The Children of Henry VIII

by John Guy

  3 CSPSp, IV, ii, no. 1127.

  4 LP, VI, no. 1126.

  5 CSPSp, IV, ii, no. 1133.

  6 PPE Mary, pp. lv–lix; CSPSp, IV, ii, nos. 1144, 1161.

  7 CSPSp, IV, ii, nos. 1133, 1161; CSPSp, V, i, no. 4.

  8 CSPSp, IV, ii, no. 1137.

  9 CSPSp, IV, ii, nos. 1144, 1161, 1164; CSPSp, V, i, no. 4.

  10 LP, VIII, no. 400; CSPSp, V, i, no. 17; Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 76–107.

  11 LP, VI, no. 1558; CSPSp, V, i, nos. 10, 26.

  12 LP, VII, no. 1129.

  13 CSPSp, V, i, nos. 10, 22, 68.

  14 CSPSp, V, i, nos. 31–2.

  15 CSPSp, V, i, no. 86.

  16 CSPSp, V, i, no. 68.

  17 Murphy, pp. 122–4.

  18 Murphy, pp. 119–32.

  19 Murphy, pp. 132–9.

  20 LP, X, no. 908.

  21 Murphy, pp. 142–3.

  22 R. Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: the Reign of Francis I (Cambridge, 1994), p. 300.

  23 LP, VII, nos. 1257, 1554.

  24 LP, VIII, no. 263 (p. 104); Lisle Letters, V, no. 1086 and pp. 11–12; S. Brigden, Thomas Wyatt: The Heart’s Forest (London, 2012), pp. 191–9. For a different, probably erroneous identification, see Ives, Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, pp. 194–5.

  25 Fox, Jane Boleyn, pp. 180–1.

  26 LP, X, no. 54.

  27 LP, X, no. 141.

  28 LP, X, no. 351. That Cromwell was correct in his judgement of Francis I is shown by LP, X, nos. 35, 190, 228, 279. See also Ives, Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, pp. 312–15.

  29 LP, X, no. 199; LP, IX, no. 776.

  30 CSPSp, V, ii, no. 21.

  31 Wriothesley, I, p. 33; LP, X, nos. 200, 294; LP, XIII, ii, nos. 804 (5), 979 (7); CSPSp, V, ii, no. 35; KB 8/11, Pt. 2, m. 7.

  32 CSPSp, V, ii, no. 21.

  33 CSPSp, V, ii, no. 29.

  34 LP, X, no. 351.

  35 LP, X, no. 908.

  36 Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, ed. J. Strype, 3 vols (London, 1725–7), I, p. 433.

  37 KB 8/8–9; LP, X, nos. 782, 784–5, 798, 838, 876, 908; Hall, II, pp. 268–9; Wriothesley, I, pp. 189–226; Ives, Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, pp. 319–56.

  38 LP, X, no. 926.

  39 LP, X, no. 915.

  40 SR, III, pp. 655–62.

  41 CSPSp, V, ii, no. 9; LP, X, nos. 1108, 1110, 1137.

  42 LP, XI, no. 7.

  43 LP, X, no. 1110.

  44 LP, X, no. 1022.

  45 LP, VII, nos. 1129, 1437; LP, X, nos. 133, 1122, 1129; M. Keynes, ‘The Aching Head and Increasing Blindness of Queen Mary I’, Journal of Medical Biography, 8 (2008), pp. 106–8.

  46 LP, X, no. 1137; LP, XI, no. 7.

  47 King’s Works, ed. Colvin, IV, ii, p. 52.

  48 CSPSp, XI, p. 45. The disease was afterwards ‘judged to be the same’ as that which killed Edward VI.

  49 CSPSp, V, ii, no. 71.

  50 Murphy, pp. 177–9.

  51 SP 1/105, fo. 248v (LP, XI, no. 233).

  52 SP 1/105, fo. 248v. The fate of Fitzroy’s body was confirmed when the tomb was opened in 1841. See J. Ashdown-Hill, ‘The Opening of the Tombs of the Dukes of Richmond and Norfolk, Framlingham, April 1841. The Account of the Reverend J. W. Darby’, Ricardian, 18 (2008), pp. 100–7. I owe this reference to the kindness of Lisa Ford.

  53 Murphy, p. 180.

  54 LP, X, no. 1203.

  55 LP, X, no. 1204.

  56 LP, XI, no. 40.

  57 PPE Mary, p. lxxiv; LP, X, no. 1187 (1, 2 [1]).

  58 LP, XI, no. 1187 (2, [ii]).

  59 LP, XI, nos. 203; Ellis, II, ii, pp. 78–83.

  60 Ellis, II, ii, pp. 80–2.

  61 LP, XI, no. 312.

  62 PPE Mary, pp. lxxvii–lxxviii; OBS 1419.

  63 LP, XI, no. 132.

  64 LP, XII, ii, no. 911; HEH, MS HM 41955, fos. 127–9.

  65 LP, XII, ii, no. 970.

  66 LP, XII, ii, no. 971.

  67 J. Loach, Edward VI (London, 1999), p. 7.

  68 PPE Mary, p. lxxx.

  69 LP, XIV, i, no. 655; Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 115.

  70 Literary Remains, I, pp. xxvi–xxx; Loach, Edward VI, pp. 9–10; S. Thurley, ‘Henry VIII and the Building of Hampton Court: a Reconstruction of the Tudor Palace’, Architectural History, 31 (1988), pp. 30–1.

  71 Lisle Letters, V, no. 1130; Thurley, Royal Palaces, pp. 80–1.

  72 R. E. Richardson, ‘Lady Troy and Blanche Parry: New Evidence about their Lives at the Tudor Court’, Bulletin of the Society for Renaissance Studies, 26 (2009), pp. 3–15.

  73 LP, X, no. 1187 (2 [2], 3), which is wrongly dated; LP, XIII, ii, no. 1280. See also Loach, Edward VI, p. 8; D. Starkey, Elizabeth: Apprenticeship (London, 2000), p. 25.

  74 Richardson, ‘Lady Troy and Blanche Parry’, pp. 3–15.

  75 Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 116.

  76 PPE Mary, pp. lxxix–xcv; Loach, Edward VI, pp. 8–9; C. Skidmore, Edward VI: the Lost King of England (London, 2007), pp. 23–9.

  77 LP, XIV, i, no. 5.

  78 LP, XV, nos. 822, 850 (6).

  79 LP, XV, no. 823.

  80 LP, XVIII, i, no. 873.

  81 LP, XVIII, ii, no. 39.

  82 LP, XVIII, ii, no. 39.

  83 LP, Add., I, ii, 1636; Literary Remains, I, pp. xxxviii–xxxix; Thurley, Royal Palaces, pp. 57, 79–82; Skidmore, Edward VI, pp. 27–30.

  84 LP, XIX, i, no. 864.

  Chapter 6 notes

  1 C. Blair and S. W. Pyhrr, ‘The Wilton “Montmorency” Armour: An Italian Armour for Henry VIII’, Metropolitan Museum Journal, 38, (2003), pp. 95–144.

  2 LP, XIII, i, no. 995.

  3 LP, XXI, ii, no. 768.

  4 LP, XVIII, i, no. 954.

  5 S. E. James, Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen (Aldershot, 1999), pp. 112–15.

  6 J. Mueller (ed.), Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence (Chicago, 2011), p. 382.

  7 Starkey, Six Wives, p. 702.

  8 James, Kateryn Parr, pp. 22–39, 189–220.

  9 Mueller (ed.), Katherine Parr, pp. 425–88.

  10 James, Kateryn Parr, pp. 238–80.

  11 E 101/432/12; E 101/424/7; ‘Narrative of the Visit of the Duke of Najera’, ed. F. Madden, Archaeologia, 23 (1831), pp. 344–57; Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VIII, pp. 185–9; A. J. Carter, ‘Mary Tudor’s Wardrobe’, Costume, 18 (1984), pp. 9–28.

  12 Hayward, Dress at the Court of King Henry VIII, pp. 361–2.

  13 E 101/424/7; Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VIII, pp. 204–6.

  14 SR, III, pp. 955–8; M. Levine, Tudor Dynastic Problems (London, 1973), p. 71; S. E. Lehmberg, The Later Parliaments of Henry VIII, 1536–1547 (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 193–4.

  15 Maria Dowling, ‘Scholarship, Politics and the Court of Henry VIII’, unpublished London School of Economics PhD (London, 1981), pp. 248–9.

  16 ECW, pp. 5–6.

  17 Starkey, Elizabeth, pp. 36–8.

  18 LP, XIX, i, no. 780.

  19 LP, XIX, ii, no. 688.

  20 LP, XIX, i, nos. 979, 1019.

  21 ECW, p. 5.

  22 LP, XIX, i, no. 864; Thurley, ‘Henry VIII and the Building of Hampton Court’, pp. 28–31.

  23 LP, XIX, ii, no. 688; Starkey, Elizabeth, p. 37.

  24 LP, XIX, ii, nos. 246, 346, 688; Starkey, Elizabeth, pp. 37–8.

  25 LP, XIX, i, no. 864.

  26 Literary Remains, I, pp. xl–xlvii; LP, XIX, i, no. 864; Baldwin, I, pp. 201–2.

  27 LC 2/2, fo. 53; Literary Remains, I, pp. lvi–lxxv.

  28 Literary Remains, I, pp. lxx–lxxv.

  29 SP 1/195, fo. 201v; Letters of Roger Ascham, ed. and trans. A. Vos and M. Hatch (New York, 1989), p. 74.

  30 LP, XIX, ii, no. 726; Baldwin, I, pp. 200–18, 223–4; Dowling, ‘Scholarship, Politics and the Court’, pp. 256–7.

  31 LP, XXI, ii, no. 571.

  32 Loach, Edward VI, pp. 12–13.

  33 LP, XIV, ii, no. 697.

  34 ‘The Letter
s of Richard Scudamore to Sir Philip Hoby, 1549–1555’, ed. S. Brigden, Camden Society, 4th Series, 39 (1990), p. 78; A. Johnson, ‘William Paget and the late-Henrician Polity, 1543–1547’, unpublished St Andrews PhD (St Andrews, 2003), pp. 191–202; Dowling, ‘Scholarship, Politics and the Court’, pp. 249–59.

  35 Guy, A Daughter’s Love, p. 269.

  36 Baldwin, I, pp. 200, 257; Dowling, ‘Scholarship, Politics and the Court’, pp. 251–2; Letters of Roger Ascham, p. 63.

  37 LP, XX, ii, no. 755; LP, XXI, i, nos. 50, 59, 370, 452, 518, 576, 770, 802, 867, 886, 900, 978, 988, 1035–6, 1054, 1148, 1206, 1446, 1479; LP, XXI, ii, nos. 20, 38, 86, 168, 260, 282, 321, 363–3, 685–7, 737, 745; Literary Remains, I, pp. lxxviii–lxxix.

  38 PPE Mary, p. cii; Hayward, Dress at the Court of King Henry VIII, pp. 187, 203.

  39 LP, XXI, i, nos. 50, 770, 867; LP, XXI, ii, nos. 363, 687; PPE Mary, pp. 143, 149.

  40 Letters of Roger Ascham, pp. 115–16.

  41 M. Wyatt, The Italian Encounter with England: A Cultural Politics of Translation (Cambridge, 2005), p. 125.

  42 Elizabeth’s Glass, ed. M. Shell (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1993), pp. 3–112.

  43 Published as The Mirroure of Golde for the Synfull Soule (London, 1506).

  44 Foedera, XV, pp. 112–14.

  45 Levine, Tudor Dynastic Problems, pp. 74–5.

  46 Foedera, XI, p. 113.

  47 E. W. Ives, ‘Henry VIII’s Will: A Forensic Conundrum’, Historical Journal, 35 (1992), pp. 779–804.

  48 CPR, Edward VI, I, p. 97; Ives, ‘Henry VIII’s Will’, p. 804.

  49 Bryson PhD, p. 38.

  50 Haynes, p. 82; S. Alford, Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 91–2.

  51 Bryson PhD, pp. 81–3.

  52 CSPSp, IX, p. 340.

  53 Alford, Kingship and Politics, p. 92.

  54 G. W. Bernard, Power and Politics in Tudor England (Aldershot, 2000), pp. 139–41; Loach, Edward VI, pp. 55–6; Alford, Kingship and Politics, pp. 93–4; Bryson PhD, pp. 83–4.

  55 Bernard, Power and Politics, p. 141.

  56 PPE Mary, p. cvi–cvii; CSPSp, IX, pp. 85, 101, 220, 266, 298; A. Whitelock and D. MacCulloch, ‘Princess Mary’s Household and the Succession Crisis, July 1553’, HJ, 50 (2007), pp. 265–87.

  57 Ellis, II, ii, pp. 150–1.

  58 Literary Remains, I, pp. 44–7; Bernard, Power and Politics, pp. 135–6; Loach, Edward VI, pp. 55–6; Bryson PhD, p. 83.

  59 CSPD, Edward, p. 49.

  60 CSPSp, IX, pp. 48–9, 136.

  61 LC 2/2, fo. 48v. This household list, giving liveries to Elizabeth’s servants for her father’s funeral, shows that Richardson is mistaken in claiming that Lady Troy had retired in late 1545 or early 1546. Richardson, ‘Lady Troy and Blanche Parry’, pp. 3–15.

  62 SP 10/6, fo. 16.

  63 SP 10/6, fo. 16v. Richardson’s account of this passage is misleading, since she maintains it shows that Lady Troy had already been displaced from the household itself, rather than merely displaced from sleeping on a pallet in Elizabeth’s bedchamber. Richardson, ‘Lady Troy and Blanche Parry’, pp. 3–15. Troy’s pension, paid by 1552, is from Household Expenses of the Princess Elizabeth during her Residence at Hatfield, October 1 1551 to September 30 1552, ed. Viscount Strangford, Camden Society, Old Series, 55 (1853), p. 41.

  64 SP 10/6, fo. 17.

  65 Haynes, p. 83.

  66 Haynes, p. 99.

  67 Haynes, p. 99.

  68 Haynes, pp. 99–100.

  69 Haynes, p. 100.

  70 Haynes, p. 101.

  71 SP 10/2, fo. 84C.

  72 Haynes, p. 101.

  73 Bryson PhD, p. 86, citing Hatfield House, Cecil MS 150, fo. 86; imperfectly transcribed by Haynes, p. 100.

  74 Haynes, pp. 68–70, 95–7.

  75 Alford, Kingship and Politics, p. 91.

  76 Haynes, p. 71.

  77 SP 10/6, fos. 16–17.

  78 SP 10/6, fos. 51–2, 55–8.

  79 Haynes, pp. 94–7.

  80 Haynes, pp. 89–90.

  81 APC, II, pp. 248–56.

  82 Troubles Connected with the Prayer Book of 1549, ed. N. Pocock, Camden Society, New Series, 37 (1884), pp. 113–18; Bryson PhD, pp. 154–5.

  Chapter 7 notes

  1 CSPSp, IX, p. 445; CSPSp, X, p. 6; ‘Letters of Richard Scudamore’, ed. Brigden, pp. 81–5.

  D. E. Hoak, The King’s Council in the Reign of Edward VI (Cambridge, 1976), pp. 241–58.

  2 Hoak, King’s Council, p. 257.

  3 M. L. Bush, The Government Policy of Protector Somerset (London, 1975), pp. 119–23; D. MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (London, 1999), pp. 57–95.

  4 MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant, pp. 77–93.

  5 The Life of the Learned Sir John Cheke, Knight, ed. J. Strype (London, 1821), pp. 69–86; MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant, pp. 92–3, 167–70; MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, pp. 454–513.

  6 CSPSp, IX, pp. 101, 351.

  7 CSPSp, IX, p. 361; CSPSp, X, pp. 5, 80–4; CSPV, V, no. 568.

  8 CSPSp, IX, p. 101.

  9 CSPSp, IX, p. 444; CSPSp, X, pp. 68–9, 205–6.

  10 CSPSp, X, p. 5.

  11 CSPSp, IX, p. 407; CSPSp, X, pp. 150–1.

  12 Ellis, I, ii, pp. 161–3.

  13 CSPSp, IX, p. 406; CSPSp, X, pp. 356–64.

  14 CSPSp, X, p. 358.

  15 Whitelock and MacCulloch, ‘Princess Mary’s Household and the Succession Crisis’, pp. 269–75.

  16 CSPSp, X, p. 248.

  17 CSPSp, X, pp. 206, 209–12.

  18 Machyn, pp. 4–5.

  19 CSPSp, X, pp. 258–60.

  20 Literary Remains, II, p. 308.

  21 Literary Remains, II, p. 316.

  22 Bryson PhD, pp. 89, 183; Household Expenses of the Princess Elizabeth, pp. 1–49.

  23 Bryson PhD, p. 88.

  24 Bryson PhD, p. 183.

  25 Starkey, Elizabeth, p. 94.

  26 CPR, Edward VI, III, pp. 238–42; Bryson PhD, p. 183.

  27 CSPSp, IX, p. 489.

  28 CSPSp, X, pp. 215–16; SP 4/1 (January 1546), no. 99.

  29 ECW, p. 35. For the date, see ESW, p. 117.

  30 Bryson PhD, pp. 204–24.

  31 Machyn, p. 16; CSPSp, X, p. 493; Household Expenses of the Princess Elizabeth, p. 3.

  32 Machyn, p. 16.

  33 The Loseley Manuscripts, ed. A. J. Kempe (London, 1836), pp. 171–3.

  34 Richardson, ‘Lady Troy and Blanche Parry’, pp. 3–15.

  35 SP 10/8, fo. 115.

  36 S. Alford, Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I (London, 2008), p. 68.

  37 Green, III, pp. 220–1; Bryson PhD, p. 184.

  38 ODNB, s.v. ‘Goodacre, Hugh’; A. Bryson and M. Evans, ‘Seven Newly-Discovered Letters of Princess Elizabeth’ (forthcoming). I am extremely grateful to Dr Alan Bryson for supplying me with copies of their transcripts of these documents ahead of publication.

  39 ODNB, s.v. ‘Allen, Edmund’.

  40 S. Doran, ‘Elizabeth I’s Religion’, JEH, 51 (2000), pp. 711–12; R. Bowers, ‘The Chapel Royal, the First Edwardian Prayer Book, and Elizabeth’s Settlement of Religion, 1559’, HJ, 43 (2000), pp. 320–1.

  41 CSPScot, I, pp. 257, 289.

  42 Letters of Roger Ascham, pp. 120–3, 140.

  43 Letters of Roger Ascham, p. 76, n. 1.

  44 Letters of Roger Ascham, pp. 75–6; Literary Remains, I, pp. lii–liv.

  45 Letters of Roger Ascham, p. 167.

  46 Letters of Roger Ascham, p. 167.

  47 Baldwin, I, pp. 275–84; Queen Elizabeth’s Englishings, ed. C. Pemberton, Early English Text Society, New Series, 133 (1899), pp. x–xii.

  48 Letters of Roger Ascham, p. 166; Baldwin, I, pp. 260, 274–6; A. Pollnitz, ‘Christian Women or Sovereign Queens? The Schooling of Mary and Elizabeth’, in Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth, ed. A. Hunt and A. Whitelock (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 130–8.

  49 Letter
s of Roger Ascham, p. 167.

  50 E 101/426/8.

  51 Baldwin, I, p. 261.

  52 Isocrates, ed. G. Norlin, 3 vols (London, 1928), I, pp. 52–3; ECW, pp. 41, 95; Memoirs of Sir James Melville of Halhill, 1535–1617, ed. A. F. Steuart (London, 1929), p. 258.

  53 Isocrates I, ed. D. C. Mirhady and Y. L. Too (Austin, TX, 2000), p. 155.

  54 ECW, p. 35.

  55 Machyn, pp. 20–1; Literary Remains, I, pp. 80–1; Literary Remains, II, pp. 428–63.

  56 Baldwin, I, p. 253.

  57 Alford, Kingship and Politics, pp. 161–73.

  58 Literary Remains, I, pp. clix–clxiv; BL, Cotton MS, Vespasian F. XIII, fo. 273.

  59 Literary Remains, II, pp. 310–17; Machyn, pp. 18–20; A. Young, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments (London, 1987), pp. 28–9.

  60 Literary Remains, I, pp. 80–1.

  61 W. K. Jordan, Edward VI: The Threshold of Power (London, 1970), p. 403.

  62 Literary Remains, I, p. 81.

  63 E 101/426/8; Literary Remains, II, pp. 315, 392; Loach, Edward VI, pp. 136–8, 158.

  64 E 101/426/8; J. Arnold, Queen Elizabeth’s Wardrobe Unlock’d (Leeds, 1988), pp. 252–3; Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VIII, pp. 210–13; Literary Remains, I, pp. ccxliii–cclx; Loach, Edward VI, p. 138.

  65 CSPSp, X, p. 249.

  66 CSPSp, XI, pp. 9, 16–17, 35, 40, 45–6; Loach, Edward VI, pp. 159–62. A case for tuberculosis is made by G. Holmes, F. Holmes and J. McMurrough, ‘The Death of Young King Edward VI’, New England Journal of Medicine, 345 (2001), pp. 60–2. I owe this reference to the kindness of Dale Hoak.

  67 E. W. Ives, Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery (Oxford, 2009), pp. 137–68.

  68 ‘The Vitae Mariae Angliae Reginae of Robert Wingfield of Brantham’, ed. and trans. D. MacCulloch, Camden Society, 4th Series, 29 (1984), p. 247; D. Hoak, ‘The Succession Crisis of 1553’, in Catholic Renewal and Protestant Resistance in Marian England, ed. E. Evenden and V. Westbrook (forthcoming).

  69 CSPSp, XI, pp. 40, 45–6, 54; Ives, Lady Jane Grey, pp. 144–5.

  70 Inner Temple, London, Petyt MS 538, Vol. 47, fo. 317r–v; Chronicle, pp. 89–100.

  71 Although the French ambassador, Antoine de Noailles, believed that Northumberland was the instigator of the entire conspiracy to exclude Mary, this is not supported by the English evidence. See E. H. Harbison, Rival Ambassadors at the Court of Queen Mary (Princeton, 1940), pp. 33–56; Ives, Lady Jane Grey, pp. 150–68.

  72 CSPSp, XI, pp. 54, 66.

  73 Chronicle, pp. 91–100.