The Children of Henry VIII

by John Guy

  21 Starkey, Henry, Virtuous Prince, pp. 184–256; Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales, ed. Gunn and Monckton, pp. 4–5.

  22 Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII, ed. J. Gairdner, 2 vols (London, 1861–3), I, p. 233; S. Cunningham, ‘Loyalty and the Usurper: Recognizances, the Council and Allegiance under Henry VII’, Historical Research, 82 (2009), pp. 459–81; C. J. Harrison, ‘The Petition of Edmund Dudley’, EHR, 87 (1972), pp. 82–99.

  23 S. J. Gunn, ‘The Accession of Henry VIII’, Historical Research, 64 (1991), p. 280.

  24 Great Chronicle, ed. Thomas and Thornley, pp. 331–2.

  25 Letters and Papers … Richard III and Henry VII, ed. Gairdner, I, pp. 233, 238.

  26 CSPSp, I, no. 511; Penn, Winter King, p. 112.

  27 Gunn, ‘The Accession of Henry VIII’, pp. 278–88.

  28 C. S. L. Davies, ‘Tudor: What’s in a Name?’, History, 97 (2012), pp. 24–7; H. Pierce, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, 1473–1541: Loyalty, Lineage and Leadership (Cardiff, 2003), p. 10.

  29 Starkey, Virtuous Prince, pp. 189–92.

  30 Gunn, ‘Accession of Henry VIII’, p. 283; G. Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon (London, 1942), pp. 93–5; Starkey, Virtuous Prince, pp. 278–81.

  31 Opus Epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterodami, ed. P. S. Allen, 12 vols (Oxford, 1906–58), I, no. 215.

  32 Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More, ed. L. L. Martz, R. S. Sylvester, C. H. Miller et al., 15 vols (New Haven, 1963–97), III, ii, pp. 100–12 (my translation).

  Chapter 1 notes

  1 Hall, I, pp. 21–2.

  2 HO, pp. 126–7; LP, I, i, no. 670.

  3 HO, pp. 120–1.

  4 Hall, I, p. 22.

  5 G. Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie (London, 1589), p. 246.

  6 M. Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VIII (London, 2007), p. 6.

  7 Hall, I, pp. 22–7; LP, I, i, no. 671.

  8 Great Chronicle, ed. Thomas and Thornley, pp. 374–5.

  9 Hall, I, p. 27.

  10 LC 2/1, fos. 159–73 (LP, I, i, no. 707).

  11 CSPSp, Supp, no. 7 (p. 34).

  12 A. Boorde, The Breuiary of helthe for all maner of syckenesses and diseases the whiche may be in man, or woman (London, 1547), fos. 9, 36v–7v, 128.

  13 C. B. Whiteley and K. Kramer, ‘A New Explanation for the Reproductive Woes and Midlife Crisis of Henry VIII’, HJ, 53 (2010), pp. 827–48.

  14 Leland, IV, pp. 179–84; HO, p. 127.

  15 Starkey, Henry, Virtuous Prince, pp. 68, 71, 331–2.

  16 LP, II, ii, no. 3802.

  17 CSPSp, Supp, nos. 7–9 (pp. 34–44); LP, I, i, no. 474; Murphy, pp. 7–8; Samman PhD, p. 175.

  18 LP, VI, nos. 923–4; S. Thurley, The Royal Palaces of Tudor England (New Haven and London, 1993), p. 140; G. W. Bernard, ‘The Rise of Sir William Compton, Early Tudor Courtier’, EHR, 96 (1981), p. 757.

  19 Hall, I, p. 143.

  20 E 36/215, fo. 225 (LP, II, ii, p. 1471). Murphy, pp. 19–20; Samman PhD, p. 148.

  21 Hall, I, p. 143; Murphy, pp. 9–18; Samman PhD, p. 147.

  22 LP, II, ii, nos. 4135–7, 4227, 4396, 4398, 4436.

  23 Rawdon Brown, II, pp. 224–5; Hall, I, pp. 170–1; Murphy, pp. 21–4.

  24 Murphy, pp. 24–5.

  25 OBS 1419.

  26 Murphy, pp. 25–6.

  27 Murphy, pp. 27–35.

  28 SR III, pp. 280–1.

  29 Davies, ‘Tudor: What’s in a Name?’, p. 25.

  30 J. Guy, A Daughter’s Love: Thomas and Margaret More (London, 2008), pp. 257–8.

  31 PPE Mary, pp. xxii–xxiii.

  32 D. M. Loades, Mary Tudor: A Life (Oxford, 1989), p. 29.

  33 ODNB, s.v. ‘Bryan, Sir Francis’.

  34 BL, Cotton MS Otho C. X, fo. 234, printed in Ellis, II, ii, pp. 78–83 (quotation from p. 79); Murphy, p. 30.

  35 Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 167–8.

  36 Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 168–9.

  37 PPE Mary, p. xxii.

  38 LP, III, i, nos. 895–6; Ellis, I, i, p. 175; Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 169–71.

  39 PPE Mary, pp. xx–xxiv; LP, II, ii, no. 3429 and p. 1473; LP, III, i, no. 970; LP, Add., I, i, no. 259; Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 168–9; Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 28–31.

  40 LP, III, i, no. 895.

  41 LP, III, ii, no. 2585 (1); PPE Mary, pp. xxv–xxvi.

  42 CSPV, III, no. 167; Starkey, Six Wives, p. 171.

  43 OBS 1419.

  44 KB 9/53; KB 8/5; BL, Harleian MS 283, fo. 72; LP, III, i, nos. 1284 (1–5), 1285 (pp. 495–505), 1356; CSPV, III, no. 213; Hall, I, pp. 221–6.

  45 LP, III, i, p. 498. The sum may have been a loan later partially repaid, see LP, III, i, p. 501, but is still remarkable.

  46 Lord Stafford’s grandmother was a sister of Elizabeth Woodville, Edward IV’s queen. Ursula Pole’s grandfather was Edward IV’s brother.

  47 LP, VIII, no. 263 (p. 101).

  Chapter 2 notes

  1 LP, III, ii, no. 3375 (5).

  2 State Papers, I, pp. 19–20; LP, III, ii, nos. 1437, 1439.

  3 LP, III, ii, no. 1673.

  4 LP, III, ii, no. 1669.

  5 Hall, I, p. 234.

  6 PPE Mary, pp. xxvi–xxix; LP, III, ii, no. 2585 (2–3).

  7 PPE Mary, p. xxix.

  8 Since no servant was rewarded for delivering Katherine’s New Year’s gift this year, it follows that it must have been delivered in person. See PPE Mary, p. xxix; LP, III, ii, no. 2585 (2); Starkey, Six Wives, p. 173.

  9 PPE Mary, p. xxix.

  10 LP, III, ii, no. 3375 (4).

  11 LP, III, ii, nos. 2322, 2333 (3, 12); CSPSp, II, no. 427; CSPSp, Further Supp, pp. 24, 36, 47, 49–50, 56, 62, 112.

  12 CSPSp, Further Supp, pp. xviii–xxxiv, 24, 36, 47–56, 62–112, 130–49; LP, III, ii, no. 2333 (3, 12).

  13 CSPSp, Further Supp, p. 71; Starkey, Six Wives, p. 186.

  14 Hall, I, pp. 244–6.

  15 LP, II, ii, nos. 4467–4471, 4475, 4477.

  16 Hall, I, p. 246.

  17 LP, III, ii, nos. 2288, 2289, 2305, 2306, 2333, 2360; Hall, I, pp. 244–58; CSPV, II, nos. 466–7; Rutland Papers (1842), pp. 59–100; S. Anglo, Spectacle, Pageantry, and Early Tudor Policy (Oxford, 1969), pp. 170–206; Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 186–9; Fox, Sister Queens, pp. 258–61.

  18 Guy, A Daughter’s Love, pp. 104–5, 116, 164, 169, 170, 191.

  19 Anglo, Spectacle, p. 197.

  20 CSPSp, II, no. 437; Anglo, Spectacle, pp. 202–5.

  21 CSPSp, II, no. 425.

  22 CSPSp, II, nos. 427, 430–4; LP, III, ii, nos. 2322, 2333 (3, 6).

  23 LP, III, ii, p. 1559 (the ‘Revels Accounts’); Hall, I, pp. 238–40; E. W. Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, ‘The Most Happy’ (Oxford, 2004), pp. 36–9; Anglo, Spectacle, pp. 120–1.

  24 LP, I, ii, no. 3357; LP, X, no. 450; Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 274–5; Ives, Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, pp. 27–9.

  25 LP, III, ii, p. 1539.

  26 LP, III, i, no. 317; LP, III, ii, no. 2074 (5); LP, III, ii, no. 2297 (12), p. 973; LP, III, ii, p. 1539 (‘the King’s Book of Payments’); LP, IV, ii, no. 2972, p. 1331.

  27 LP, III, ii, no. 3358.

  28 Literary Remains, II, pp. 209–10.

  29 PPE Mary, p. xxxi; Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 31.

  30 H. Clifford, The Life of Jane Dormer, ed. J. Stevenson (London, 1887), p. 80.

  31 Guy, A Daughter’s Love, pp. 15–16.

  32 Pierce, Margaret Pole, p. 3.

  33 CSPSp, Further Supp, p. 74.

  34 M. Billingsley, A Newe booke of copies containing divers sortes of sundry hands, as the English and French secretarie, and bastard secretarie, Italian, Roman, chancery, and court hands (London, 1620).

  35 Ellis, I, ii, p. 20.

  36 Guy, A Daughter’s Love, pp. 59–65, 67–70, 140–3.

  37 C. Fantazzi, Juan Luis Vives: The Education of a Christian Woman, A Sixteenth-Century Manual (Chicago, 2000), pp. 3–12.

  38 Fantazzi, Vi
ves, pp. 12–35, 70–1; Foster Watson, Luis Vives, El Gran Valenciano (Oxford, 1922), p. 44.

  39 Fantazzi, Vives, pp. 73–9.

  40 Fantazzi, Vives, pp. 71–3, 94–109, 125–38; G. Kaufman, ‘Juan Luis Vives on the Education of Women’, Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 3 (1978), pp. 891–6; Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 174–9.

  41 Watson, Luis Vives, p. 45.

  42 Fantazzi, Vives, p. 13; Kaufman, ‘Juan Luis Vives’, pp. 895–6; Watson, Luis Vives, pp. 41, 45; Baldwin, I, pp. 185–99.

  43 CSPV, III, no. 1037.

  Chapter 3 notes

  1 LP, IV, i, no. 1371; Murphy, pp. 47–8.

  2 Murphy, pp. 48–9.

  3 SP 1/55, fo. 12 (LP, IV, iii, no. 5807).

  4 LP, IV, i, no. 1431 (2); Fitzroy Inventory, pp. xii–xiii.

  5 Fitzroy Inventory, pp. lxxx–lxxxiv; LP, IV, i, no. 1431 (8); Hall, II, pp. 49–50; Murphy, pp. 36–65.

  6 Fitzroy Inventory, pp. xvi–xvii.

  7 Thurley, Royal Palaces, p. 81.

  8 LP, IV, i, no. 1500.

  9 Murphy, p. 56.

  10 Murphy, p. 38. See also LP, IV, ii, no. 3135.

  11 CSPV, III, no. 1053; Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 198–9.

  12 CSPV, III, no. 1053.

  13 J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (London, 1968), p. 136.

  14 Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 192–3.

  15 State Papers, VI, pp. 426–7.

  16 CSPV, III, no. 1053; CSPSp, III, i, no. 120; CSPSp, III, ii, no. 37.

  17 Starkey, Six Wives, p. 198.

  18 G. R. Elton, Policy and Police: the Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge, 1972), pp. 176–7.

  19 Records of the Reformation: the Divorce, 1527–1533, ed. N. Pocock, 2 vols (Oxford, 1870), II, p. 386.

  20 M. Levine, Tudor Dynastic Problems, 1460–1571 (London, 1973), p. 74.

  21 J. Guy, ‘Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, and the Reform of Henrician Government’, in The Reign of Henry VIII: Politics, Patronage and Piety, ed. D. MacCulloch (London, 1995), pp. 35–57, 227–8, 232–5, 253–9.

  22 S. G. Ellis, Tudor Frontiers and Noble Power: the Making of the British State (Oxford, 1995), pp. 156–70; J. Guy, The Cardinal’s Court: the Impact of Wolsey in Star Chamber (Brighton, 1977), pp. 27, 122; Fitzroy Inventory, p. xvii.

  23 C. A. J. Skeel, The Council in the Marches of Wales (London, 1904), p. 49.

  24 LP, IV, i, no. 1510; R. R. Reid, The King’s Council in the North (London, 1921), pp. 101–2; Starkey, Six Wives, p. 201. As finally constituted, Richard III’s Council of the North was the prince’s household without the prince, since the king’s son Edward suddenly died, but his household continued.

  25 LP, IV, i, no. 1514.

  26 SP 1/35, fos. 160–2 (LP, IV, i, 1515). See also LP, IV, i, no. 1530.

  27 Murphy, pp. 57–9.

  28 State Papers, IV, p. 385.

  29 Fitzroy Inventory, p. lxxvii (LP, IV, i, no. 1431 [4]).

  30 LP, IV, i, no. 1940; LP, Add., I, i, no. 458.

  31 LP, Add., I, i, no. 459.

  32 PPE Mary, pp. xxxix–xl; LP, IV, i, no. 1577 (13); LP, Add., I, i, no. 458.

  33 Pierce, Margaret Pole, pp. 89–90.

  34 LP, IV, i, no. 1577 (10).

  35 PPE Mary, pp. xliv–xlv.

  36 PPE Mary, p. xxxviii; Starkey, Six Wives, p. 201.

  37 State Papers, pp. 385–6.

  38 Murphy, pp. 70–1.

  39 Murphy, p. 71.

  40 SP 1/55, fo. 13v (LP, IV, iii, no. 5806 [2]).

  41 LP, IV, ii, no. 2081.

  42 Rogers, Corr., pp. 403–4.

  43 Guy, A Daughter’s Love, pp. 156–7.

  44 Rogers, Corr., pp. 404–5.

  45 Rogers, Corr., p. 405.

  46 Murphy, p. 71.

  47 R. Rex, The Theology of John Fisher (Cambridge, 1991), p. 56.

  48 LP, IV, ii, no. 3135; Fitzroy Inventory, pp. xxxvii–xli; Murphy, pp. 75–6.

  49 Fitzroy Inventory, p. xli.

  50 SP 1/40, fo. 210; Fitzroy Inventory, p. xxxi.

  51 SP 1/46, fos. 169–70 (LP, IV, ii, nos. 3860–1); Fitzroy Inventory, pp. xlviii–xlix; Ellis, III, ii, pp. 117–18.

  52 LP, IV, ii, nos. 2878, 2955–6.

  53 PPE Mary, p. xli.

  54 PPE Mary, pp. xli–xlii.

  55 BL, Cotton MS, Royal 17 C.XVI; PPE Mary, p. cxxviii; Linda Porter, Mary Tudor: the First Queen (London, 2007), p. 42.

  56 A. Ashbee, ‘Groomed for Service: Musicians in the Privy Chamber at the English Court, c. 1495–1558’, Early Music, 25 (1997), pp. 188–9; PPE Mary, p. cxxxix.

  57 An introductorie for to lerne to rede, to pronounce, and to speake Frenche trewly compyled for the right high, excellent, and most vertuous lady, the lady Mary of Englande (London, 1533).

  58 LP, IV, ii, no. 2606; Négociations Diplomatiques de la France avec la Toscane, ed. G. Canestrini, 6 vols (Paris, 1859–86), II, pp. 923–6.

  59 CSPSp, III, ii, no. 39; LP, IV, ii, nos. 2505, 2604–5, 2624, 2662–3, 2680, 2684, 2693, 2700, 2704, 2715–16, 2726, 2825, 2827–8, 2833, 2849, 2917, 2948, 2966, 2980, 3080, 3105, 3350, 3353, 3415; Négociations Diplomatiques de la France avec la Toscane, II, pp. 986–90.

  60 LP, IV, ii, no. 3105 (pp. 1411–12).

  61 PPE Mary, pp. cxxxii–cxxxiii.

  62 Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 43.

  63 LP, IV, ii, no. 3080.

  64 Ellis, I, ii, p. 19.

  65 J. D. M. Derrett, ‘Henry Fitzroy and Henry VIII’s Scruple of Conscience’, Renaissance News, 16 (1963), pp. 1–9.

  Chapter 4 notes

  1 OBS 1419.

  2 LP, VIII, no. 567.

  3 CSPV, IV, no. 824.

  4 Ives, Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, p. 40.

  5 G. Cavendish, The Life of Cardinal Wolsey and Metrical Visions, ed. S. W. Singer, 2 vols (London, 1825), I, p. 58.

  6 Cavendish, Life of Wolsey, I, pp. 63–6.

  7 Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 276–7.

  8 Cavendish, Life of Wolsey, I, p. 66.

  9 Halliwell, I, pp. 297–320. In reconstructing the order of these letters, I follow J. Fox, Jane Boleyn: the Infamous Lady Rochford (London, 2007), pp. 57–61; Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 278–83; Ives, Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, pp. 84–8.

  10 Halliwell, I, pp. 310, 317–18.

  11 Halliwell, I, p. 302.

  12 Halliwell, I, p. 310.

  13 Halliwell, I, p. 311.

  14 Halliwell, I, pp. 302–3.

  15 Halliwell, I, pp. 303–4.

  16 Halliwell, I, p. 305.

  17 Halliwell, I, pp. 305–6.

  18 Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 282–3.

  19 Halliwell, I, pp. 306–7.

  20 LP, IV, iii, App. 99 (2).

  21 Halliwell, I, p. 307.

  22 J. Sharkey, ‘Between King and Pope: Thomas Wolsey and the Knight Mission’, Historical Research, 84 (2011), pp. 236–48.

  23 Cavendish, Life of Wolsey, I, pp. 154–5.

  24 J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (London, 1968), pp. 145–6, 154–5.

  25 LP, IV, ii, nos. 3311, 3353, 3363; Records of the Reformation, I, pp. 19–21.

  26 LP, IV, ii, no. 3400.

  27 Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp. 163–240; C. Fletcher, Our Man in Rome: Henry VIII and his Italian Ambassador (London, 2012), pp. 138–93.

  28 Halliwell, I, pp. 318–19.

  29 E. Surtz and V. M. Murphy, The Divorce Tracts of Henry VIII (Angers, 1988), pp. xii–xiii; Rex, Theology of John Fisher, pp. 165–70.

  30 Surtz and Murphy, Divorce Tracts, pp. i–xxxvi.

  31 LP, IV, ii, no. 5615; Hall, II, pp. 150–4; Fletcher, Our Man in Rome, pp. 42–97; Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp. 224–8.

  32 Fletcher, Our Man in Rome, p. 97.

  33 J. Guy, The Public Career of Sir Thomas More (New Haven and London, 1980), pp. 30–3, 97–140.

  34 BL, Cotton MS, Cleopatra E.VI, fos. 16–135.

  35 Noted on an early draft of the Act of Appeals: BL, Cotton MS, Cleopatra E.VI, fos. 180–4.

  36 G.
D. Nicholson, ‘The Act of Appeals and the English Reformation’, in Law and Government under the Tudors, ed. Claire Cross, D. M. Loades and J. J. Scarisbrick (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 19–30; J. Guy, ‘Thomas Cromwell and the Intellectual Origins of the Henrician Revolution’, in The Tudor Monarchy, ed. J. Guy (London, 1997), pp. 213–33.

  37 Guy, A Daughter’s Love, p. 195; BNF, MS FF 3014, fos. 78–81v; G. Bapst, Deux Gentilshommes-Poètes de la Cour de Henry VIII (Paris, 1891), pp. 25–43; Fletcher, Our Man in Rome, pp. 119–87.

  38 CSPSp, IV, ii, no. 778; Starkey, Six Wives, p. 443.

  39 CSPSp, IV, ii, no. 683.

  40 CSPV, IV, no. 664.

  41 PPE Mary, p. liv; LP, V, no. 216.

  42 CSPSp, IV, i, no. 302.

  43 CSPSp, IV, ii, no. 720.

  44 The History of the King’s Works, ed. H. M. Colvin et al., 7 vols (London, 1963–82), IV, ii, p. 148.

  45 Thurley, Royal Palaces, pp. 50–2.

  46 Hall, II, pp. 218–21; CSPV, IV, no. 824; LP, V, nos. 1373–4, 1484–5, 1492; The maner of the tryumphe at Caleys [and] Bulleyn. The second pryntyng, with mo addicio[n]s as it was done in dede (London, 1532); Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 452–61; Anglo, Spectacle, pp. 245–6.

  47 CSPV, IV, no. 824.

  48 Fletcher, Our Man in Rome, pp. 177–9.

  49 Ives, Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, p. 161.

  50 D. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer (London and New Haven, 1996), pp. 637–8.

  51 Hall, II, pp. 229–42; Ives, Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, pp. 173–83.

  52 Fox, Jane Boleyn, pp. 110–11.

  53 SR, III, pp. 464–74, 508–9.

  54 State Papers, I, p. 407.

  55 CSPSp, IV, ii, no. 1127.

  56 CSPSp, IV, ii, nos. 1124, 1144, 1158, 1161.

  57 Hall, II, pp. 242–4; LP, VI, no. 1111; HO, pp. 126–7; Bodleian, Folio.Δ.624, facing p. 360 (interleaved note by Thomas Turner from the now-lost manuscript Chronicle of Anthony Anthony).

  58 State Papers, I, p. 415.

  59 William Latymer’s Chronickille of Anne Bulleyne, ed. Maria Dowling, Camden Society, 4th Series, 39 (1990), p. 63.

  60 CSPSp, V, i, no. 22.

  61 Lisle Letters, II, no. 169 (LP, VII, no. 509).

  62 LP, VII, no. 1297 (p. 497).

  63 LP, VIII, no. 400.

  64 State Papers, I, p. 426.

  Chapter 5 notes

  1 SP 1/78, fo. 141 (LP, VI, no. 1009).

  2 LP, VI, no. 1112.