Less Than Human

by Smith, David Livingstone

  3. R. Rorty, “Human Rights, Rationality and Sentimentality,” in Truth and Progress (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

  4. D. Rieff, “Letter from Bosnia,” New Yorker, November 23, 1992, 82–95.

  5. Rorty, “Human Rights, Rationality and Sentimentality,” 167.

  6. Ibid., 168.

  7. Ibid., 178.

  8. Ibid., 176, 185.

  9. Cited in A. Alvarez, Governments, Citizens, and Genocide: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2001), 151.

  10. Rorty, “Human Rights, Rationality and Sentimentality,” 180.

  11. Ibid., 169–170.

  APPENDIX II: PAUL ROSCOE’S THEORY OF DEHUMANIZATION IN WAR

  1. P. Roscoe, “Intelligence, Coalitional Killing, and the Antecedents of War,” American Anthropologist 109, no. 3 (2007): 485–495.

  2. C. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: HarperCollins, 1998).

  3. Roscoe, “Intelligence, Coalitional Killing, and the Antecedents of War,” 487.

  4. Ibid., 488.

  5. Ibid., 490.

  INDEX

  The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

  Abu Ghraib prison

  inmate behavior in

  inmates, mistreatment of

  Achilles

  Addams, Jane

  Aesop

  Aesop’s Fables

  affluence

  Afghanistan war

  as a hunting expedition

  and war porn

  and PTSD

  Africa

  Europe’s exploitation of

  African Americans (in the Caribbean)

  and religious instruction

  African Americans (in North America)

  dehumanization of

  derogatory stereotypes

  as Ham’s descendants

  lynching

  monogenecists and

  moral disengagement and

  non-Adamic lineage

  passing as white

  polygenecists and

  and racism

  and religious instruction

  as soulless

  and World War II blood transfusions

  See also slavery

  African Rights

  Africans (sub-Saharan)

  as subhumans

  and the great chain of being

  Agassiz, Louis

  Ahmed (Palestinian boy)

  al-Andalusi, Sa’adi

  al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad

  Al-Jaubari

  al-Ma’sudi

  al-Zahar, Yousif

  Albert the Great, Saint (Albertus Magnus)

  Alfarra, Osama

  Alizadeh, Ali

  Allen, Joseph Pratt

  ambivalence and transgression

  feuding

  killing

  “killing,” avoiding use of the word

  mortal injury

  Amenemhet I

  America. See United States

  American Anthropologist

  American Book and Bible House

  American Psychoanalytic Association

  animal mind

  anthropomorphizing

  ant colonies

  and war

  “Anthem for Doomed Youth” (Owen)

  anti-Semitism

  blood libel (ritual slaughter of Christian children)

  blood purity

  Jewish male menstruation, the myth of

  Nazis and

  See also Holocaust

  Apep (Egyptian monster)

  Arab and Islamic Union

  Arab states

  and Israelis

  slavery in

  See also Islam

  Arendt, Hannah

  Argentine Jewish Mutual Aid Association

  bombing of

  Aristotle

  and natural slavery

  Armenian genocide

  Turkey and

  Arnald of Villanova

  Atonement: A Novel (McEwan)

  Atran, Scott

  Augustine, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis)

  Auschwitz. See Holocaust

  Australia

  indigenous people, hunting for sport

  autochthonous

  Azuma, Shiro

  Bales, Kevin

  Balkan war criminals, trial of

  Bandura, Albert

  Bandura’s experiment

  Banneker, Benjamin

  barbarians

  Greeks treating others as

  Beilis, Menachem Mendel

  being, great chain of

  Belgium

  Congo Free State, exploitation of

  and the Rwandan genocide

  Ben-Ari, Eyal

  Benga, Ota

  Berkeley, George

  Bible and slavery

  Bin Laden, Osama

  as a “madman”

  biology

  folk-sociology and folk-biology

  human having a fixed meaning in

  monogenecists

  polygenecism

  and pseudospeciation

  race, folk-biological concepts of

  bird’s wings, evolution of

  Birth of a Nation, The (film)

  Black Hawk War

  Black No More (Schuyler)

  Blackmore, Sir Richard

  Blamey, Sir Thomas

  blood

  racial essences distributed through

  blood libel (ritual slaughter of Christian children)

  blood purity (limpieza de sangre)

  bodily fluids

  racial essences distributed through

  Boethius

  Bok, Yakov (fictional character)

  Boortz, Neal

  Bormann, Martin

  Bosnia

  Muslims, slaughter of

  Serbs, Muslims accused of genocide against

  Brackenridge, Hugh Henry

  Bradford, William

  breast milk

  racial essences distributed through

  British Guardian

  Britton, Davis

  Bronx Zoo

  Ota Benga living at

  Brooke, Christopher

  brown tide

  Browning, Christopher

  Broyles, William, Jr.

  Bruno, Giordano

  Burlingham, Dorothy Tiffany

  Caine Mutiny, The (Wouk)

  Caliban (fictional character)

  Cambodia

  ethnic Vietnamese, genocide of

  Canaan

  Capra, Frank

  Cardano, Gerolamo

  Caribbean (native peoples)

  atrocities, protests against

  carnage committed by the Spanish

  colonization and

  death from disease

  dogs trained to massacre

  enslavement of

  as homunculi

  non-Adamic lineage

  population, drastic fall in

  Carr-Saunders, Alexander

  Cassirer, Ernst

  Cavafy, Constantine

  Ceresole, Norberto

  anti-Semitism of

  Cesalpino, Andrea

  Chagnon, Napoleon

  Chandler, David

  Charles II

  Charles V of Spain

  Chavez, Hugo

  cheese maggots

  Cherokee Indians

  and slavery

  chimpanzees

  raiding by

  red colobus monkey, as hunters of

  and same-species aggression

  tools, use of by

  China. See People’s Republic of China

  Chinese

  implying others are nonhuman

  Chinese immigrants
r />   dehumanization of

  Chirot, Daniel

  Christianity

  blood libel (ritual slaughter of Christian children)

  Catholics and Protestants, clashes between

  and Darwinism

  Jewish male menstruation, the myth of

  Jews, the conversion of

  Muslims, the conversion of

  and natural slavery, theory of

  and slavery

  slaves as soulless

  Chosen One’s Unmasking of Divine Mysteries, The (Al-Jaubari)

  Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud)

  Clark, Andy

  Clinical Psychology Review

  cognitive archaeology

  Cohen, Leonard

  Colombia

  homicide rate in

  colonialism

  in the Caribbean

  and Native Americans

  Columbus, Christopher

  Columbus Dispatch

  Congo Free State, atrocities in

  Consolation of Philosophy, The (Boethius)

  Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller’s Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States, The (Olmsted)

  counterfeit human beings

  cross-ontological category shift

  cruelty

  and chimpanzees

  as deliberately causing harm

  humans and

  threat display

  cultural pseudospeciation

  Cultural Revolution

  Curse of Agade, The (Babylonian text)

  cynocephali (monsters)

  Darfur

  genocide in

  and the slave trade

  Darwin, Charles

  “Darwin’s Mistake” (Penn/Holyoak/Povinelli)

  de Minaya, Bernardino

  de Tocqueville, Alexis

  de Vitry, Jacques

  Dean, Eric T.

  death camps

  Declaration of Independence

  racist language in

  Defoe, Daniel

  dehumanization

  of African Americans

  and counterfeit human beings

  definition of

  dehumanizing the dehumanizers

  and the Enlightenment

  first psychological theory of

  first use of the word in a scientific context

  and genocide

  journalists and

  killing, ambivalence about

  Lincoln and

  and the Middle Ages

  and Native Americans

  as primary function of propaganda

  pseudospeciation and

  psychological traits necessary for

  questions for a theory of

  Untermenschen (subhumans)

  war and

  See also objectification; propaganda

  dehumanized people

  as predators

  as prey

  as unclean animals

  Dehumanizing Women; Treating Persons as Sex Objects (LeMoncheck)

  Democracy in America (de Tocqueville)

  Democratic Republic of Congo

  rape as “traditional” feature of Congolese culture

  demonic possession

  Dennett, Daniel

  Der Biologe periodical

  Descent of Man, The (Darwin)

  Diamond, Jared

  Diderot, Denis

  Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Bales)

  dogs, as unclean animals

  Douglas, Stephen

  Douglass, Frederick

  Dowd, Maureen

  Dower, John

  Dracula (fictional character)

  Dracula (Stoker)

  Drakulié, Slovenka

  Dutch colonists

  Nama and Herero people, genocide of

  Dworkin, Andrea

  Egypt

  implying others as nonhuman

  monster god in

  racism in

  Ehrenburg, Ilya

  Ehrenreich, Barbara

  Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus

  Eichmann, Adolf

  anti-Semitism of

  atrocities, justification of

  Einsatzgruppen (paramilitary death squads)

  Einstein, Albert

  Enlightenment

  and individual human rights

  and slavery

  Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, An (Hume)

  Ephraim and Gilead, war between

  Erikson, Erik Homberger

  Eriugena, Johannes Scotus

  Essay on Human Understanding, An (Locke)

  Essay on Man (Pope)

  essence

  and appearance

  real essence

  Estonians and Russian-Estonians

  Eternal Jew, The (propaganda film)

  ethnic cleansing and sexual sadism

  ethnocentrism

  ethnoraces

  exaptation

  Exorcist, The (film)

  Faces of the Enemy (Keen)

  Fanon, Franz

  Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

  Ferguson, R. Brian

  Final Solution. See Holocaust

  Fixer, The (Malamud)

  folk-sociology and folk-biology

  Force Publique (African mercenaries)

  Forever Flowing (Grossman)

  Frank, Hans

  Frank, Jerome D.

  Freud, Anna

  Freud, Sigmund

  Friendly Advice to the Gentlemen-Planters of the East and West Indies (Tryon)

  Fussell, Paul

  Galápagos (Vonnegut)

  Galen

  Gates, Bill

  gay people

  Gaza strip

  generic species

  Genesis, book of

  genocide

  Armenian

  Cambodian

  China’s Cultural Revolution

  Darfur

  Holocaust

  Kulaks

  learning from

  Nama and Herero people

  Native Americans

  propaganda and

  Rwandan

  Genocide Watch

  George Templeton Strong’s Diary of the Civil War 1860–1865

  German colonists

  Nama and Herero people, genocide of

  Germany

  Soviet atrocities during invasion of

  Geronimo (Goyathlay)

  Gil-White, Francisco

  Gilmore, David

  Gleichschaltung

  Godwyn, Morgan

  Goebbels, Joseph

  Golden, Janet Lynne

  Goldensohn, Leon

  Goldhagen, Daniel

  Gonen, Jay

  Goodall, Jane

  and chimpanzee aggression

  Gordon, Sir Arthur

  Gordon, James H.

  Gordon, Linda

  Gray, J. Glenn

  Grayling, A. C.

  great chain of being

  Great Swamp, battle of

  Greece

  barbarians, treating others as

  monsters, belief in

  racism of

  slaves considered livestock

  Gregory the Great, Saint

  Groening, Oskar

  Gross, Walter

  Grossman, Vasily

  Guilaine, Jean

  Guthrie, Stewart

  Haaretz

  Habeck, Mary R.

  Habyarimana, Juvénal

  Haddon, Alfred Court

  hadith

  Hahn, R. A.

  Ham

  Noah’s curse on descendants of

  Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement)

  Hamlet (Shakespeare)

  handicapped persons

  Haslam, Nick

  Heath, John

  Hebron, James

  Hector

  Hedges, Chris

  Heidegger, Martin

  Herodotus, on Scythian warriors

  Hess, Rudolf

  Hezbollah

&nbs
p; Himmler, Heinrich

  Poznan speech

  Hippler, Fritz

  Hiroshima, nuclear bombing of

  Hirschfeld, Lawrence A.

  and the human kind module

  Hispanics as a de facto race

  Hispaniola. See Caribbean

  Histories, The (Polybius)

  History of Jerusalem (de Vitry)

  History of the Indies (Las Casas)

  Hitler, Adolf

  and heredity

  and Mein Kampf

  as a “monster”

  paranoia of

  policy of extermination

  on racial mixing

  on the sufferings of the Aryan race caused by the Jews

  Hitzig School (Vienna)

  Hölldobler, Bert

  Holocaust