929–1945, Hutchinson, London, 1988, p. 1040 (entry for 4 May 1945).
73 ‘Burma: Statement of Policy by His Majesty’s Government’, Cmd. 6635, May 1945, p. 9.
74 Speech of 20 Dec. 1946.
75 Hugh Tinker, ‘Burma’s Struggle for Independence: The Transfer of Power Thesis Re-Examined’, Modern Asian Studies, 20 (1986), pp. 461–81, at 476.
76 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 443, 5 Nov. 1947, cols. 1846–8.
77 Ibid., col. 1859.
78 Gilbert Laithwaite to Hubert Rance, Gilbert Laithwaite Papers, MS Eur. F138/74.
79 Tinker, ‘Burma’s Struggle for Independence’, p. 479.
80 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 426, 1 Aug. 1946, cols. 1254, 1257.
81 Amery diary, 8 Aug. 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 7/40.
82 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 434, 6 March 1947, col. 675.
83 Ibid., vol. 443, 5 Nov. 1947, col. 1846.
84 Clarke, Last Thousand Days, p. 484.
85 ‘Many Labour MPs Abstain in Palestine Division’, The Times, 27 Jan. 1949.
86 Amery to Chaim Weizmann, 27 Jan. 1949, Leo Amery Papers, 2/2/28.
87 Henri Grimal, Decolonization: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919–1963, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1978, p. 135.
88 ‘Trends in Attitudes to Government Leaders’, Mass Observation File Report 2476, April 1947, Mass-Observation Archive.
89 Clarke, Last Thousand Days, p. 506.
90 Broadcast of 17 Feb. 1950.
91 F. W. S. Craig (ed.), British General Election Manifestos, 1918–1966, Political Reference Publications, Chichester, 1970, p. 123.
92 ‘Labour Party “Falsehoods” ’, The Times, 9 Feb. 1950.
93 Speech of 28 Jan. 1950.
94 R. W. Ferrier, The History of the British Petroleum Company, vol. I: The Developing Years, 1901–1932, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982, pp. 194–7. By convention, the government did not interfere in the running of the company.
95 J. H. Bamberg, The History of the British Petroleum Company, vol. II: The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928–1954, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994, p. 513.
96 Sue Onslow, ‘ “Battlelines for Suez”: The Abadan Crisis of 1951 and the Formation of the Suez Group’, Contemporary British History, 17 (2003), pp. 1–28, esp. 6–7.
97 D. E. Butler, The British General Election of 1951, Macmillan, London, 1952, pp. 86, 116.
98 Speech of 6 Oct. 1951.
99 Quoted in Butler, British General Election of 1951, p. 121.
100 Speech of 23 Oct. 1951.
101 Amery diary, 25 June 1945, Leo Amery Papers, 7/39.
102 Ibid., 28 Sept. 1951, Leo Amery Papers, 7/45.
103 ‘Labour’s Defeat’, Manchester Guardian, 26 Oct. 1951.
104 Speech of 12 Oct. 1951.
105 ‘Canada Has Doubts on Empire Policy’, Observer, 28 Oct. 1951; ‘Appeal to Mr Churchill to Be a National Leader’, Manchester Guardian, 29 Oct. 1951.
106 ‘Churchill Called to Great Tasks’, Canberra Times, 27 Oct. 1951.
107 ‘Tory Victory’, Hindustan Times Weekly, 28 Oct. 1951.
108 Quoted in ‘Lord Ismay’s Appointment Reassures India’, Manchester Guardian, 29 Oct. 1951. For Ismay’s concern that Churchill would disapprove of his posting with Mountbatten, see The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, Heinemann, London, 1960, p. 410.
109 Letter of 1 Nov. 1951 in G. Parthasarathi (ed.), Jawaharlal Nehru: Letters to Chief Ministers, 1947–1964, vol. III: 1952–1954, Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, New Delhi, 1987, pp. 527–8.
110 ‘The Tories’ Return and West Africa’, West African Pilot, 30 Oct. 1951.
111 Richard Koebner and Helmut Dan Schmidt, Imperialism: The Story and Significance of a Political Word, 1840–1960, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1964, p. 306.
112 Broadcast of 7 Feb. 1952.
113 ‘The Queen’s Congratulations to Everest Expedition’, Manchester Guardian, 3 June 1953.
114 Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 20 Nov. 1951, CC (51) 9th, NA, CAB 195/10.
115 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 504, 30 July 1952, col. 1509.
116 John Cloake, Templer, Tiger of Malaya: The Life of Field Marshal Sir Gerald Templer, Harrap, London, 1985, p. 204.
117 Oscar Nemon, unpublished memoirs, p. 72, Oscar Nemon Papers, 3/1.
118 R. H. Ferrell (ed.), The Eisenhower Diaries, W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1981, pp. 222–4 (entry for 6 Jan. 1953).
119 David Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, Abacus, London, 2000 (first published 1997), pp. 390–6.
120 Kermit Roosevelt, Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979, p. 207.
121 Amery diary, 12 May 1953, Leo Amery Papers, 7/47. The 1925 Locarno Pact was a treaty of mutual guarantee between Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Italy.
122 ‘Lord Swinton’s Own Notes of the Commonwealth Prime Ministers’ Meeting, June, 1953’, Lord Swinton Papers, I/6.
123 Amery diary, 21 Sept. 1952, Leo Amery Papers, 7/47.
124 ‘The Men for Oldham’, Oldham Daily Standard, 26 June 1899.
125 Evelyn Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez: Diaries, 1951–56, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1986, p. 75 (entry for 29 Jan. 1953).
126 Gilbert, ‘Never Despair’, pp. 797–9; Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 15 March 1954, CC (54) 18th, NA, CAB 195/12.
127 See Onslow, ‘ “Battlelines for Suez” ’.
128 Interview with Julian Amery for the television series Churchill, c. 1991, Churchill Additional Papers, WCHL 15/2/51.
129 Carlton, Anthony Eden, p. 358.
130 See John Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Relationship, 1940–57, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1995, p. 278.
131 Interview with Julian Amery for Churchill.
132 ‘Leaving the Suez’, Time, 26 July 1954.
133 ‘Decline of Empire’, Time, 9 Aug. 1954; Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 531, 28 July 1954, col. 499.
134 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 531, 29 July 1954, col. 750.
135 Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965, Constable, London
, 1966, pp. 630–1.
136 John Ramsden, Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945, HarperCollins, London, 2002, pp. 493–504.
137 R. G. Menzies, ‘Churchill and the Commonwealth’, in James Marchant (ed.), Winston Spencer Churchill: Servant of Crown and Commonwealth, Cassell, London, 1954, pp. 91–9, at 94, 96.