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The Definitive FDR

Page 177

by James Macgregor Burns


  Marshall Islands, 202, 445

  Martha, Crown Princess of Norway, 34, 125, 253, 581

  Martin, Joseph W., 37, 164, 390, 456, 526

  Martinique, 99

  Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 346

  Matsuoka, Yosuke, 18, 20, 21, 79-81, 83, 95, 97, 108, 135

  Mead, James M., 277

  Mead, Margaret, 272, 280

  Mediation Board. See National Defense Mediation Board

  Medical Insurance, 364

  Mediterranean theater, 15, 16, 69, 70, 73, 77, 78, 86, 87, 89, 180, 229, 243, 308, 311, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 325, 326, 328, 329, 333, 369-370, 382, 393, 395, 404, 405, 408, 410, 411, 414, 439-440, 478, 479, 480, 518, 538, 557

  Meiji, Emperor of Japan, 138-139

  Mein Kampf (Hitler), 68, 70

  Melbourne, 209

  Mellett, Lowell, 451

  Memphis, U.S.S., 316, 324

  Mercer, Lucy. See Rutherfurd, Mrs. Winthrop

  Merchant Marine Act of 1936, 245

  Messina, Strait of, 382, 393

  Metallurgical Laboratory (University of Chicago), 251

  Mexican-Americans, 265, 462

  Miami, 243, 316

  Michigan, Lake, 473

  Microwave Early Warning System, 346

  Middle East, 77, 85, 89, 115, 179, 229, 231, 235, 236, 313, 397, 557

  Midway, Battle of, 225-226

  Midway Island, 165, 172, 175, 202, 222, 225-226, 231, 255, 486

  Migration, 355, 461, 466

  Migration Committee, 339

  Mikhailovich, Draja, 272

  Mikolajczyk, Stanislaus, 483, 534, 535, 536, 570, 572

  Military Affairs Subcommittee (Senate), 339

  Military-industrial complex, 347, 466

  Military operations. See ANVIL (Southern France); “Barbarossa” (German attack on Russia) ; GYMNAST (Northwest Africa) ; OVERLORD (Allied invasion of France) ; ROUNDUP (cross-channel invasion: abandoned) ; SLEDGEHAMMER (pro­jected cross-channel invasion) ; TORCH (North Africa)

  Mindanao, 207, 209

  Miners, 263; strikes, 117, 194, 195, 335, 336-337. See also United Mine Workers

  Minsk, 483

  Miquelon, 184

  Mississippi River, 473

  Missouri River, 510, 528

  Mobile, Ala., 388

  Mobilization program, 118

  Moley, Raymond, 62

  Molotov, Vyacheslav, 16, 68, 93, 94, 95, 102, 113, 187, 231-234, 237, 238, 242, 325, 401, 407, 514, 564, 565, 566, 567, 571, 574, 575, 577, 583, 584, 585, 587

  Monetary and financial policy, international, 514

  Montecassino. See Cassino

  Montgomery, Bernard, 291, 295, 308, 311, 329, 382, 394, 474, 475, 477, 560

  Montgomery Ward, 454-455

  Moon Is Down, The (Steinbeck), 271

  Moore, Edward H., 356

  Moran, Lord, 183, 573

  Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 8, 23, 25, 39, 45, 53, 60, 91, 92, 99, 105, 114, 121, 159, 173, 186, 215, 248, 249, 256, 257, 262, 296, 297, 299, 301, 352, 363, 364, 397, 433, 434, 437, 441, 442, 515, 519, 520, 530, 561, 594

  Morison, Samuel Eliot, 225, 294, 546

  Morocco, 173, 285, 286, 288, 294, 322

  Morocco, Sultan of, 322, 377

  Morrison, Herbert, 10

  Morse, Wayne, 196, 264, 350, 533, 594

  Morton, Louis, 495

  Moscow, 80, 127, 143, 153, 186, 187, 188, 189, 237, 283, 310, 311, 314, 368, 400, 557

  Moslem League, 219

  Moslems, 218, 219, 220, 396, 397, 422

  Mothers’ Crusade Against Bill 1776, 48

  Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 11, 235, 317, 404, 414, 445, 541, 544

  Mulberries (artificial harbors), 477

  Munich, 14, 295

  Munich crisis, 7, 93

  Munitions. See Production

  Munitions makers, investigation of (1930s), 47

  Murdock, Abe, 427, 431

  Murmansk, convoys to, 233, 237, 288, 310, 313

  Murphy, Frank, 152

  Murphy, Robert, 286, 287, 288, 291, 292, 293, 295, 320, 321, 322

  Murray, James E., 427

  Murray, Philip, 195, 260, 263, 264, 335, 341, 358

  Murrow, Edward R., 165, 475

  Mussolini, Benito: anxious to divert U.S. efforts to the Pacific, 20; forces of, routed by British in Africa, 68; Hitler plans to rescue, 391; invades Greece, 14-15; meeting with Hitler at Berchtesgaden, 330; opinion of

  F.D.R., 158; proves to be more of a drain than an ally, 69, 70-71; re­ceives letter from Hitler on Russian invasion, 96; resignation of, 383; reunion with Hitler, 394

  My World and Welcome to It (Thurber), 272

  Myitkyina, 541

  Myrdal, Gunnar, 54, 472, 512

  Nagano, Osami, 137, 138, 139, 154, 158

  Nagumo, Chuchi, 222, 226

  Nanking, 19, 78

  “Napalm,” 344, 345

  Naples, 394, 438

  Natal, 57

  Nation, The, 133, 295, 391, 421, 467 National Academy of Sciences, 343-344

  National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 301

  National Bureau of Standards, 250

  National Defense Mediation Board (NDMB), 116, 117, 177, 194, 195

  National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 251, 344, 345, 346; Detec­tion and Controls Division, 346

  National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 465

  National Negro Council, 123

  National Railway Labor Panel, 338

  National Resources Planning Board, 353

  National’ Science Foundation, 465

  National-service law (“work or fight” bill), 424. 432-433, 560

  National War Labor Board, 192, 263

  National Youth Administration, 124

  Nationalist China. See Chiang Kai-shek; China

  Native Land (documentary film), 271

  Naval Affairs Committee (Senate), 40

  Naval warfare. See Atlantic theater; Convoys; France: the French fleet; Japan: Navy; Navy, U.S.; Pacific theater; Royal Navy; Submarine war­fare

  Navy, Department of the, 249, 344, 346, 352

  Navy, U.S.: aircraft carriers in, 345; bombing attacks by, on Japanese cities considered, 86; Coast Guard cutters transferred to the Royal Navy, 88; defends East Indies, 223; discrimination in, 266, 268, 471; estimates of requirements of, submitted to F.D.R., 84; ill-prepared and equipped, 244; Japanese strategy against, in the Pacific, 486; losses, 224-225, 540-541; naval ships, production of, 193; naval war in the Pacific, 222-226, 540-541; reviewed by F.D.R. at Pearl Harbor, 488; F.D.R.’s partiality for, 349; F.D.R. rebuilds, 526; F.D.R.’s support of, 46; Seventh Fleet, 540; successes in the Pacific impress Churchill, 444; suffers its worst defeat, 284; Third Fleet, 540; V-12 program, 464. See also Atlantic theater; Convoys; King, Ernest J.; Marianas, Battle of the; Midway, Battle of; Nimitz, Chester W.; Pacific theater; Pearl Harbor; Royal Navy; Submarine warfare

  Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 15, 19, 93, 97, 183, 373, 399, 575

  Nazis. See Germany

  NDAC. See Advisory Commission to theCouncil of National Defense

  Near East, 51, 77, 422

  Nebraska, 279, 281

  Negro Newspaper Publishers Association, 463

  Negroes. See Black Americans

  Nehru, Jawaharlal, 219, 220, 221, 222, 239, 242, 380

  Nelson, Donald M„ 194, 245, 246, 258, 263, 339, 451, 452

  Nesbitt, Henrietta, 173

  Netherlands, 33, 80, 137, 156, 185, 186, 558

  Netherlands East Indies. See East Indies

  Neutrality Act, 24, 26, 38, 101, 103, 142, 147, 148

  Nevada, U.S.S., 162

  New Britain, 182, 209

  New Caledonia, 283

  New Deal, vii, 8, 35, 37, 39, 40, 44, 51, 55, 60, 216, 257, 281, 301, 349, 422-424, 426, 435, 448, 465, 500, 501, 506, 512, 522, 529, 553, 603

  New Delhi, 380

  New Georgia, 444

  New Guinea, 182, 202, 209, 228, 337, 382, 443, 444, 487, 592

  New Hampshire pr
imary, 1944, 499

  “New Order,” the (Germany), 16, 18; (Japan), 18, 20

  New Republic, 58, 111, 274, 422

  New York City, 200, 243, 460, 483, 610; F.D.R.’s campaign in (1944), 525-526, 532

  New York Daily News, 212, 526

  New York Herald Tribune, 22, 38, 142, 257, 277

  New York Herald Tribune Forum, 296, 300

  New York Journal-American, 132, 210

  New York Post, 142

  New York State politics, 275, 277, 279

  New York Times, 22, 38, 45, 132, 142, 189, 206, 384, 391, 396, 453

  New York Times Magazine, 562

  New Zealand, 20, 185, 248, 329, 382

  Newark, N.J., 388

  Newfoundland, 125, 126, 127, 184, 490

  Niblack, U.S.S., 91

  Nicaragua, 185

  Nicobar Islands, 202

  Niebuhr, Reinhold, 516, 609

  Niles, David K„ 451

  Nimitz, Chester W., 225, 226, 228, 350, 444, 485, 486, 488-489, 490, 540

  Ninth Infantry Division (U.S. Army), 321

  Nishimura, Shoji, 540 Noemfoor, 487

  Noguès, Auguste, 286, 293, 294

  Nomura, Kichisaburo, 89, 107, 108, 109, 127, 134, 135, 136, 144, 146, 155, 156, 157, 158, 162, 163

  Norris, George, 276, 279, 281, 301, 426

  North Africa. See Africa

  North American Aviation Co., 117

  Northern Ireland, 180

  Norton, Mary T., 40, 277

  Norway, 33, 41, 80, 185, 231, 233, 234, 286, 305, 308, 310, 327, 474

  Nuclear-arms race, 457, 459. See also Atomic bomb

  Nuclear reactor, 251

  Nutrition Conference, 1941, 53-54

  Nye, Gerald P., 47, 49, 426, 429, 528, 532

  Oahu, 160, 161, 163, 165, 225, 489

  Oak Ridge, Tenn., 347, 456

  Oakland, Calif., 270

  Occupation zones, 519, 545, 582

  Oder River, 413, 565, 582

  Odessa, 446

  Office of Civilian Defense, 116, 177, 198

  Office of Defense, Health and Welfare Services, 348

  Office of Defense Transportation, 354

  Office of Economic Stabilization (OES), 262, 339, 340, 354, 363

  Office of Economic Warfare, 342

  Office of Education, 462

  Office of Emergency Management, 191, 332

  Office of Facts and Figures, 385

  Office of Price Administration andCivilian Supply (OPA), 116, 197, 257, 258, 340, 350

  Office of Production Management (OPM), 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 191, 193, 194, 264, 344

  Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 251, 344, 345, 347, 464-465

  Office of Strategic Services, 385

  Office of War Information (OWI), 267, 350, 379, 384, 385, 451, 462

  Office of War Mobilization (OWM), 340, 343, 350, 353, 354, 363

  Oil: embargo, to Japan, 21, 107, 109, 110; establishment of commission to regulate production of, 354; sent to Russia, 135

  Okinawa, 487, 590-591, 596

  Oklahoma, U.S.S., 162

  Olson, Culbert L., 215, 281

  Omaha Beach, 474, 475, 476, 477

  One of Our Aircraft is Missing (film), 271

  One World (Willkie), 358, 512

  “Open Door Policy,” 375

  Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 456, 558

  Oran, 65, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 402, 403

  Ordnance (U.S. Army), 250, 344

  Osmeña, Sergio, 596

  Oswego, N.Y., 442

  Oumansky, Constantine, 102

  Oursler, Fulton, 103

  OVERLORD, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 414, 415, 416, 438, 439, 443, 446, 473, 478, 479, 480

  Ozawa, Jisaburo, 487

  Pacific First strategy, 188, 210, 400, 500, 501

  Pacific theater, 16, 20, 89, 90, 92, 106, 160, 165, 173, 175, 176, 180, 181, 201-209, 209-213, 217-226, 247, 255-256, 305, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 333, 370, 375, 382, 400, 403, 405, 408, 443-445, 479, 484-488, 490, 493, 518, 519, 529, 539-541, 545, 546, 547, 558, 560, 565, 574, 575, 588-593; North Pacific, 383; South Pacific, 155, 203, 526; Southwest Pacific, 127, 182, 207, 209, 404, 414, 501; Western Pacific, 443. See also specific Asian countries

  Palau Islands, 486

  Palermo, 382

  Palestine, 395, 397-398, 442, 578-579

  Pan American Airways, 271

  Pan American Highway, 57

  Pan American Scientific Congress, 250

  Pan-Slavism, 373

  Panama, 56, 176, 185, 266

  Panama Canal, 109, 173, 266

  Panay, U.S.S., 21

  Paraguay, 397

  Paris, liberation of, 482-483

  Passchendaele, 365, 392

  Patch, Alexander M., 480

  Patterson, Eleanor (Cissy), 212, 421, 453

  Patterson, Joseph, 212, 421

  Patterson, Robert, 39, 350

  Patton, George S., Jr., 317, 329, 343, 382, 482, 492

  Paul, Prince of Yugoslavia, 65, 71

  Paul, Randolph, 363, 364, 434, 437, 441

  Paul Revere Sentinels, 48

  Pauley, Edwin, 503

  Paullin, James A., 449

  Paulus, Friedrich, 282

  Pavlov, V. N., 406

  Peabody, Endicott, 7, 131, 448, 563, 605, 608

  Pearl Harbor: attack on, 78, 159, 160-167, 172, 173, 176, 188, 201, 207, 453, 470, 547; Japanese submarine captured at, 270; F.D.R.’s visit to, 488, 490; sabotage and espionage at, 215; ships in, 202, 222, 226, 490

  Pearson, Drew, 398

  Pearson, Hesketh, 272

  Pegler, Westbrook, 216

  Pehle, John, 441, 442

  Pend Oreille, Idaho, 269

  Pentagon. See War, Department of

  Pepper, Claude, 47-48, 332, 532

  Perkins, Frances, 23, 39, 40, 65, 117, 177, 198, 343, 361, 377, 412, 450, 515, 561, 562, 594

  Pershing, John J., 24, 85

  Persian Gulf, 68

  Pescadores, 404

  Pétain, Henri, 14, 15, 64, 65, 73, 98, 285, 287, 288, 293, 294, 295

  Peter, King of Yugoslavia, 253

  Petroleum, 342. See also Gasoline ra­tioning

  Petsamo, 412

  Pew, Joe, 421

  Peyrouton, Marcel, 319, 320

  Philadelphia, 526-527, 546, 606

  Philadelphia transit system strike, 510

  Philippines, the: Allied forces driven out of, to be based in Australia, 204; Allied liberation of, 540, 548; Allied strategy in, 182, 206-209, 443, 444, 487, 488, 518, 540; American with­drawal from, 209, 501; attack on, by Japan, 165, 172, 175, 186. 201, 202-203, 206-209, 547; attack on Pearl Harbor thought to be attack on, 162; capital of, declared an open city, 206; capture of Luzon, 202-203; considered strategically viable, 150; convoy of supplies for, rerouted, 176; guarantee of neutrality of, included in Japanese proposal, 138; establish­ment of Commonwealth government of, 378; independence promised to, 209, 378, 379, 593, 596; invasion of, by Japan, 202-203, 218; Japan promises to include in Co-Prosperity Sphere, 218; Japanese movements a threat to, 78, 158; MacArthur as commander of U.S. forces in, 109, 150; MacArthur’s love for, 206; MacArthur’s promise to return to, 209, 485, 527; military forces of, mustered into U.S. service, 109, 172; need for strengthening forces in, 151; neglect of defenses charged, 206; plan to withdraw U.S. Asiatic Fleet from, 86; President of, 206, 489, 596; propaganda to, 267, 379; Quezon’s neutralization proposal for, 208, 216; F.D.R. deems it vital to save, 180; F.D.R. speculates on pos­sibility of Japan’s attack on, 160; F.D.R.’s message to, 208-209, 210; visits of Japanese Premier to, 379

  Philippines Independence Act of 1934, 378

  Phillips, William, 62, 380

  Pinchot, Gifford, 511

  Pisa, 479

  Pius XII, Pope, 152

  “Plan Dog,” 85, 179

  Plan Position Indicator, 346

  Plays, wartime, 271

  PM, 53, 307, 431

  Pogue, Forrest, 85
>
  Poland: as bellwether of Communist ambitions, 572; border problems, 187, 360, 361, 365, 372, 413, 483, 536, 569-572, 583; and Churchill, 534-535, 536, 537, 558, 569, 570-572, 583-584; cleavage between Russia and the West over, 558; conquest of, by Ger­many, 15, 68, 80, 93; elections, 571, 572, 573; and Germany, 15, 68, 80, 85, 93, 483, 534-535, 536, 569, 570, 571, 575-576; government-in-exile, in London, 129, 372, 413, 483, 534, 536, 537, 570, 571, 572; and Great Britain, 570, 583; high rate of literacy in, 572; invaded by Germany, 85; as issue at Teheran Conference, 412, 413, 569; as issue at Yalta Confer­ence, 558, 565, 569-573, 583, 584, 585; Katyn Forest massacre, 372; occupation of, by Russia, 483, 539, 565, 569, 572; Polish Army, 474, 571; provisional government, 483, 534, 535, 536-537, 560, 569, 570, 571, 572, 583, 584; as possible target for Allied offensive, 305; and F.D.R., 129, 360, 372, 373, 412, 413, 483, 534-537, 565, 569-573, 583-584, 585; and Russia, 187, 372, 373, 374, 413, 483, 534-537, 539, 560, 565, 569-573, 575-576, 583, 584; as signatory of Declaration of Allied Unity, 185; sphere-of-interest problem emerges in, 483; and Stalin. 187, 372, 412, 413, 483, 534-537, 569, 570-573, 575-576, 583-584, 587; Warsaw uprising, 534-535

 

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