The Definitive FDR

by James Macgregor Burns

  Eden comment: Nicolson to Victoria Sackville-West, March 1, 1945, Nicolson, p. 439. Dulles-Wolff episode: Feis3, chap. 61; Allen Dulles, The Secret Surrender (Harper, 1966); Deborin, pp. 431-432. Churchill on advantage of separate military surrender: Churchill6, pp. 441, 444-445; see also Churchill to Eden, March 24, 1945, Churchill6, p. 442. View of Combined Chiefs of Staff: Feis3, pp. 584 ff. Roosevelt-Stalin exchange on matter: Correspondence2, pp. 198-213; see also Ulam, p. 381; Kolko, pp. 375-379; Deborin, pp. 431-432.

  Asia: Never, Never, Never. Iwo Jima: Kirby, pp. 235-240; Yu Te-jen, pp. 250-253; S. E. Morison, Victory in the Pacific (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962). Hurley’s trip to Washington and rumors in Chungking: Hurley testimony, Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 2883-2885. Draft agreement between Nationalists and Communists: Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 3669-3679. Summary of China’s dilemma: Stettinius to Roosevelt, Jan. 4, 1945, Feis2, pp. 219-220. Hurley’s disagreement with Foreign Service officers in China: ibid., pp. 260-264; United States Relations with China, pp. 87-92; Hurley testimony, pp. 3255-3257. Hurley meetings with Roosevelt, March 1945: Hurley testimony, pp. 2883-2885, 2887, 2906; Feis2, pp. 265, 272; Hassett, pp. 321, 326; Tsou, p. 298. Postwar testimony on China must be treated with caution; but see Harriman testimony, Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 3335-3342. Battle of Okinawa: Roy E. Apple-man, James M. Burns, Russell A. Gugeler, and John Stevens, Okinawa: The Last Battle (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1948); Mori-son, cited above; Yu Te-jen, pp. 254-264. For its effect on military thinking, see Churchill6, pp. 626, 627-629. Stimson on giving Russians information: memorandum, Dec. 31, 1944, Stimson Papers. Later atomic-bomb developments: Stimson Diary, Feb. 13, Feb. 15, March 5, March 15, 1945; Moore, p. 362; Freedman, p. 726; Hewlett and Anderson, pp. 339-340, 342.

  Wedemeyer’s meeting with Roosevelt: Wedemeyer, p. 340; Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 2293-2567. Policy toward Indochina: Hull, pp. 1596-1599; Eden, p. 378; Arthur H. Schlesinger, Jr., The Bitter Heritage (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967) and works cited therein. Roosevelt to Stalin on Indochina: Malta-Yalta, p. 770. Roosevelt’s trusteeship idea: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 562-563. Press conference discussion: ibid., pp. 562-564. Churchill at Yalta on the Empire: Malta-Yalta, pp. 844, 856, 858; Byrnes, p. x; Moran, pp. 244-245. Roosevelt’s position on trusteeship issue, March 1945: Hurley testimony, Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 2890-2891 (testimony of June 21, 1951). Declaration of Independence as exemplar: Shaplen, p. 29.

  “The Work, My Friends, Is Peace.” Legislative situation: Drury, p. 408 and passim. Guaranteed wage plans and Trade Agreements Act renewal: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 592-593, 595-600. Roosevelt on the good old times: Roosevelt to Morgan Hoyt, Feb. 28, 1945, PL, p. 1572. Roosevelt on ending of war in May: Perkins, p. 396. Roosevelt at the dinner of the White House Correspondents’ Association, March 22, 1945: Drury, pp. 388-390. Military situation in Europe: John Toland, The Last 100 Days (Random House, 1966).

  Hassett to Bruenn on Roosevelt’s health, March 30, 1945: Hassett, pp. 327-328; Bruenn Ms. does not mention this incident. Churchill on deteriorating relations with Russia: Churchill6, p. 456. Roosevelt’s efforts to quiet the situation: Roosevelt to Stalin, (received April 13, 1945), Correspondence2, p. 214; Roosevelt to Churchill, April 12, 1945, Churchill6, p. 454. Philippine independence: Sergio Osmeña to Roosevelt, March 31, 1945, Philippines Folder, 1-45, FDRL; PC 998, April 5, 1945;

  PPA, 1944-45, pp. 607-610; see also Sayre Papers, Box 7, LC; Hassett, p. 330; Early to Stimson, April 11, 1945, White House Correspondence-Stimson, AR. Undelivered Jefferson Day speech: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 613-616; Hassett, p. 333; Rosenman, p. 551.

  EPILOGUE

  For the sake of continuity, some of the ideas and language used in the epilogue to the first volume of this biography have been used or expanded in this epilogue. Asbell, chaps. 1-3, has recounted Roosevelt’s death in detail and with sensitivity; see also Hassett, pp. 333-338; Reilly, pp. 229-234; Tully, pp. 361-366. Roosevelt-McDuffie exchange: Asbell, pp. 7-9. Churchill’s reaction to the news: Churchill8, p. 471; Stalin’s: Sulzberger, p. 253; Chiang Kai-shek’s: NYT, April 13, 1945, p. 10; Goebbels’s: Shirer, pp. 1440-1441. Other foreign reaction: Nicholas Halasz, Roosevelt Through Foreign Eyes (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1961), pp. 308-319.

  Freedom’s Once-Born. Departure from Warm Springs: Walker, pp. 300-302; Asbell, chap. 12. Luce’s feeling about Roosevelt: John Kobler, Luce: His Time, Life, and Fortune (Doubleday, 1968), pp. 122-123. Acheson on Roosevelt’s condescensions: Dean Acheson, Morning and Noon (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 165. Sholto-Douglas and Roosevelt: William Sholto-Douglas, Years of Command (London: Collins, 1966), pp. 230-231. Jones on Roosevelt: George Dixon, Washington Times-Herald, Feb. 1, 1945. Roosevelt and Buckingham Palace: John M. Carmody interview, OHP, 607.

  “The Lonesome Train”: Millard Lampell, “The Lonesome Train,” a musical legend, Decca Records, 1949; Asbell, chap. 15. Concept of the “once-born”: William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (Longmans, Green, 1935), p. 199, as cited and interpreted in Erik H. Erik-son, Young Man Luther (Norton, 1962), pp. 41, 117. Roosevelt’s references to home and family in connection with policy matters are too numerous to be listed; some examples can be found in Range, p. 62; Churchill6, p. 216; PL, p. 1380. William White on the funeral in Washington: quoted in Asbell, p. 170. Funeral service in the White House: Biddle, p. 360; Lilienthal, p. 693. Eleanor Roosevelt’s confrontation of Anna: confidential source.

  Democracy’s Aristocrat. Clare Boothe Luce on Roosevelt’s cautiousness: Kobler, p. 121. Poll on choice of new Navy Secretary: Cox Diary, May 1, 1944, FDRL. “Meaning it”: Erikson, Young Man Luther, pp. 208-210. Hopkins on Roosevelt’s commitment: Sherwood, p. 266; see also White, pp. 75-76, 87-88. Roosevelt’s belief in the brotherly spirit of science: PPA, 1944-45, p. 615. Roosevelt on dreaming dreams: Roosevelt to Smuts, Nov. 24, 1942, PL, pp. 1371-1372. Roosevelt to MacLeish, June 9, 1943: PSF, MacLeish Folder. Niebuhr on love and life: Reinhold Niebuhr, Christianity and Power Politics (Scribner, 1940), chap, 1; see also Osgood, pp. 381-383.

  New York City rumors: PM, April 13, 1945, p. 9. Reactions abroad are from Time, April 23, 1945, p. 27; Life, April 23, 1945, pp. 30, 32; NYT, April 14, 1945, p. 14. Lincoln’s trip: Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (Harcourt, Brace, 1939), Vol. IV, chap. 76. Individuals’ views of Roosevelt: Maisky, pp. 286-287; Churchill6, Bk. 2, chap. 9; Arnold Papers, LC. Buchan: Janet Adam Smith, John Buchan (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1965), p. 405. Sherwood: Sherwood, p. 882. Lyndon Johnson: Life, April 23, 1945, p. 32. Stimson: Stimson to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 16, 1945, Stimson Papers. See also William S. White, pp. 12-15. The final sentences in this section are from Burns, p. 477. See, generally, Allen.

  Voyager’s Return. Roosevelt on returning to Hyde Park: Roosevelt to Hannegan, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 197-198. Hyde Park burial service: Asbell, chap. 18; and contemporary accounts.

  INDEX

  A | B | C | D | E

  F | G | H | I | J

  K | L | M | N | O

  P | Q | R | S | T

  U | V | W | Y | Z

  ABDA, 203, 209

  Acheson, Dean, 581, 603

  Adak, 489

  Admiralty Islands, 444

  Adriatic Sea, 407, 408, 519

  Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense (NDAC), 51

  Aegean Sea, 407

  AFL, 55, 56, 195, 263, 265, 521

  AFL-CIO, 194. See also CIO

  Africa, 10, 12, 16, 64, 68, 74, 79, 179, 187, 235, 236, 239, 302, 310, 311, 317, 325, 368, 371, 372, 377, 383, 480, 493, 527, 546, 552; East Africa, 77; North Africa, 15, 69, 74-75, 76, 80, 86, 88, 143, 153, 179-180, 186, 191, 229, 234, 237, 247, 283, 285-298, 305, 308-309, 312, 313, 317, 319-323, 327-330, 342, 349, 377, 381, 392, 396, 548, 578; Northwest Africa, 180, 236, 313, 326; West Africa, 13. See also Algiers; GYMNAST; Libya; Morocco; TORCH; Tunis

  Afrika Korps, 311, 474

  Agaña, Guam, 202

  Agar, Herbert, 272

  A
gricultural lobby in Congress, 197

  Agriculture, Department of, 23, 62, 143

  Aid: to China, 20, 79, 81, 82-83, 98, 110, 145, 153, 156, 186, 242, 317, 323, 374, 376, 378, 415, 422, 445, 541, 544, 549, 589, 590; to Great Britain, 11-12, 13, 15, 16, 23, 24-25, 28, 33, 38, 41, 42, 46, 51, 69, 84, 87, 88, 98, 100, 103, 115, 133, 134, 153, 211, 234, 247, 513, 549, 608; to Russia, 103, 111-112, 114, 115, 127, 151, 152, 153, 211, 232, 233-234, 237, 247, 248-249, 310, 319, 398, 411; to Turkey, 414

  Air Force, U.S.: air unit offered to Stalin, 313; and the Atlantic war, 244; Eighth Air Force, 446; Four­teenth Air Force, 445; Fifteenth Air Force, 446; Twentieth Air Force (509th Composite Group), 558

  Air power, 12, 46, 445-446, 474, 494. See also Bombing

  Air rights, 514

  Aircraft production, 194, 334

  Alaska, 181, 226, 231, 233, 266, 490, 507

  Alaska-Siberia airplane ferry route, 313

  Albania, 15, 299

  Aleutian Islands, 225, 226, 337, 489, 523

  Alexander, Sir Harold, 319, 327, 329, 478, 586

  Alexandria, 285, 308, 579

  Algiers, 173, 285, 286, 288-298, 314, 320, 371, 389, 481, 482, 579

  Aliens, treatment of, in the U.S., 214, 268

  Allis-Chalmers plant, 56, 269

  Allen, George E., 503

  Alps, 408, 440, 518

  Alsace-Lorraine, 365

  Aluminum, dearth of, 52

  Aluminum Company of America, 52

  Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 55, 263

  Amazon River, 316

  America First Committee, 41, 48, 120, 134, 500

  “American Century,” 357

  American Civil Liberties Union, 216

  American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), 472

  American Jewish Congress, 395

  American Labor party, 277, 281

  American Legion, 220

  Andaman Islands, 202, 222, 414, 415

  Anderson, Sir John, 457

  Anderson, Maxwell, 271

  Anglo-American-Canadian policy committee, 457

  Angola, 397

  Ann Arbor, Mich., 466

  Anti-Comintern Pact, 1936, 19

  Antigua, 25

  Anti-Semitism, 280. See also Jews

  ANVIL, 414, 415, 439, 440, 478-480

  Anzio, 438-440, 446

  Appeasement, 28

  Appropriations Committee (Senate), 432

  Arabs, 397, 578-579. See also Ibn Saud

  Arakan, Burma, 541

  ARCADIA Conference, 178-190, 229, 247

  Archangel, 113, 153

  Arctic Sea, 243, 310

  Ardennes, 553, 558

  Argentia meeting, 125-131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 178, 475

  Argentina, 57

  Arizona, U.S.S., 162

  Arkansas River, 510, 528

  Arkansas Valley development, 301

  Army, U.S., 246, 349, 470-472; First Army, 482; Third Army, 482; Fifth Army, 321, 394, 438; Seventh Army, 382; II Corps, 326, 329; Corps of Engineers, 251; 36th Division, 438; 7th Infantry Division, 489; 9th In­fantry Division, 321; Ordnance, 250, 344; Specialized Training Program, 464; War Plans Division, 229. See also Combined Chiefs of Staff; Joint Chiefs of Staff, American

  Army Air Force. See Air Force, U.S.

  Army-Navy Joint Board, 182

  Arnold, Henry (“Hap”), 183, 316, 318, 402, 407, 446, 490, 494

  “Arsenal of Democracy” speech. See Roosevelt, Franklin Delano: oratory

  Artificial harbors, 477

  Asia. See Far East; Pacific theater; and names of specific Asian countries Athens, 538, 565

  Atlanta Constitution, 599

  Atlantic bases, acquisition of, 160

  Atlantic Charter, 128, 130, 132, 183, 187, 242, 243, 362, 379, 380, 384, 467, 534, 547, 560, 572, 583, 592, 593; quoted, 130-131

  Atlantic Convoy (film), 271

  Atlantic First strategy, 86, 87, 91-92, 101-107, 112, 115, 128, 150, 179, 181, 188, 189, 207, 217, 231, 242-243, 312, 314, 319, 422, 546, 593, 609

  Atlantic theater, 10, 12, 13, 65, 69, 77, 79, 80, 87, 89-91, 92, 98-104, 110, 111, 127, 139-141, 142, 143, 147-148, 173-174, 180, 243-245, 308, 309, 327, 328, 368, 474

  Atlas Mountains, 317, 324

  Atomic bomb, 249-252, 345, 455-459, 546, 550, 558, 587, 591, 596, 608

  Attlee, Clement, 10, 241

  Attu, 226, 383

  Augusta, U.S.S., 125, 126, 129, 475

  Austin, Warren, 426, 594

  Australia, 20, 90, 156, 181, 185, 186, 203-204, 207, 209, 223, 225, 248, 266, 283, 382, 390, 444, 488

  Austria, 15, 365, 519

  Auto Workers (union), 193

  Automobile industry, 118

  Avery, Sewell, 454-455

  Axis. See Germany; Italy; Japan

  Azores, 65, 105, 127, 180, 352, 353

  B-18’s, 346

  B-24 Liberators, 346

  B-29’s, 558

  Badoglio, Pietro, 384, 385, 391-394, 422, 548, 608

  Bailey, Josiah, 98

  Balaklava, 578

  Bali, 223

  Balkans, 14, 15, 17, 64, 65, 71-72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 94, 100, 305, 308, 314, 369, 392, 408, 479, 483-484, 518, 537, 545, 557

  Ball, Joseph H., 426, 526, 594

  Baltic, 17, 94, 102, 187, 365, 409, 413, 557, 582

  Baltimore, U.S.S., 488, 489, 496

  Baltimore Sun, 22, 119

  Bangkok, 203

  Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 514

  Bankhead, William B., 427, 506

  Bankhead bill, 340

  Banking and Currency Committee (House), 197; (Senate), 40

  “Barbarossa” (German plan to crush

  Russia), 68, 72, 106. See also Russia: German invasion

  Barbary Coast, 403

  Barclay, Edwin, 324

  Barkley, Alben W., 40, 48, 164, 197, 258, 427, 429, 433, 434, 435-436, 437, 504, 506, 533

  Barton, Bruce, 98

  Baruch, Bernard, 52-53, 60, 62, 247, 259, 334, 339, 340, 352, 432, 449, 451, 581

  Bastert, Russell, 551

  Bastogne, 554

  Bataan Peninsula, 206, 207, 226

  Bathurst, 316, 324, 390

  Bean, Louis H., 524

  Beard, Charles A., 516

  Beaverbrook, Lord, 153, 179, 182, 334

  Becker, Carl, 516

  Belgium, 33, 80, 185, 365, 474

  Belgrade, 71-72

  Beneš, Eduard, 300

  Bengal, 381

  Bengal, Bay of, 202, 222, 231, 376, 404, 405, 411

  Benghazi, 76

  Bennett, John J., 277

  Berchtesgaden, 330, 477

  Bering Strait, 368

  Berle, Adolf A., 129, 398, 580, 603

  Berlin, 17, 80, 446, 557, 582, 585, 599 Bermuda, 266, 396, 580

  Bessarabia, 15

  Beveridge, Sir William, 361

  Biak Island, 444, 487

  Biddle, Francis, 164, 214, 215, 216, 217, 337, 453, 455, 594

  Big Three meetings. See Casablanca Conference; Teheran Conference; Yalta Conference

  Big Four (China, Great Britain, Russia, United States), 358, 359, 366, 404, 409, 427, 515, 516, 544, 547, 549, 604, 609. See also names of specific countries

  Bilbo, Theodore G., 427

  Bill of Rights, 214, 386; second, proposed, 560

  Biscay, Bay of, 87

  Bismarck (German battleship), 99-100, 126

  Bismarck Archipelago, 202

  Bitter Lake, 578

  Bituminous-coal mines, 335

  Bizerte, 285. 298, 326, 329, 330

  Black Americans: discrimination against, in industry, 54, 264-265, 421, 462-463, 466, 510; Federal Employ­ment Practices Committee and, 124, 264-265, 421, 462; importance of, to the war effort, 271-272, 385; integra­tion as postwar problem, 466; lynch­ing of, 388; migration of, to cities, 355, 461, 462; plight of, in the U.S., 54-55; problems of, mentioned by Gandhi in letter to F.D.R., 239; race riots involving, 388, 466; refused admittance to white universities, 462-463; right of, to j
obs, 510; and F.D.R., 123-124, 265-266, 463, 472; Eleanor Roosevelt as spokeswoman for, 8, 59, 123, 124, 266, 472; in the services, 54-55, 265-266, 471-472, 512; shifting to Republican party, 280; and the South, 431, 461, 462; tendency to vote Democratic, 524; transitional period for, 262, 462-463; urge President to abolish discrimina­tion in federal agencies, 123; vote for F.D.R., 530; Willkie as champion of, 499, 512

  Black Sea, 237, 564

  Blair House, 451

  Bloom, Sol, 40, 45, 164

  “Blue Print for Extermination,” 395

  Board of Economic Warfare (BEW), 341

  Boeing plant, Seattle, 269, 334

  Boettiger, John, 269, 406, 414, 579

  Boettiger, Mrs. John. See Roosevelt, Anna

  Boettiger, John, Jr. (Johnnie), 532, 579

  Bohlen, Charles E., 406

  Bohr, Niels, 249-250, 457, 458, 459, 591

  Bombay Harbor, 549

  Bombing: of Belgrade, 71-72; of Chungking, 81-82; of Europe, 484; of France, planned, 305; of Germany, 17, 237, 244, 325, 345, 346, 370, 371, 445-446, 554, 557, 595-596, 601; of Great Britain, 9, 29, 33, 78, 79, 558; of Japan, 86, 224, 344-345, 346. 445, 486, 558, 588, 595-596, 599; of Rome, 383

  Bonhomme Richard (French warship), 481

  Bonomi, Ivanoe, 537

  Borneo, 20, 202, 209, 592

  Bose, Subhas Chandra, 219

  Boston, 528, 529

  Bougainville, 284, 382

  Bowles, Chester, 350

  Boy Scouts, 467

  Bradley, Omar, 474, 475, 560

  Brady, Dorothy, 33

  Brazil, 57, 324

  Bremen, 445, 519, 595