The Children of Henry VIII

by John Guy

  The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple

  Edward VI’s ‘My devise for the succession’, Inner Temple Library, Petyt MS 538.47, fo. 317 (recto and verso). Courtesy of The Masters of the Bench of the Inner Temple.

  The National Archives, Kew

  Henry Fitzroy’s letter to Henry VIII, 14 January 1527, SP 1/40, fo. 210 (stamped 207).

  The Lady Mary’s letter to Queen Jane Seymour, 1536, SP 1/104, fo. 223 (stamped 204).

  The Lady Elizabeth’s letter to Queen Katherine Parr, May 1548, EXT 11/161, fo. 84c.

  Private collection

  Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, from a 19th century engraving.

  Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, from a nineteenth-century engraving by R. Ackermann.

  Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection

  View of London Bridge, c.1632, by Claude de Jongh (oil on panel). B2005.4.

  Other images

  Prince Arthur, elder son of Henry VII, from a stained-glass window in the north transept of Great Malvern Priory, attrib. Richard Twygge and Thomas Wodshawe, photo © 2012, John Guy.

  The gatehouse at Ludlow Castle, Shropshire, photo © 2011, Julia Fox.

  The Old Palace, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, photo © 2012, John Guy.

  The tomb of Henry Fitzroy, the Church of St Michael, Framlingham, Suffolk, photo © 2011, Julia Fox.

  INDEX

  Act in Restraint of Appeals to Rome (1533) 75

  Act of Six Articles (1539) 103, 127, 137

  Act of Supremacy (1534) 92, 130

  Act of Uniformity (1559) 182

  Aeschines:

  Orations 168

  Aesop:

  Fables 39, 109

  Allen, Edmund 137, 138, 166, 182

  Amadas, Mistress 20

  Amadas, Robert 20

  Anne Boleyn (queen of England) 24, 37, 44, 63, 64, 69, 73–5, 78, 82–4, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 100, 103, 104, 130, 137, 152, 158, 163, 194

  appearance 63, 64

  birth of Elizabeth 76

  character 86–8, 104

  clashes with Henry VIII 88–90

  coronation 75

  created Marquis of Pembroke 74

  death of 91

  early life 64–6

  fall of 90, 91

  gynaecological difficulties 86, 88, 89

  marries Henry VIII 75

  relations with Henry Fitzroy 84, 85

  relations with Mary 83, 84

  sleeps with Henry VIII 75

  visits Elizabeth’s nursery 78, 79

  wooed by Henry VIII 65–7

  Anne of Cleves (queen of England) 99, 103

  Anne, Lady Hastings 19

  Antwerp 177

  Armada, Spanish 196, 197

  Arthur (son of Henry VII, Prince of Wales) 1, 2–4, 7, 23, 52

  Ashley, John 99, 120, 155, 166

  Ashley, ‘Kat’, see Champernowne, Katherine

  Ashridge, manor of 101, 112, 133, 152, 155, 165, 167, 176

  Ashton, Christopher 169

  Askew, Anne 104

  Atlantic Ocean 195

  Avignon 68

  Ayala, Pedro de 4

  Aylmer, John 184

  Bacon, Sir Francis 183

  Bacon, Sir Nicholas 180

  Bale, John 139

  Basle 178

  Baynham, Frances (Lady Jerningham) 96, 178

  Baynton, Sir Edward 98

  Baynton, Lady Isabel 98

  Beaufort, John (Earl of Somerset) 22, 47, 97

  Beaufort, Lady Margaret 6, 17, 18, 47, 114, 158

  Beddington 89

  Bedingfield, Sir Henry 159, 161, 171

  Belmain, John 108, 113

  Bewdley 52

  Bisham Abbey 25

  Blount, Charles 44

  Blount, Elizabeth 20–3, 28, 34, 39, 44, 63, 64

  Blount, Thomas 189

  Boethius 43

  Boleyn, Anne, see Anne Boleyn (queen of England)

  Boleyn, Lady Elizabeth 37

  Boleyn, George (Viscount Rochford) 70, 72, 82, 86, 90, 91

  Boleyn, Jane (Lady Rochford) 82, 86

  Boleyn, Mary 37, 38, 44, 48, 63, 178

  Boleyn, Sir Thomas (Viscount Rochford, Earl of Wiltshire) 37, 66, 70, 72

  Bologna 72

  Bonner, Edmund (bishop of London) 162

  Boorde, Andrew 16

  Bordeaux 87

  Bosworth, battle of 2, 125

  Boulogne 74, 107

  Bourbon, Duke of, see Charles, Duke of Bourbon (constable of France)

  Bourchier, Henry (Earl of Essex) 77

  Bourchier, John (Lord Berners) 19

  Brandon, Charles (Duke of Suffolk) 20, 48, 79, 108, 114, 205 n. 1

  Brandon, Lady Eleanor 114, 146

  Brandon, Lady Frances (Marchioness of Dorset, Duchess of Suffolk) 114, 118, 143, 146, 148

  Brandon, Henry 108

  Brocket Hall 174

  bronchial pneumonia 93

  Bruges 33, 34, 42

  Brussels 164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 173

  Bryan, Lady Margaret 19, 23, 24, 45, 78, 80, 83, 91, 96–8, 108

  Bryan, Sir Francis 21, 34

  Bryan, Sir Thomas 24

  bubonic plague 1, 107, 119, 120

  Bucer, Martin 128

  Buckler, Sir Walter 121, 134

  Burgo, Nicholas de 71

  Butts, Dr William 83, 111, 112

  Caesar, Julius:

  De Bello Gallico 57, 58

  Calais 34, 74, 75, 100, 164, 169, 173, 174, 187

  Calthorpe, Lady Jane 30, 31, 32, 42

  Calthorpe, Sir Philip 30, 31, 32, 42

  Calvin, John 167, 183, 185

  Cambridge 55, 70, 71, 111, 137

  Gonville and Caius College 112

  St John’s College 108, 112, 136

  Campeggio, Lorenzo (cardinal) 70

  Canterbury 13, 183

  Carew, George 179

  Carew, Sir Nicholas 89

  Carey, Anne (Lady Hunsdon) 178

  Carey, Henry (Lord Hunsdon) 63, 178

  Carey, Katherine (Lady Knollys) 178

  Carey, Mary, see Boleyn, Mary

  Carey, William 38

  Casale, Gregorio 74

  Castel Sant’ Angelo 68

  Castiglione, Giovanni Battista 113, 169, 231 n. 63

  Catherine de’ Medici (queen of France, later Dowager Queen and regent) 84, 190, 191

  Cato:

  Moral Precepts 109

  Cavendish, George 64

  Cawarden, Sir Thomas 111, 136, 137, 159

  Caxton, William 109

  Cecil, Richard 137

  Cecil, Sir William 129, 136–8, 166, 167, 176–80, 182, 183, 185, 186, 188, 190–2, 195, 197

  Champernowne, Katherine (‘Kat’ Ashley) 98–100, 109, 111, 117–22, 133–5, 137, 138, 169–71, 178, 189

  Chapel Royal 13, 76, 77, 97, 138, 152, 179, 182

  Charles I (king of England) 197

  Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor, king of Spain as Charles I) 32–4, 37, 48, 60, 61, 87, 101, 127, 131, 132, 153, 165

  Charles, Archduke of Austria (3rd son of Emperor Maximilian II) 189–90

  Charles, Duke of Bourbon (constable of France) 33, 68

  Cheke, Sir John 108, 109, 111, 112, 116, 125, 136, 140, 155, 177, 183

  Cheke, Mary 136

  Chelsea 116–18, 120, 121

  Cheshunt, manor of 111, 119, 120

  Christina, Duchess of Lorraine 172

  Cicero 43, 109, 139

  De Republica 167

  Claude (queen of France as 1st wife of Francis I) 64

  Clement VII (pope) 68–71, 85

  Clifford, Henry (Earl of Cumberland) 146

  Clifford, Lady Margaret 146

  Collyweston, manor of 47, 53, 137, 158

  Common Prayer, Books of 129, 179, 180, 182

  Compton, Sir William 20

  Consensus Tigurinus 129, 180

  Cornwallis, Sir John 98

  Cotton, Sir George 55, 57

  Co
uncil in the Marches of Wales 52

  Council of the North 50

  Courtenay, Katherine (Countess of Devon) 26, 29

  Cox, Richard 98, 108, 109, 179, 180, 182

  Cranmer, Thomas (archbishop of Canterbury) 71, 75, 78, 91, 100, 104, 112, 125–8, 133, 146, 151, 162, 183

  Croft, Sir James 155, 158, 159

  Croke, Richard 55, 57

  Cromwell, Thomas (Lord Privy Seal, Earl of Essex) 24, 74–6, 80, 81, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96–100, 111, 112, 121

  Cumnor Place 189

  Darnley, Lord, see Stuart, Henry (Lord Darnley)

  Datchet 25

  Davison, William 197

  Deborah (Old Testament prophet) 184, 185, 233 n. 27

  Dee, Dr John 162

  Demosthenes:

  Orations 167, 168

  Denny, Sir Anthony 111, 136

  Denton, Elizabeth 19, 24

  ‘Device for the Alteration of Religion’ 180

  Dieppe 185

  Ditton Park, manor of 25, 31, 52

  Dominicans, Spanish 162

  Donnington Castle 158, 159

  Dormer, Jane 178, 188

  Douglas, Archibald (6th Earl of Angus) 165

  Douglas, Lady Margaret (Countess of Lennox) 164, 165

  Dover 34, 93, 164

  Dudley, Amy 189

  Dudley, Guildford 143, 147–9, 187

  Dudley, Sir Harry (conspirator) 169

  Dudley, Sir John (Viscount Lisle, Earl of Warwick, Duke of Northumberland) 124–7, 129, 131–6, 141–3, 146–8, 150, 169, 177, 178, 183

  Dudley, Sir Robert (Lord Dudley, Earl of Leicester) 187–9, Plate 10

  Duwes, Giles 59, 60

  Easthampsted, manor of 97

  Edward III (king of England) 28, 97

  Edward IV (king of England) 13, 23, 47, 52

  Edward VI (son of Henry VIII, Prince of Wales, king of England) 24, 107, 126, 128, 140, 178, 182, 185, 194

  and the succession 114, 143, 146

  appearance Plates 5, 10

  baptism of 97

  birth of 97

  character 141, 142

  death of 146

  ‘Device for the Succession’ 142, 143, 144–5, 146, 147, 151, 182

  education 108, 109, 139, 140

  handwriting 110, 146

  health 142, 143, 146

  household of 98, 107, 108, 112

  love of outdoor sports 141

  myth of ‘whipping boy’ 108, 109

  nursery 99

  praise for Guildford Dudley 143

  proficiency in languages 109

  proposed marriage to Jane Grey 118

  relations with Elizabeth 134, 135

  relations with Mary 113, 131–3, 140

  relations with Thomas Seymour 116

  religion 125, 126, 143, 146

  rumours of poisoning 147

  ‘running at the ring’ 141

  taste in attire 141–2

  Edward (styled Earl of Warwick, son of George, Duke of Clarence) 28

  Eleanor (Dowager Queen of Portugal, queen of France as 2nd wife of Francis I) 60, 61, 85

  Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII, queen of England) 87, 92, 106, 107, 109, 147, 164, 181, 194, 196

  and Ashton-Dudley conspiracy 169, 170

  and Mary Queen of Scots 192, 193, 195, 197

  and royal supremacy 183

  and Sir Thomas Pope 170, 171

  and the succession 105, 106, 114, 165, 166, 172, 192, 193

  and Wyatt’s revolt 149, 155, 156, 158, 159

  appearance 79, 164, 172, Plates 6, 9

  as ‘exceptional’ woman 139, 183–5, 233 n. 27

  baptism of 77, 78

  birth of 76

  builds an affinity 136–8

  character 121, 122, 140, 170, 174, 175, 195

  commissions portrait 135, 140

  conforms to Catholicism 161

  Cor rotto letter 178

  coronation 176, 178, 179, 193

  death of Amy Dudley 189

  demands English Bible 161

  early life 83, 87, 91, 92, 96, 97, 106

  education 109, 112–14, 138–40, 168

  enters London during Marian counter-coup 148

  ‘exile’ (so-called) letter 106–7

  handwriting 111, 119, 120

  health 152, 154

  household of 82, 83, 92, 95, 96, 98–101, 112, 117, 121, 133, 134, 165, 170, 177, 178

  imprisoned at the Tower 158

  imprisoned at Woodstock 159, 161

  interrogations of 121, 122, 158, 159, 195

  lands 134

  motto 195

  nursery 78, 82

  orders horoscopes cast 162

  personal seal 166

  proclaimed queen 176

  proficiency in languages 111, 113, 139–40, 168

  proposed marriage to Emmanuel Philibert 165, 171–3

  proposed marriages as queen 187–91

  relations with Edward 99, 134, 135

  relations with Katherine Parr 100, 106, 107, 117

  relations with Mary 83, 152, 154–6, 158, 159, 163, 164, 170–3, 179

  relationship with Robert Dudley 187–9

  relationship with Thomas Seymour 118–22, 195

  religion 134, 137–8, 152, 161, 167, 174, 179, 180, 182, 195

  rumour of pregnancy 122

  returns to Court 135, 136, 171

  Settlement of 1559 180, 182, 183

  shielded by Philip 166, 168, 170, 171, 174, 195

  stripped of title as princess 91–2

  teething 96

  translations 113, 114

  Elizabeth of York (queen of England) 6, 7, 19

  Eltham, manor of 79

  Emmanuel Philibert (Duke of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont) 165, 171, 172

  Enfield, manor of 78, 101, 133

  Erasmus, Desiderius 42–4

  Colloquies 109

  Education of a Christian Prince 44

  Paraphrases 138

  Exchequer, robbery of 169

  falconry 39, 58

  Ferdinand (king of Aragon) 4

  Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (younger son of Ferdinand, King of the Romans) 165

  Feria, Count of, see Figueroa, Gómez Suárez de

  Fetherstone, Richard 42, 59

  Field of Cloth of Gold 25, 33

  Figueroa, Gómez Suárez de (Count of Feria) 174, 175, 188

  Fitz Alan, William (Earl of Arundel) 46

  Fitzpatrick, Barnaby 108, 141

  Fitzroy, Henry (illegitimate son of Henry VIII, Earl of Nottingham, Duke of Richmond and Somerset) 22–4, 28, 44–7, 49–55, 57, 58, 61, 62, 66, 67, 84, 85, 93, 142, 194

  and the succession 22, 49, 51, 62

  appearance Plate 3

  appointed Lord Admiral 47

  appointed Warden-General of the Marches 50

  baptism of 21

  birth of 20–1

  character 53

  coat of arms 45, 48

  death of 93

  education 45, 53–5, 57, 58, 84

  elected to Order of the Garter 46

  funeral of 93, 94

  handwriting 56–7

  health 93

  household of 50, 51

  in France 85

  investiture of 46, 47

  love of outdoor sports 53–5, 57, 58

  marries Mary Howard 85

  nursery 24

  profits from fall of Anne Boleyn 93

  proposed marriage to Maria Manuel (infanta of Portugal) 61

  returns to Court 84

  tomb 94–5

  Fontainebleau 85

  Fox, Richard (bishop of Winchester) 26

  Foxe, Edward 71

  Foxe, John 126

  Framlingham 94, 95, 147

  France 20, 33, 34, 36, 48, 49, 60, 61, 64, 74, 84, 85, 101, 105, 107, 112, 113, 115, 125, 127, 151, 164, 171–3, 177, 190–2, 195

  Francis I (king of France) 25, 33, 34, 38, 48, 60, 64, 74, 85–7, 113

  Francis, Duke of Anjou 190–1

&nb
sp; Francis, Duke of Guise 173

  Frankfurt 178

  Gage, Sir John 159

  Garter, Order of the 46, 163, 188

  Gascoigne, Elizabeth 22

  Gascoigne, Sir William of Gawthorpe 22

  Gaunt, John of (Duke of Lancaster) 22, 47

  Geneva 129, 166

  George (Duke of Clarence), see Plantagenet, George (Duke of Clarence)

  Germany 137, 166, 177

  Glasse of the Truthe 49, 186

  Goodacre, Hugh 137

  Gravelines 34

  Gravesend 34

  Greenwich 5, 10, 20, 26, 28, 31, 32, 34, 60, 61, 75–7, 79, 81, 87, 88, 90, 97, 99, 140, 147, 197

  Grey, Frances, see Brandon, Lady Frances (Marchioness of Dorset, Duchess of Suffolk)

  Grey, Henry (Marquis of Dorset, Duke of Suffolk) 77, 118, 143

  Grey, Jane, see Jane Grey (claimant queen of England)

  Grey, Katherine 143, 146

  Grey, Mary 146

  Grey, Thomas (Marquis of Dorset) 33

  Grindal, Edmund (bishop of London, archbishop of Canterbury) 183

  Grindal, William 112, 119, 138

  Guise, Marie de, see Marie de Guise (queen of Scotland, later regent)

  Halesworth, Dr 7

  Hall, Edward 15, 34

  Hampton Court 36, 73, 79, 97–101, 106, 107, 141, 161–4, 168

  Hanworth, manor of 32, 73, 116, 118, 119, 121

  Hatfield, manor of 78, 79, 83, 97, 101, 111, 112, 117, 120, 133, 165, 167–71, 174, 176, 178, 188

  Hayes, Cornelius 66

  Henry II (Duke of Orléans, king of France) 61, 84, 85, 171, 173

  Henry III (Duke of Anjou, king of France) 190, 191

  Henry IV (king of England) 22

  Henry V (king of England) 57

  Henry VI (king of England) 6

  Henry VII (Earl of Richmond, later king of England):

  betroths Henry, Duke of York, to Katherine of Aragon 9, 68

  captures crown at Bosworth 2, 9, 125

  claim to the throne 22

  death of 9

  health 8

  policies in later years 7, 8, 10, 11

  receives news of death of Prince Arthur 6

  Henry VIII (son of Henry VII, Duke of York, king of England) 6, 10, 12, 16, 23, 88, 125, 162

  accession of 9

  and funeral of Fitzroy 93, 94

  and royal supremacy 71, 72, 76, 183

  and the succession 12, 22, 49, 76, 91, 105, 106, 114, 115, 194

  appearance 14, 102–3, Plates 1, 10

  character 14

  commissions family group portrait 106

  coronation 10

  death of 114

  destroys Duke of Buckingham 28, 29

  diplomacy with Charles V 32, 34–6, 42, 48, 49, 61, 87, 101

  diplomacy with Francis I 21, 25, 34, 60, 61, 68, 74, 87, 101, 105