The Definitive FDR

by James Macgregor Burns

  Bremerhaven, 519

  Bremerton, 269, 490, 508-509, 521

  Brenner Pass, 330

  Brest-Litovsk, 483

  Bretton Woods meeting, 514

  Bricker, John W., 502

  Bridges, Sir Edward, 565

  Bridges, Harry, 217

  Briggs, Lyman J., 250

  Brindisi, 394

  Brisbane, 176

  British Empire, 129, 131; Churchill and, 379, 573, 592. See also Great Britain

  Brittany, 482

  Brogan, D. W., 469

  Brooke, Alan, 75, 182, 231, 235, 311, 312, 317, 319, 368, 407

  Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 123, 264

  Browder, Earl, 525, 529

  Brown, Prentiss M., 340

  Bruenn, Howard G., 448-449, 449-450, 507, 508, 533, 573, 574, 584, 595, 600

  Bruner, Jerome, 467

  Buchan, John, 611

  Buck, Pearl, 381

  Budapest, 565

  Budget: (1941), 121; (1942), 192; (1943), 306-307; (1944), 460; (1945/6), 560

  Bukovina, 15

  Bulgaria, 68, 71, 73, 94, 537, 554

  Bulge, Battle of the, 554, 560, 565

  Bull Moose reform, 7, 39, 47

  Bullitt, William C, 91, 350, 399

  Bundy, Harvey, 189, 266, 591

  Bundy, McGeorge, 266

  Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 316

  Bureau of Labor Statistics, 460

  Bureau of Ships, 244

  Bureau of the Budget. 247, 353, 452

  Burma, 20, 182, 186, 201, 202, 203, 205, 218, 229, 240, 242, 267, 315, 375, 376, 377, 381, 383, 404, 443, 444, 445, 446, 541, 544, 591, 593

  Burma Road, 186, 205

  Burton, Harold H., 426

  Bush, Vannevar, 251, 344, 345, 350, 456, 457, 464, 591

  Business Advisory Council, Commerce Department, 177

  Butler, Nicholas Murray, 37

  Buzon, 207

  “Buzzie.” See Dall, Curtis, Jr.

  Byelorussia, 483

  Byrd, Harry, 49, 421, 426, 506, 562

  Byrnes, James F.: appointment of, as Director of the Office of Economic Stabilization, 262, 339; birthday party for, 337; combines with Senator Byrd to give Congress control over Lend-Lease appropriations, 49; cuts appropriation for Senate Special Committee to Investigate the Defense Program, 119; Democratic Senator from South Carolina, 40; dubbed “Assistant President” by the press, 340; favors having public-relations man on staff, 452; head of Office of War Mobilization, 350, 354; helps prepare F.D.R.’s fireside chat on mine strike, 336; and John L. Lewis, 337; mediator between Wallace and Jones, 342; member of Foreign Relations Committee, 48: and National Railway Labor Panel Chairman, 338; not informed of F.D.R.’s proposal for national-service bill, 432; offers his resignation, 432; prods Attorney General to seize Montgomery Ward plant, 455; proposes new Office of War Mobilization, 340; replacement for Hopkins on domestic matters, 447; reports on shipping problems, 560; role of, in choice of 1944 candidate for Vice President, 503-504, 505-506, 509; sets up War Mobilization Committee, 451; and Harold Smith, 452; suggested by Frances Perkins as her successor, 561; suggests Vinson to succeed him as Economic Stabilizer, 340; and tax policy, 363, 364, 434, 436, 437, 561; and union disputes, 336, 337, 338, 341; at White House correspondents’ dinner, 594; at Yalta Conference, 565, 568, 573

  Byron, Lord, quoted, 184

  Cabinet: Great Britain, 10-11; U.S. (1940), 23-24, (1941), 39-40

  Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 565

  Caen, 477

  Cairo, 236, 237, 406

  Cairo Conference, first, 389, 402-405, 415, 544; second, 389, 414-416, 443, 445

  Calabria, 438

  Calcutta, 381

  California, 176, 214, 215, 216, 226, 267, 463, 473, 507

  Cameroons, 397

  Camp Pendleton, 270

  Camp Shelby, 270

  Campobello, 143

  Campus strife, 466

  Canada, 100, 104, 185, 457, 474, 477, 482, 595

  Canary Islands, 127

  Canterbury, Archbishop of, 271

  Canton, 541

  Cantril, Hadley, 112, 280, 281, 290, 559, 583

  Cape Verde Islands, 180

  Capra, Frank, 471

  Caribbean, 24, 99, 243

  Carpathians, 557

  Carthage, 403

  Casablanca, 179, 285, 289, 290, 292, 293, 379, 480

  Casablanca Conference, 308, 314-321, 322-325, 367, 368, 370, 381, 389, 456

  Caspian Sea, 308, 406

  Cassino, 438, 439

  Casualties, Allied, 546; German, 554

  Catapults, 493

  Catledge, Turner, 453

  Caucasus, 143, 173. 187, 228, 233, 237, 248, 300, 308, 310, 313

  Cavite naval base, 175

  Celebes, the, 202

  Central America, 147. See also Latin America

  Ceylon, 222

  Chamberlain, Neville, 11, 391

  Chandler, Douglas, 498

  Channel Islands, 308

  Charlottesville, Va., 475, 491

  Chennault, Claire L., 83, 242, 376, 377, 445, 485, 541, 544, 545

  Cherable Islands, 24

  Cherbourg, 477

  Cherwell, Lord, 456

  Chetniks, 272

  Chiang Kai-shek: air adviser to, 376; Axis unity calculated to put pressure on, for settlement with Japan, 19, 79, 81; at Cairo Conference, 389, 399, 402, 403-405, 592; Chief of Staff to, 242, 541, 588; commends surrender of British and American extraterri­torial rights in China, 375; corre­spondence of, with F.D.R. re India, 240-242; deemed ineffective by U.S. Foreign Service, 589; description of, 82, 403; emissary from F.D.R. to, 82-83, 542; home of, 82; Hopkins on, 238; and Japanese-American détente, 145, 156; and military operation in the Andamans, 414-415; mourns F.D.R., 601: not present at second Cairo Conference, 414; offers Chinese resources to the British, 205; offers proposal for recognition of Chinese Communists, 589; persuaded to allow American visit to Chinese Communists, 542; problems of, cari­cature Stalin’s, 374; refuses to reform his government, 543, 544, 545, 576, 589; requests F.D.R. to freeze Chinese assets in the U.S., 109; F.D.R. discusses, with Stalin, 407; F.D.R. favors giving aid to, 82, 186, 378, 414-415, 541, 590; F.D.R. to consult, on Russian ports in the Far East, 574, 577; and Stilwell, 242, 375, 376, 377, 378, 541, 542, 543-544; supreme commander of Allied forces in his theater of operation, 186; suspects British of filching supplies promised to China, 205; sympathetic to Indian nationalists, 239-240; urged by F.D.R. to convene conference for joint planning in the Far East, 188; wants massive arms aid and seat in strategic councils, 186. See also China

  Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 82, 145, 376-377, 378, 403-404

  Chicago, 48, 275, 455, 462, 500, 525, 527, 534

  Chicago convention: Democratic (1932), 316, 497, 508, (1944), 488, 504-507; Republican (1944), 502

  Chicago Daily News, 39

  Chicago Defender, 463

  Chicago Tribune, 22, 39, 45, 111, 132, 151, 212, 499, 528

  Childe Harold (Byron), 184

  Childs, Marquis, 273, 453

  Chile, 57

  China, 212, 325, 337, 444; aid to, 20, 79, 81, 82-83, 98. 110, 145, 153, 156, 186, 242, 317, 323, 325, 374, 376, 378, 415, 422, 445, 541, 544, 549, 589, 590; assets in U.S. frozen, 109; and Churchill, 156, 204-205, 416, 541, 543, 590; Communism in, 82, 374, 381, 542-545, 558, 588-589; corrup­tion and lethargy of government, 381, 589; counteroffensive through, planned, 443; as a divisive factor in allied strategy, 204-205; domestic sit­uation in, 242, 374-375; economic reforms in, 549; and the Four Free­doms, 611; and Gandhi, 240; and Great Britain, 79, 204-205, 375; and Hong Kong, 575; importance of pre­serving a free and democratic, 576-577; independence of, 588; and India, 239-241, 242, 375; and Indo­china, 108, 135, 156, 157, 158, 160, 376, 592; and Japan, 19, 20, 78, 79, 81-83, 106, 107, 110, 128, 135, 136, 137-138, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 155, 156, 157-158, 160, 201, 203, 375, 404, 415, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 589; and Manchuria, 19, 20, 79, 545, 574, 576, 577; as member of E
xecutive Coun­cil of the U.N., 515; military defense of, 87, 375-376, 377-378, 407, 485, 518, 540, 542; not admitted as mem­ber of MAB, 247; not represented on the Combined Chiefs of Staff, 186; as one of the Big Four, 404, 409, 544; postwar revolution projected, 366; puppet government for, set up by Japanese, 82; revolution in, 551; and F.D.R., 82-83, 109, 145, 159, 186, 204-205, 238, 374-378, 407, 541-545, 546, 549, 574, 576-577, 588-590, 592, 609; and Russia, 79, 81, 83, 576-577, 589; as signatory to Declaration of Allied Unity, 185; as signatory to declaration on postwar security, 401; South China as a base of military operations, 201, 376, 445; and Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact, 83; Stalin’s estimate of military leadership of, 407; and the U.S., 79, 82-83, 109, 145, 159, 186, 188, 205, 238, 239, 240-243, 317, 374-378, 403-405, 407, 414-415, 541-545, 546, 549, 576-577, 588-590, 592; weariness of Chiang’s armies, 106. See also Chiang Kai-shek ; Flying Tigers

  China Sea, 540, 590

  China-U.S. Joint Council, 404

  Chindits, 541

  Chinese-Eastern Railway, 574

  Chinese exclusion laws, 375

  Chou En-lai, 589

  Christian Mobilizers, 453

  Christmas Carol (Dickens), 417, 554

  Chrysler Tank Arsenal, Detroit, 268

  Chungking, 81, 381, 542, 611

  Chungking government. See Chiang Kai-shek

  Churchill, Mary, 392

  Churchill, Randolph, 579

  Churchill, Sarah, 405, 579

  Churchill, Winston S.: addresses Con­gress, 416; in Algiers, 371, 389; an­guish at loss of battleships, 175-176; and ANVIL, 478, 479, 480; appeals to F.D.R. in 1944 for ships, 549; at ARCADIA Conference, 176, 178-191, 229, 247; at Argentia, 125-131; asks Stalin for winter offensive, 557-558; and the atomic bomb, 456, 457, 458, 550; attacked by Hitler in speech, December 1940, 18; and the Balkans, 479, 545; and the British Empire, 379, 573, 592; at the Cairo con­ferences, 389, 402, 403-405; at Casa­blanca, 314-324, 389; cardinal policy of keeping F.D.R. informed and sympathetic, 73; celebrates his 69th birthday, 411; character of, 10, 75, 131; and China, 156, 204-205, 416, 541, 543, 590; and colonialism, 322, 379, 388, 573, 592, 593; as com­mander in chief, 495-496; concern about postwar problems, 364-365, 366, 479, 596; confidence in F.D.R., 183; congratulated by Stalin on British success in Libya, 311; con­gratulates Eisenhower on Italian vic­tory, 394; congratulates F.D.R. on his fourth election, 533; contem­plates opportunities in 1942, 311; correspondence with F.D.R., 73; con­gratulated by F.D.R. on Burma vic­tory, 541; and D day, 477; and Darlan, 291, 295; decision for TORCH, 287; and Declaration of Allied Unity, 184, 185; dedication to beating Ger­many, 106; defends his war policy in the House of Commons, 76-77; and de Gaulle, 295-296, 320-323, 389, 481-482; demands foreign aid, 25, 62, 89, 103; differences with F.D.R., 65, 537-538, 585; and Dill, 189; disagree­ment with F.D.R. on strategy and operation ANVIL, 478-480; discusses British politics with Stalin, 577; dis­like of Sforza, 538; dispute with F.D.R. over Italy, 537-538; drives with F.D.R. to Marrakesh, 324; doubts about Maisky, 102; expects Nazi invasion of Britain, 73, 153; faces strategic bankruptcy, 77-78; ful­fills promise to declare war on Japan, 171-172; and Germany, 520; on the gift of destroyers from the U.S., 11-12; gives enthralling apprecia­tion of the military situation, 126; as a grand strategist, 551-552; and Greece, 74, 75-76, 77, 484, 537, 538-539, 579, 583; had not yet met Chiang Kai-shek, 399; and Hong Kong, 575; hopes for full American involvement, 16, 129, 151, 153; on importance of Mediterranean as against second front, 311-319, 369-370, 376, 404, 408, 410-411, 414, 439, 518; and India, 219-220, 221, 231, 240, 241, 381; and the Italian cam­paign, 438-440; joy at U.S. entry into war, 163; learns of F.D.R.’s death, 601; letter to F.D.R., December 8, 1940, asking for protection in Atlantic and aid, 25, 33; letter to F.D.R. on his re-election, 9-10; letter to F.D.R. on war prospects for 1941, 12-13, 25; letters from F.D.R. to, 43, 223, 230, 232, 289-290, 314, 445, 478-479; limited powers under British constitution, 75; meeting with Bohr, 458; meetings with F.D.R. in the U.S., 176, 178-190, 229, 247, 251, 367, 368-371, 389, 394, 416, 458, 521; meeting with F.D.R. during World War I, 11; meeting with Stalin at Moscow, October 1944, 537, 539; meeting with Stalin to tell of cancellation of Second Front, 236-238; and military strategy, 179-180, 312-313, 554; as Minister of Defence, 11, 75, 495; and North Africa, 288-290, 327; opinion of Hitler, 66-67; plays Realpolitik with Stalin, 537; plea of, for destroyers, refused, 11; and Po­land, 534-535, 536, 537, 558, 569, 570-572, 583-584; and Portugal, 65; and postwar economic policies, 129; on postwar Europe, 312; presents Stalin with Sword of Stalingrad, 410; presses for bolder policy in Asia, 127, 143, 150; proposes that Ameri­can forces invade Northwest Africa (GYMNAST), 179-180; puts pressure on Franco to resist Hitler, 14; as a puzzle to F.D.R., 312; at Quebec Conference, 389, 391, 458, 518-521; quotes “But westward, look, the land is bright” in radio broadcast, 78; re­gards America as his only hope, 78; relations with his Cabinet, 11; rela­tions with F.D.R„ 11, 39-40, 65, 73, 77, 89, 219, 221, 288-290, 369, 403, 405, 415-416, 478-480, 518, 521, 537-538, 585, 596; relations with Stalin, 310, 311, 412, 537, 567; realizes Kremlin might be suspicious of sep­arate military surrender in Italy, 585; requests aid for H.M.S. Malaya, 64; resists commitment to Chiang for amphibious attack on Bay of Bengal, 404; F.D.R. cables condolences on Greece to, 77, 89; F.D.R. cables es­sence of American proposals to Japan to, 156; F.D.R. clarifies to, his posi­tion on Pacific war, 445; F.D.R.’s proposals to, on India, 219-221; F.D.R. sends confidential cable from Chiang Kai-shek to, 241; and Russia, 101, 111, 126, 153, 186-187, 312, 416, 515, 585; on Russia in Europe, 312; and the second front, 230-231, 234, 235-236, 238, 285-286, 325, 367, 369, 392, 408, 438; as seen by Hitler, 309; as seen by Stalin, 484, 587; and the “soft underbelly” of the Axis, 305, 309; and Soviet quest for atomic in­formation, 457, 550; speech to Amer­ican people, Christmas Day, 1941, 178-179; speech to British people on the German invasion of Russia, 96; speeches, 385; strategy conferences (1943), 389; stricken with pneu­monia, 326, 438; suffers from too much personal leadership, 213; and Churchill, Winston S. surrender of Tobruk, 235; on the survival of Britain in 1941, 72; sus­pends convoys to Russia, 237, 310, 327-328; at Teheran Conference, 389, 407-414; telephones F.D.R. about Pearl Harbor attack, 163; telephones Willkie during his stay in Palm Beach, 274; tribute to F.D.R. in Parliament, 611; and Turkey, 309; and unconditional surrender, 391, 546; and the U.N., 567; upset by cable from F.D.R., 89; urged by F.D.R. to minimize Soviet problem, 596; and V sign, 606; visited by Eleanor Roosevelt, 300; visit to Marrakesh, 324; visit to Normandy, 478, 488; visit to the Sphinx, 415; visits Athens, 558, 579; wants a hard line on Japan, 127, 150; wants Royal Navy units to help out in the Pacific war, 444, 519; wants an “underbelly strategy” in Asia, 444; warns Stalin of impending Nazi attack, 94; and Willkie, 43, 274, 573; wire to F.D.R. on the Greer incident speech, 139; wish to dramatize Anglo-American unity, 126; working habits. 10; working partnership with F.D.R., 11; and the Yalta Conference, 558, 564, 565-580

  Churchill, Mrs. Winston S., 190, 392

  CIO, 56, 57, 177, 193, 195, 263, 341, 454, 503; Political Action

  Committee, 525. See also AFL-CIO

  Civil aviation, international, 514

  Civil Service, expansion of, 122

  Civilian Conservation Corps, 35

  Clapper, Raymond, 333, 361, 453

  Clark, Bennett Champ, 47, 426

  Clark, Grenville, 62

  Clark, Mark, 294, 295, 321, 394, 438

  Clark Field, Philippines, 173, 175, 202

  Clausewitz, Karl von, 494, 547

  Clemenceau, Georges, 428, 566, 571

  Coalition government, 7, 36-43, 274, 279, 524

  Coeur d’Alene, 269

  Cohen, Benjamin, 340, 350, 451, 561

  Cold War, origins of, vii, 373-374, 609

  Colleges, 464

  Cologne, 582

  Colombo, Ceylon, 222

  Colonialism: Churchill and, 322, 379, 388, 573, 592, 593; F.D.R. and, 218, 322, 378, 381, 388, 404, 549, 591-593, 608-609

  Columbi
a River, 510, 528

  Columbia Valley Authority, 432

  Combined Chiefs of Staff (Allied), 183, 186, 189, 247, 316, 317, 318-319, 369, 389, 393, 404, 410, 411, 414, 429, 518, 519, 565, 585; formation of, 183. See also Joint Chiefs of Staff, American; Joint Chiefs of Staff, British

  Combined Munitions Assignments Board (MAB), 247

  Comintern, dissolved by Stalin, 367, 373

  Command structures, allied, establishment of, 183

  Commerce, Department of, 177, 593-594; Secretary of, 39, 561, 593

  Committee of National Liberation, French, 480, 481, 482

  Committee of National Liberation, Polish See Polish Committee of National Liberation

  Committee of One Million, 41-42

  Committee to Defend America by Aid­ing the Allies, 41, 48, 112

  Committees, Congressional. See

  Appropriations; Banking and Currency; Dies; Education and Labor; Finance; Foreign Affairs; Foreign Relations; Labor; Migration; Military Affairs Subcommittee; Naval Affairs; Rules; Special Committee to Investigate the Defense Program (Truman); Tolan; Ways and Means Commodity Credit Corporation, 600

  Communism: in China, 82, 374, 381, 542-545, 558, 588-589; in Eastern Europe, 572; fear of spread into Japan, 558-559; in Greece, 538, 539; in Italy, 391-392; 586: in U.S., 525, 528-529; and the West, 537

  Compton, Karl T., 251, 259

  Conant, James B., 251, 252, 259, 344, 350

  “Concentration camps” for Japanese-Americans. 213, 267, 421, 461

  Conferences. See ARCADIA; Argentina; Bretton Woods; Cairo: Casablanca: Dumbarton Oaks: Honolulu; Quebec; San Francisco; Teheran; Yalta

  Congress: agricultural lobby in, 1973

  appropriations by, for war production, 246; asked to grant greatest possible measure of self-government to Puerto Rico, 378; asked to repeal Chinese exclusion laws, 375; Churchill’s address to, 416; coalition government, 36-43, 532-533, 594; Committee chairmen, 40; conflict in, 106, 421; conservative members of, attempt to limit strikes, 56; cuts weapons-research appropriations, 343; difficulty of explaining technical mat­ters to, 98; and the economic stabili­zation program, 197, 258, 260-262, 424; election of 1942, 273-281, 301, 527; election of 1944, 400, 429, 532-533; establishes Rubber Supply Agency, 259; extends draft, 120, 142, 246; investigations by, of subversive activities, 594; and Lend-Lease, 25, 29, 43-50; modification of immigration laws by, deemed difficult, 396; more help for China urged by Sena­tors in, 376; and national-service legislation, 432-433, 560, 593; and neutrality revision, 101, 142, 148; and the Office of War Information, 385; passes Bankhead bill, 340-341; power holders of, 40, 426-427, 437; prewar connections between pro-Nazis and right-wing members of, 211; reception of Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 376; relations with F.D.R., 120, 197, 246, 301, 305, 307, 331, 332, 362, 426, 427, 430, 431, 434, 435, 436, 437, 510, 594; F.D.R. courts support of, for foreign policy, 594; F.D.R.’s address to, asking for declaration of war against Japan, 165-167; F.D.R.’s address to, on Yalta Conference, 581-582; F.D.R.’s meetings with leaders of, 61, 433; secrecy maintained in appropriations by, for atomic project, 456; and soldiers’-vote legislation, 430-431; supports F.D.R.’s order for evacuation of Japanese-Americans, 216; supports war-veterans’ measures, 362; and taxation, 256-257, 259, 260, 262, 307, 363, 364, 433-437, 510; terminates F.D.R.’s authority to limit salaries, 362, 363; variety of elements in, 43; votes for war against Ger­many and Italy, 175; votes for war against Japan, 171; and world-security organization, 427-428. See also Committees, Congressional; House of Representatives; Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, oratory: State of the Union messages; Senate