The History of White People
Page 46
10 Roberts, Why Europe Leaves Home, 20–22, 54, 230–32, 271.
11 Ibid., 15, 37, 41, 76–78.
12 E. A. Ross, The Old World in the New: The Significance of Past and Present Immigration to the American People (New York: Century, 1914), 150–51, 256, 285–89 (emphasis in original).
13 Ibid., 289–90.
14 Roberts, Why Europe Leaves Home, 48, 50; Bales, Kenneth Roberts (1989), 17.
15 See, e.g., New York Times, 31 May 1937, p. 15.
16 Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” viii, 6–22, 209, 225–26.
17 Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, or The Racial Basis of European History, 4th ed. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), xxxiii. Grant’s title page listed his scholarly bona fides: Chairman, New York Zoological Society, Trustee, National Museum of National History, Councilor, National Geographic Society. Grant’s editor at Scribner’s was Maxwell Perkins, the legendary editor of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Thomas Wolfe. In 1926 Scribner’s published Hemingway’s novella quoting Grant’s work in the title: The Torrents of Spring: A Romantic Novel in Honor of the Passing of a Great Race. See Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 334–35.
18 Madison Grant, “Discussion of Article on Democracy and Heredity,” Journal of Heredity 10, no. 4 (April 1919): 165.
19 Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 325.
20 Grant, Passing of the Great Race (1921), 54.
21 Ibid., 13, 16, 18–19, 27–29.
22 Ibid., 39.
23 Franz Boas, “Inventing a Great Race,” New Republic, 13 Jan. 1917, pp. 305–7.
24 Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 355, 358, 363.
25 Grant, Passing of the Great Race (1921), 215, 229–30.
26 Ibid., 217–19.
27 “An Appeal for Coöperation toward Lasting Peace” (1916), in David Starr Jordan, The Days of a Man: Being Memories of a Naturalist, Teacher and Minor Prophet of Democracy, vol. 2, 1900–1921 (Yonkers-on-Hudson, N.Y.: World Book, 1922), 688.
CHAPTER 23: ANTHROPOSOCIOLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF ALIEN RACES
1 F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, Ruth Prigozy, ed. (New York, Oxford University Press: 1998), 14.
2 Benoit Massin, “L’Anthropologie raciale comme fondement de la science politique: Vacher de Lapouge et l’échec de l’ “anthroposociologie” en France (1886–1936),” in Les Politiques de l’anthropologie: Discours et pratiques en France (1860–1940), ed. Claude Blanckaert (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2001), 296. See also George Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (New York: H. Fertig, 1978).
3 However, Jacques Barzun says Gobineau’s Essai was immediately read “by at least a score of notables”: Renan, Taine, Nietzsche, Wagner, Quatrefages, Schopenhauer, and others, all of whom already embraced racial determinism. Barzun misses the Nott translation. See Barzun, Race: A Study in Superstition, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), (originally published in 1937 as Race: A Study in Modern Superstition), x, 61, 200–218.
4 Georges Vacher de Lapouge, “L’Anthropologie et la science politique,” Revue d’Anthropologie (1887): 150–51, in Jonathan Peter Spiro, “Patrician Racist: The Evolution of Madison Grant” (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, 2000), 290.
5 For a history of such notions, see Jacques Barzun, The French Race: Theories of Its Origin and Their Social and Political Implications prior to the Revolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932). See also Anthony M. Ludovici, “Dr. Oscar Levy,” New English Weekly 30 (1946–47): 49–50, and “A Book to Stir Up Prejudice,” New York Times Review of Books, 28 July 1906, BR 472.
6 Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 287.
7 Ibid., 493.
8 Pierre-André Taguieff, La Couleur et le sang: Doctrines racistes à la française, new ed. (Paris: Mille et une Nuits, 2002), 239, 272. Lapouge’s books were Les Sélections sociales (1896), L’Aryen: Son rôle social (1899), and Race et milieu social: Essais d’anthroposociologie (1909).
9 Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 117.
10 Massin, “L’Anthropologie raciale,” 302; Jennifer Michael Hecht, The End of the Soul: Scientific Modernity, Atheism, and Anthropology in France (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 168, 172, 193. See also Hecht, “Vacher de Lapouge and the Rise of Nazi Science,” Journal of the History of Ideas 61, no. 2 (April 2000): 285–304.
11 Taguieff, La Couleur et le sang, 270–71; Massin, “L’Anthropologie raciale,” 283, 305, 290.
12 Taguieff, La Couleur et le sang, 288–93; Massin, “L’Anthropologie raciale,” 274.
13 Georges Vacher de Lapouge, L’Aryen: Son rôle social (Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1899), 483.
14 Ibid., 464–83.
15 Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 283–84, 365–66.
16 Lapouge, L’Aryen, 345.
17 Madison Grant, Passing of the Great Race, or The Racial Basis of European History, 4th ed. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), 231–32.
18 Ibid., 184–85.
19 Russell A. Kazal, Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 4–6, 151–92.
20 Kathleen Neils Conzen, “Germans,” in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. Stephan Thernstrom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), 410, 422–23.
21 J. B. Moore, review of The French Revolution in San Domingo, by T. Lothrop Stoddard, in Political Science Quarterly 31, no. 1 (March 1916): 179–80.
22 Matthew Pratt Guterl, The Color of Race in America, 1900–1940 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 51–52; Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 439–42.
23 Lothrop Stoddard, The Revolt against Civilization: The Menace of the Under Man (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1922), 56, 63.
24 Ibid., 10 (emphasis in original).
25 Ibid., 245, 248, 252, 254, 262–63.
26 Ibid., 23–25, 63–64, 69, 71–72, 94–96, 113, 151–52, 163, 210 (emphasis in original).
27 Ibid., 63, 71, 72.
28 The Post editorials appeared in April and May 1921. See Jan Cohn, Creating America: George Horace Lorimer and the Saturday Evening Post (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), 135–36, 155.
29 William McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), appendix V, 209.
30 Elazar Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 190–203.
31 Jack Bales, Kenneth Roberts: The Man and His Works (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1989), 19.
32 Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 448.
33 Cohn, Creating America, 195–96.
34 Richard Slotkin, Lost Battalions: The Great War and the Crisis of American Nationality (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 459.
35 Richard V. Oulahan, “Tense Feeling on Ku Klux,” New York Times, 29 June 1924, pp. 1, 7. See also New York Times, 23 June 1924, p. 1.
36 “Deeper Causes,” editorial, New York Times, 5 July 1924, p. 12.
37 Calvin Coolidge, “Whose Country Is This?” Good Housekeeping, Feb. 1921, pp. 13, 14, 109.
38 Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate (New York: Public Affairs, 2001), 45–47.
39 Ibid., 25.
40 On the peace ship, see Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 308–9.
41 Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews, 98, 263–65, 306. W. J. Cameron went on to publish his own Anglo-Israelite paper after the closing of the Dearborn Independent.
42 Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews, 309.
43 Ibid., 82–83, 97, 144, 201.
CHAPTER 24: REFUTING RACIAL SCIENCE
1 Walter Lippmann, “A Future for the Tests” New Republic 33 (29 Nov. 1922): 10.
2 Franz Samelson, “From ‘Race Psychology’ to ‘St
udies in Prejudice’: Some Observations on the Thematic Reversal in Social Psychology,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 14 (1978): 273.
3 Daniel J. Kevles, “Annals of Eugenics: A Secular Faith—III,” New Yorker, 22 Oct. 1984, pp. 100–101, 107–8; Elazar Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 209.
4 Vincent P. Franklin, “Black Social Scientists and the Mental Testing Movement, 1920–1940,” in Black Psychology, ed. Reginald L. Jones, 3rd ed. (Berkeley, Calif.: Cobb & Henry, 1991), 207.
5 Bond in the Crisis 28 (1924), quoted in John P. Jackson Jr., “‘Racially Stuffed Shirts and Other Enemies of Mankind’: Horace Mann Bond’s Parody of Segregationist Psychology in the 1950s,” in Defining Difference: Race and Racism in the History of Psychology, ed. Andres S. Winston (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2004), 264–65. See also Franklin, “Black Social Scientists,” 205–7. Franklin also discusses the theory that black intelligence is related to the amount of “white blood” in the black individual. Supposedly the whiter the Negro, the smarter. Otto Klineberg disproved this assertion in his 1935 Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration.
6 Kevles, “Annals of Eugenics,” 107.
7 Samelson, “From ‘Race Psychology’ to ‘Studies in Prejudice,’” 268–71.
8 Robert E. Park, “Human Migration and the Marginal Man,” American Journal of Sociology 33, no. 6 (May 1928): 887–90, 892–93.
9 Edward Alsworth Ross, Seventy Years of It: An Autobiography (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1936), 276. Emphasis in original.
10 Lelia Zenderland, Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, 2001), 324–26; Human Intelligence: Historical Influences, Current Controversies, Teaching Resources, Indiana University, http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eintell/kallikak.shtml
11 Franz Boas, Anthropology and Modern Life (originally published 1932), with a new introduction and afterword by Herbert S. Lewis (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2004), 273, 282–83.
12 Barkan, Retreat of Scientific Racism, 94.
13 Otto Klineberg, “Reflections of an International Psychologist of Canadian Origin,” International Social Science Journal 25, nos. 1–2 (1973): 40–41. See also Wayne H. Holtzman and Roger W. Russell, “Otto Klineberg: A Pioneering International Psychologist,” International Journal of Psychology 27, no. 5 (Oct. 1992): 346–65.
14 See Otto Klineberg, A Study of Psychological Differences between ‘Racial’ and National Groups in Europe, Archives of Psychology, no. 132 (New York, 1931).
15 Klineberg, “Reflections,” 41–42.
16 Carl C. Brigham, “Intelligence Tests of Immigrant Groups,” Psychological Review 37, no. 2 (March 1930): 164, 165.
17 Judith Schachter Modell, Ruth Benedict: Patterns of a Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), 23–26, 56; Margaret M. Caffrey, Ruth Benedict: Stranger in This Land (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989), 17, 21–22, 40–41.
18 Caffrey, Ruth Benedict, 64.
19 Modell, Ruth Benedict, 64–67.
20 Ibid., 84; Caffrey, Ruth Benedict, 75–81; Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 8. Mead’s book includes photographs and excerpts from Benedict’s journals and letters.
21 Caffrey, Ruth Benedict, 93–98; Virginia Heyer Young, Ruth Benedict: Beyond Relativity, Beyond Pattern (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 7–8.
22 Lois W. Banner, Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Their Circle (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 411.
23 This is the subject of Banner, Intertwined Lives.
24 Margaret Mead, An Anthropologist at Work: Writings of Ruth Benedict (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), and Ruth Benedict.
25 Mead, Ruth Benedict, 2.
26 Mary Catherine Bateson, “Foreword,” in Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture (originally published 1934) (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), ix.
27 Margaret Mead, Blackberry Winter: My Earlier Years (originally published 1972) (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), 130–31.
28 Louise Lamphere, “Unofficial Histories: A Vision of Anthropology from the Margins,” American Anthropologist 106, no. 1 (March 2004): 134.
29 Caffrey, Ruth Benedict, 122, 160–61, 187. See also Banner, Intertwined Lives, 202.
30 Benedict, Patterns of Culture, 11, 15, 78–79, 233–37.
31 Caffrey, Ruth Benedict, 278, 284–85.
32 Ruth Benedict, Race: Science and Politics (New York: Modern Age Books, 1940), v–vi.
33 Benedict, Race (1940), 9, 12–17.
34 Ibid., 3, 119–27.
35 Ibid., 6, 30–31, 37.
36 Ruth Benedict, Race: Science and Politics, rev. ed. (New York: Viking Press, 1943), v.
37 Benedict, Race (1940), vii; (1943), xi–xii; (1945), xi.
38 Jacques Barzun, Race: A Study in Superstition, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1965); M. F. Ashley Montague, Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race, 3rd ed. (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1952), 1. See also Karen E. Fields, “Witchcraft and Racecraft: Invisible Ontology in Its Sensible Manifestations,” in Witchcraft Dialogues: Anthropological and Philosophical Exchanges, ed. George Clement Bond and Diane M. Ciekawy (Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 2001), 283–315.
39 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, The Race Concept: Results of an Inquiry (Paris: United Nations, 1952), 7–8.
40 Ruth Benedict and Gene Weltfish, Races of Mankind (1943), in Race: Science and Politics, rev. ed. (1943), 176.
41 Ibid., 176–77.
42 Ibid., 182–83.
43 Carleton S. Coon, Adventures and Discoveries: The Autobiography of Carleton S. Coon (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981), 129.
44 Ibid., 131, 137–38.
45 Samelson, “From ‘Race Psychology’ to ‘Studies in Prejudice,’” 268, 272–73.
46 Mead, Ruth Benedict, 53.
CHAPTER 25: A NEW WHITE RACE POLITICS
1 Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate (New York: Public Affairs, 2001), 108–20.
2 Ibid., 148–51.
3 In Anthology of American Literature, 4th ed., vol. 2, ed. George McMichael, Frederick Crews, J. C. Levenson, Leo Marx, and David E. Smith (New York: Macmillan, 1989), 1351–52.
4 Donald W. Rogers, “Introduction—The Right to Vote in American History,” in Voting and the Spirit of American Democracy: Essays on the History of Voting Rights in America, ed. Donald W. Rogers (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 11–12; Paul Kleppner, Who Voted?: The Dynamics of Electoral Turnout, 1870–1980 (New York: Praeger, 1982), 20–62.
5 Kristi Andersen, The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928–1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 38–40, 42, 51, 87–88, 90; Kleppner, Who Voted?, 68–70.
6 Louis Adamic, Laughing in the Jungle: The Autobiography of an Immigrant in America (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1932), 105.
7 Allan J. Lichtman, Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 5–6, 200–201, 231, 233. Lichtman takes issue with Samuel Lubell’s designation of 1928 as a critical election. For Lichtman, Smith brought out urban voters, but the election did not signal a new era in U.S. politics (pp. 94–95, 122).
8 According to Michael Denning, Americans born between 1904 and 1923 constituted a huge working-class generation, “the most working-class cohort in American history,” with the highest number of people ever identifying themselves as workers. Denning, The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century (London: Verso, 1997), 8–9.
9 Andersen, Creation of a Democratic Majority, 112–13, 93.
10 See Nancy Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (Pr
inceton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 209–39.
11 Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews, 294, 297.
12 David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 216, 230–31.