The History of White People
Page 45
7 Quoted in Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt, 53, and Saveth, American Historians, 139.
8 Quoted in Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt, 144–45.
9 Quoted ibid., 152.
10 Edward A. Ross, “race suicide,” in “The Causes of Racial Superiority,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 18 (1901): 67–89. See also Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998).
11 Howard W. Odum, American Sociology: The Story of Sociology in the United States through 1950 (New York: Longmans, Green, 1951), 98–102, http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Odum/ BiographicalSketches/Ross.html.
12 Ross, “Causes of Race Superiority,” 68, 70, 73, 75, 83, 85.
13 Ibid., 75, 79, 84–86.
14 Edward Alsworth Ross, “The Value Rank of the American People,” Independent 57 (Nov. 1904): 1061.
15 Ross, “Causes of Race Superiority,” 89; Ross, “The Value Rank of the American People,” 1063.
16 Ross, “Causes of Race Superiority,” 74, 80.
17 In Jonathan Peter Spiro, “Patrician Racist: The Evolution of Madison Grant” (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, 2000), 265. See also Jonathan Peter Spiro, Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant (Burlington: University of Vermont Press, 2008).
18 See David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991 and 1999), for a detailed account of the role of labor organization in race formation. See Journal of American Ethnic History 16, no. 3 (Spring 1997): 6, 16–18, 31, and Patrick J. Blessing, “Irish,” Humbert S. Nelli, “Italians,” and Arthur A. Goren, “Jews,” in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. Stephan Thernstrom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), 538, 553, 582, 585.
19 Rudolph J. Vecoli, “‘Free Country’: The American Republic Viewed by the Italian Left, 1880–1920,” in In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty: Immigrants, Workers, and Citizens in the American Republic, 1880–1920, ed. Marianne Debouzy (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 34; Salvatore Salerno, “I Delitti della Razza Bianco (Crimes of the White Race): Italian Anarchists’ Racial Discourse as Crime,” in Are Italians White? How Race Is Made in America, ed. Jennifer Guglielmo and Salvatore Salerno (New York: Routledge, 2003), 112, 120
CHAPTER 18: THE DISCOVERY OF DEGENERATE FAMILIES
1 See Philip R. Reilly, The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 9–10, and Nicole Hahn Rafter, White Trash: The Eugenic Family Studies, 1877–1919 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1988), 1–17.
2 The first description included a notice of Dugdale’s “noble lineage—his family having come into England with the Conqueror.” The second description comes from Arthur H. Estabrook, The Jukes in 1915 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution, 1916), v–vii. The New York Prison Association, founded in 1844, changed its name to the Correctional Association of New York in 1961.
3 Cesare Lombroso, L’uomo delinquente (1876); Martino Beltrani-Scalia, La riforma penitenziaria in Italia (1879).
4 Richard L. Dugdale, “The Jukes”: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity, also Further Studies of Criminals, 5th ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1895), 70.
5 Ibid., 13 (emphasis in original).
6 Ibid., 18–26, 31, 38.
7 Ibid., 60–61.
8 Nicole H. Rafter, “Claims-Making and Socio-Cultural Context in the First U.S. Eugenics Campaign,” Social Problems 38, no. 1 (Feb. 1992): 17, 20–22, and Joan Waugh, Unsentimental Reformer: The Life of Josephine Shaw Lowell (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 3–11.
9 Reilly, Surgical Solution, 12–13.
10 See Christine Rosen, Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 27–29, and Genevieve C. Weeks, Oscar Carleton McCulloch, 1843–1891: Preacher and Practitioner of Applied Christianity (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1976).
11 Eugenics, Genetics and the Family 1 (1923): 398–99, http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/image_header.pl?id=1489. See also William Alexander Percy, Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter’s Son (originally published 1941) (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973), 19–20.
12 Oscar C. McCulloch, The Tribe of Ishmael: A Study in Social Degradation, 4th ed. (originally published 1888) (Indianapolis: Charity Organization Society, 1891), 3, 5, 7.
13 See Don Jordan and Michael Walsh, White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain’s White Slaves in America (New York: New York University Press, 2008), 87–90, 128–31, esp. 130.
14 See Michael A. Hoffman II, They Were White and They Were Slaves: The Untold History of the Enslavement of Whites in Early America, 4th ed. (Coeur d’Alene, Idaho: Independent History & Research Co., 1991), 99–100.
15 A loyalist refugee from Georgia, Stokes wrote in 1783. A. Roger Ekirch, Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718–1775 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 193.
16 Theodore Roosevelt, The Winning of the West (originally published 1889) (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1917), 105–6.
17 See Mai M. Ngai, “The Architecture of Race in American Immigration Law: A Reexamination of the Immigration Act of 1924,” Journal of American History 86, no. 1 (June 1999): 74–75, and Rosen, Preaching Eugenics, 27.
18 [Alice McCulloch, ed.], The Open Door. Sermons and Prayers by Oscar C. McCulloch, Minister of Plymouth Congregational Church, Indianapolis, Indiana (Indianapolis: Press of Wm. B. Burford, 1892), xx. See also Weeks, Oscar Carleton McCulloch, and Nathaniel Deutsch, Inventing America’s “Worst” Family: Eugenics, Islam, and the Fall and Rise of the Tribe of Ishmael (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009).
19 David Starr Jordan, The Heredity of Richard Roe: A Discussion of the Principles of Eugenics (Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1911), 100, 121.
CHAPTER 19: FROM DEGENERATE FAMILIES TO STERILIZATION
1 Lelia Zenderland, Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 and 2001), 16, 28, 41–42, 54–57, 338, and Philip R. Reilly, The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 20.
2 Allan Chase, The Legacy of Malthus: The Social Costs of the New Scientific Racism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), 114.
3 Ibid., 118–19.
4 Ibid., 144–45. On Galton see also Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, rev ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 105–13.
5 Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 7–9, 12.
6 Francis Galton, Memories of My Life (London: Methuen, 1908), at http://galton.org/books/memories/chapter-XXI.html.
7 In Chase, Legacy of Malthus, 101–2.
8 In C. Loring Brace, “Race” Is a Four-Letter Word: The Genesis of the Concept (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 180 (emphasis in original).
9 For a longer explanation, see Gould, Mismeasure of Man, 191–93.
10 Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 48–49.
11 Ibid., 47.
12 Zenderland, Measuring Minds, 153–55, 175.
13 Ibid., 154, 169–70.
14 In Chase, Legacy of Malthus, 151. See also John Lisle, “The Kallikak Family, A Study of Feeble-Mindedness by Henry Herbert Goddard,” Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology 4, no. 3 (Sept. 1913): 471.
15 In Chase, Legacy of Malthus, 148–50.
16 The statement figured in the 1907 presidential address of Amos Butler to the National Conference of Charities and Corrections. See Allison C. Carey, “Gender and Compulsory Sterilization Programs in America: 1907–1950,” Journal of Historical Sociology 11, no. 1
(March 1998): 81.
17 In Reilly, Surgical Solution, 46.
18 Zenderland, Measuring Minds, 149–50, 189, 227.
19 In Reilly, Surgical Solution, 86. In Segregation’s Science: Eugenics and Society in Virginia (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008), 8–13, 25–33, 98–104, Gregory Michael Dorr points to Virginians’ enduring fascination with “blood” as a motor of human destiny, beginning with Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia and extending through the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court decision Loving v. Virginia striking down anti-miscegenation laws.
20 Paul Lombardo, “Eugenic Sterilization Laws,” Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement, Dolan DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/ html/eugenics/essay8text.html.
21 Harry H. Laughlin, director in charge of the Eugenics Record Office of the Department of Genetics of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, D.C., in Stephen Jay Gould, “Carrie Buck’s Daughter,” Natural History 111, no. 6 (July–Aug. 2002): 12 (originally published July 1984).
22 In Gould, “Carrie Buck’s Daughter.”
23 Carey, “Gender and Compulsory Sterilization Programs,” 74.
24 Chase, Legacy of Malthus, 126, 135; Zenderland, Measuring Minds, 324.
25 Paul A. Lombardo, “Facing Carrie Buck,” Hastings Center Report, 1 March 2003, 15.
CHAPTER 20: INTELLIGENCE TESTING OF NEW IMMIGRANTS
1 Robert M. Yerkes, “Testing the Human Mind,” Atlantic Monthly 131 (March 1923): 359, 364–65, 370. The Boasian anthropologist Robert Lowie of the University of California at Berkeley took Yerkes to task for interpreting national groups in racial terms, as Yerkes does on pp. 364–65 of his Atlantic Monthly article. See Robert Lowie, “Psychology, Anthropology, and Race,” American Anthropologist, n.s. 25, no. 3 (July–Sept. 1923): 299.
2 Carl C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923), 13. Stephen Jay Gould discusses the Army IQ tests at length, noting the high frequency of zeros on the tests, indicating that soldiers had simply not answered the questions. Such results should have alerted testers to the tests’ unsuitability. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 230–33. Truman Lee Kelley had reached a similar conclusion in Interpretation of Educational Measurement (Yonkers-on-Hudson, N.Y.: World, 1927).
3 Brigham, Study of American Intelligence, 48.
4 Quoted in Leila Zenderland, Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 and 2001), 264.
5 Henry H. Goddard, “Mental Tests and the Immigrant,” Journal of Delinquency 1, no. 5 (Sept. 1917): 224.
6 Zenderland, Measuring Minds, 266, 273.
7 Goddard, “Mental Tests and the Immigrant,” 243, 252, 266. In this essay Goddard recognizes that mental handicap can be the result of heredity (“morons beget morons”) or of deprivation. He also concedes that so-called morons may have their place as drudges. See pp. 269, 270. These qualifications disappeared in the xenophobic 1920s discussion of immigration restriction.
8 Donald A. Dewsbury, “Robert M. Yerkes: A Psychobiologist with a Plan,” in Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, ed. Gregory A. Kimble, C. Alan Boneau, and Michael Wertheimer, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1966), 92, 87–88.
9 Daniel J. Kevles, “Testing the Army’s Intelligence: Psychologists and the Military in World War I,” Journal of American History 55, no. 3 (Dec. 1968): 565.
10 Wade Pickren, “Robert Yerkes, Calvin Stone, and the Beginning of Programmatic Sex Research by Psychologists, 1921–1930,” American Journal of Psychology 110, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 608.
11 Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995): 80.
12 Ibid., 80–81.
13 Zenderland, Measuring Minds, 293, 297.
14 Yerkes, “Testing the Human Mind,” 359, 364, 370.
15 Quoted in Gould, Mismeasure of Man, 224–25n. Gould explains the ways military reluctance affected the tests’ administration and reduced the reliability of the results. For a fuller explanation of the Army’s response, see Kevles, “Testing the Army’s Intelligence,” 571–80.
16 The report, entitled Psychological Examining in the United States Army, was published in 1921.
17 David Owen, “Inventing the SAT,” Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter 8, no. 1, 1985, http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF0801 /Owen/Owen.html.
18 Matthew T. Downey, Carl Campbell Brigham: Scientist and Educator (Princeton: Educational Testing Service, 1961), 5–7.
19 Ibid., 26.
20 Brigham, Study of American Intelligence, vii.
21 Ibid., 124.
22 Ibid., 146.
23 Ibid., vi, 159. See also Jonathan Peter Spiro, “Patrician Racist: The Evolution of Madison Grant” (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, 2000), 428, 437.
24 Georges Vacher de Lapouge, L’Aryen: Son rôle social (Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1899), 345.
25 U.S. Senate, 61st Cong., 3rd sess., Reports of the Immigration Commission, Dictionary of Races or Peoples (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1911), 5.
26 Brigham, Study of American Intelligence, 100, 101, 107, 110–11.
CHAPTER 21: THE GREAT UNREST
1 See “Lost Laughter,” Time.com, 26 Oct. 1936, http://www.time.com/time/ magazine/article/ 0,9171,788569-1,00.html, Roger Penn Cuff, “The American Editorial Cartoon: A Critical Historical Sketch,” Journal of Educational Sociology 19, no. 2 (Oct. 1945): 93, 95, and S. K. Stevens, “Of Men and Many Things,” Pennsylvania History 14 (Jan. 1947): 55.
2 Richard A. Easterlin, “Immigration: Social Characteristics,” in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. Stephan Thernstrom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), 482.
3 The material that follows comes from Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 261–63, 293–390.
4 Tony Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), 3.
5 William Preston, Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903–1933, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 99.
6 W. E. B. Du Bois from Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil (1920) in W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader, ed. David Levering Lewis (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), 458.
7 Ray Roun cartoon, Saturday Evening Post, 12 Feb. 1921, p. 21. This cartoon illustrates Kenneth L. Roberts’s “Plain Remarks on Immigration for Plain Americans.”
8 Painter, Standing at Armageddon, 362–65, 368–70.
9 Ibid., 372–73.
10 Jan Cohn, Creating America: George Horace Lorimer and the Saturday Evening Post (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), 103, 130–31.
11 Howard C. Hill, “The Americanization Movement,” American Journal of Sociology 24, no. 6 (May 1919): 630.
12 See Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate (New York: Public Affairs, 2001), 38–42. The graduation ceremony description is on 42.
CHAPTER 22: THE MELTING POT A FAILURE?
1 Jonathan Peter Spiro, “Patrician Racist: The Evolution of Madison Grant” (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, 2000), 498. See also Jonathan Peter Spiro, Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant (Burlington: University of Vermont Press, 2008).
2 See Jan Cohn, Creating America: George Horace Lorimer and the Saturday Evening Post (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), 10, 28–29, 166, and “Lorimer, George Horace” (2007), in Encyclopedia Britannica Online, http://searchj.eb.com/eb/article-9048978. See also Frederick Allen, “Star-Spangled Bigot,” American Heritage, Nov.–Dec. 1989, pp. 63–64.
3 John T. Frederick, “Kenneth Roberts,” English Journal 30, no. 6 (June 1941): 436–37, 438.
5 “Angry Man’s Romance,” cover story, Time, 25 Nov. 1940, http://www.time.com/time/ magazine/article /0,9171,884165,00.html.
6 Jack Bales, Kenneth Roberts: The Man and His Works (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1989), viii.
7 Ibid., xvi; Edgar Allen Beem, Downeast Magazine, Aug. 1997, in “Kenneth Lewis Roberts,” http://www.waterborolibrary.org/maineaut/r.htm. Roberts, like many other writers obsessed by race, died childless.
8 Bales, Kenneth Roberts (1989), 23–24.
9 Kenneth L. Roberts, “Plain Remarks on Immigration for Plain Americans,” Saturday Evening Post, 12 Feb. 1921, pp. 21, 22, 44; Roberts, Why Europe Leaves Home (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1922), 21–22, 96, 104, 113–14.