The Definitive FDR

by James Macgregor Burns

  Roosevelt, John (son of F.D.R.), 3, 62

  Roosevelt, Sara (mother of F.D.R.), 3, 7, 27, 37, 139-140, 143

  Roosevelt, President Theodore, 4, 37, 38, 39, 205, 257, 343, 426, 604

  Root, Elihu. 37

  Rosenman, Dorothy, 254, 255

  Rosenman, Samuel, 8, 33, 99, 140, 253, 254, 255, 260, 298, 383, 416, 423, 424, 432, 437, 451, 455, 464, 465, 488, 489, 505, 508, 511, 512, 521, 527, 529, 530, 562, 579, 582

  Ross, Malcolm, 463

  Rostov, 237

  ROUNDUP, 311, 312, 313, 318, 392

  Royal Air Force, 10, 17, 519

  Royal Navy: British battleship strength, 12; and the campaign in Greece, 76; Churchill offers British fleet against Japan, 519; defends the East Indies, 223; destroys a German convoy off Crete, 76; the Home Fleet, 327; loss of battleships, 99, 175-176; and the Pacific war, 444; receives Coast Guard cutters from U.S., 88; sink­ing of the Bismarck, 99-100. See also Atlantic theater; Convoys; Navy, U.S.; Submarine warfare

  Rubber shortage, 258-259, 311, 354

  Rubber Supply Agency, 259, 342

  Ruhr, 478, 520, 595

  Rules Committee (House), 40, 278-279

  Rumania, 15, 71, 73, 187, 233, 308, 441, 446, 484, 537, 554

  Ruml, Beardsley, 363

  Runstedt, Gerd von, 474

  Rural Electrification Administration, 460

  Russell, Bertrand, 358

  Russia: aid to, 103, 111-112, 113, 114, 115, 127, 151, 152, 153, 211, 232, 233-234, 237, 247, 248-249, 310, 319, 398, 411; as an ally, 186-187; and the atomic bomb, 457, 459, 546, 550, 608; and the Balkans, 17, 94, 483-484, 537, 554, 557; and Bulgaria, 68, 71, 94, 537, 554; casualties, 546; Catholic reaction to, 152; and China, 79, 81, 83, 576-577, 589; and Churchill, 101, 111, 126, 153, 186-187, 312, 416, 515, 585; colonial ri­valry with Great Britain in 19th century, 373; Comintern dissolved, 367, 373; convoys to, 233, 237, 288, 308, 310, 313, 327-328, 367, 372; craving for peace, 539; and the Declaration of Allied Unity, 183-184, 185; demands at Yalta, 574-577; ex­pelled from League of Nations, 567; and Finland, 17, 68, 94, 187, 365, 372, 412, 567; German invasion, cam­paigns, retreats, and withdrawal, 95-97, 101-103, 106, 110-111, 111-112, 113, 127, 137, 142, 143, 151, 153, 186-187, 188, 228-229, 231, 232-233, 237, 247, 282-283, 300, 305, 308, 313, 314, 407, 408, 446, 483, 520, 557-558, 566, 575, 576, 586, 587; and Great Britain, 94, 102, 111, 232, 248, 283, 373; and Greece, 484, 537, 538, 583, 586; Hit­ler as seen by the Russians, 67; Hitler’s hatred of, 70, 309-310; Hit­ler’s plan to conquer, 15, 17, 68-70, 80; and Hungary, 518, 537; and India, 17, 20, 68; and international economic policy, 514-515; and invita­tion to join the Tripartite Pact, 16, 68, 79, 81, 156; and Japan, 19, 81, 83, 94-95, 97, 108, 135, 137, 184, 188, 189, 207, 313, 314, 400, 401, 414, 545, 546, 565, 572, 574, 575, 576, 590; and Manchuria, 545, 574, 575, 576, 577; Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 15, 19, 93, 97, 183, 373, 399, 575; need for bor­der security, 373; not admitted as member of MAB, 247; not repre­sented on Combined Chiefs of Staff, 186; and the Pacific war, 188-189, 207, 401, 408, 414, 545, 546, 565, 572, 574, 575, 576, 588, 590; and Poland, 187, 372, 373, 374, 413, 483, 534-537, 539, 560, 565, 569-573, 575-576, 583, 584; in postwar world, vii, 365, 366-367, 514-515, 516; reaction to F.D.R.’s death, 610; receives oil supplies, 135; the Revolution, 373, 551; and Rumania, 15, 187, 233, 308, 446, 484, 537, 554; sends raw materials to Germany, 94; Soviet funds in the U.S. unfrozen, 103; Soviet Japanese Neutrality Pact, 81, 83, 94-95; twenty-year peace treaty with Great Britain, 232; and the U.N., 515, 517, 567-568, 572, 584; and the U.S., vii, 94, 103, 112, 360, 372-374, 470, 537, 539, 564, 590; and the West, ix, 327, 514-515, 558, 572, 585-587; White Russia, 567. See also Second front; Stalin, Joseph; Teheran Conference ; Yalta Conference

  Rutherfurd, Winthrop, 198

  Rutherfurd, Mrs. Winthrop (Lucy Mercer), 7, 198-199, 450, 599, 600, 606

  Ryukyu Islands, 404, 590

  Saar, 520

  Sabath, Adolph J., 40

  Saboteurs, German, electrocution of, 217, 255

  Sachs, Alexander, 249-250, 550

  Saigon, 13, 175

  Saint-Lô, 482

  St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 453

  St. Pierre, 184

  Saint-Tropez, Gulf of, 480

  Saint-Vith, 554

  Saipan, 486, 487, 496, 540

  Sakhalin, 81, 574

  Saki airport, 564, 565

  Salaries, limitation of. See Wage con­trol

  Salazar, Antonio, 352, 353

  Salerno, 394

  Samoa, 182, 283

  San Bernadino Strait, 540

  San Diego, Calif., 222, 270, 488, 496, 498, 506, 507, 508, 509, 521

  San Francisco Chronicle, 214

  San Francisco Conference, 582, 583, 584, 585, 587, 590, 592, 594

  Sandburg, Carl, 62, 107

  Santa Barbara, Calif., 213, 214

  Saratoga, U.S.S., 222, 588

  Sardinia, 305, 311, 312

  Sarnoff, David, 264

  Saudi Arabia, 397

  Sayre, Francis, 62, 207

  Scharnhorst (German battle cruiser), 89, 327

  Schweinfurt, 445

  Scientific research, 343-347

  Scott, John, 272

  SCR-594 ground radar, 345

  Sea of Japan, 224

  Sea power, 12-13. See also Navy, U.S.; Royal Navy

  Seattle, Wash., 226, 269, 347

  II Corps (U.S. Army), 326, 329

  Second front (cross-channel invasion): Churchill and, 230-231, 234, 235-236, 238, 285-286, 325, 367, 369, 392, 408, 438; contingent upon transportation, 326; crisis in U.S.-Soviet relations over, 372-374; discussed at Casa­blanca Conference, 315-319; Korneichuk on the postponement of, 399; Marshall fears the North African operation will delay, 287; plans for, 229-238, 369-370, 407-412, 414; postponements of, 236-237, 285-286, 312, 325, 328, 367, 370-374, 399, 548, 549, 608; F.D.R. and, 392-393, 548, 549, 608; F.D.R.s comment on, 300; F.D.R. pledges, 233; the Russian people and, 484; set­tled at Teheran Conference, 407-412, 414; Stalin calls for, 153, 187, 188, 229, 233, 242, 310-311, 313, 314, 315, 325, 327; Stalin informed of postpone­ments, 236-237, 370-371; Stalin waits for, 446; Willkie as a supporter of, 275, 279, 283. See also OVERLORD

  Sedition trials, 453-454. See also Saboteurs; Subversive activities

  Segregation. See Black Americans

  Seine, Bay of the, 473

  Selective Service. See Draft

  Selective Service Act of 1940, 120

  Senate: asked to ratify treaty sur­rendering extraterritorial rights in China, 375; confirms Secretary of Commerce, 593; kills aid-to-education bill, 421; and the Office of War In­formation, 385; and the price-control bill, 197, 258, 262; rejects head of Rural Electrification, 594; tax bills prepared by, 363, 433; and the United Nations, 517, 581. See also Banking and Currency Committee; Congress; Education and Labor Subcommittee; Finance Committee; Foreign Rela­tions Committee; Military Affairs Subcommittee; Naval Affairs Com­mittee; Special Committee to In­vestigate the Defense Program

  Sengstacke, John, 463

  Serbia, 365

  Servicemen’s vote bill. See Soldiers’-vote bill

  Sevastopol, 228, 237, 565, 578

  Seventh Army (General Patton), 382

  Seventh Fleet, 540

  7th Infantry Division (U.S. Army), 489

  Sexual equality, move toward, 461

  Sforza, Count Carlo, 391, 537, 538

  “Shall We Have More TVA’s?” (Lilienthal), 562

  Shanghai, 19, 203

  “Shangri-La” (camp), 253-255, 291, 294, 383

  Sherwood, Robert, 9, 33, 50, 58, 59, 99, 101, 149, 213, 244, 260, 297, 336, 337, 383, 384, 385, 415, 424, 451, 529, 530, 538, 607, 608, 611

  Shimada, Shigetaro, 154

  Shipbuilding, 25, 190, 191, 193, 244-245, 333, 334

  Shipping: Byrnes reports on problems, 560; gift to Britain of destroyers, 11, 13, 33; lease of cargo ships, 25; Liberty ships, 245, 469; losses, Allied, 10, 12, 65, 72, 89, 100, 221, 233, 237, 243-245, 327, 333, 549; F.D.R. re­fuse
s to divert shipping from military needs, 549; shortage of, 181; use of American ports by British warships, 41, 64, 88; Victory ships, 469. See also Navy, U.S.; Royal Navy

  Shirer, William L., 358

  Shokaku (Japanese carrier), 225

  Sholto-Douglas, Sir William, 603

  “Shoot on sight” policy, 141, 142. See also

  Atlantic theater

  Shotwell, James T., 515

  Shoumatoff, Elizabeth, 599-600

  Siam, 156

  Siam, Gulf of, 203

  Siberia, 78, 80, 97, 173, 188, 189, 233, 237

  Sibuyan Sea, 540

  Sicily, 64, 74, 285, 305, 311, 312, 317, 319, 325, 326, 328, 369, 381, 382, 383, 393, 416, 422, 492

  Sikorski, Wladyslaw, 372

  Sinai Desert, 406

  Sinclair, Upton, 62

  Singapore, 13, 21, 79, 80, 86, 90, 149, 160, 175, 180, 186, 202, 203, 204, 209, 216, 219, 223, 240, 268, 444, 540

  Singora, 203

  “Sistie.” See Dall, Eleanor

  SLEDGEHAMMER, 370, 374

  Smedley, Agnes, 381

  Smith, Alfred E., 277, 348, 356, 426, 497, 529, 530, 602, 604, 605

  Smith, E. D. (“Cotton Ed”), 427

  Smith, Gerald, 528

  Smith, Harold, 159, 257, 335, 342, 348, 350, 353, 421, 452, 465

  Smith, Howard W., 331

  Smith, Merriman, 269

  Smith-Connally bill, 337

  Smolensk, 143, 372

  Smuts, Jan Christian, 548, 609

  Social conditions, in the U.S., viii, 53-54, 465-466

  “Social Insurance and Allied Services” (Beveridge Plan), 361

  Social Justice (journal), 211

  Social Security, 192, 361-362, 364, 434, 560

  Social Security Act, 362

  Sojourner Truth housing project, 466

  Soldiers’-vote bill, 421, 429-431, 437

  Solid Fuels Administrator, 337

  Solomon Islands, 182, 209, 225, 255, 283, 284, 285, 291, 300, 314, 382, 444

  Somervell, Brehon, 246, 333, 565

  Songs, of the war, 271

  Soong, T. V., 83, 145, 184, 185, 453

  South, the: Democratic party in, 36-37, 40, 421, 427, 431, 437, 506, 510, 511, 524; Cordell Hull and Jesse Jones as spokesmen for, 39; and interventionism, 43; Negroes in, 461, 462

  South Africa, 185

  South America, 13, 147, 266. See also Latin America

  South Sea islands, 390

  Southwick House, 474

  Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact, 81, 83, 94-95

  Soviet Union. See Russia

  Spain: Allied advance in Italy affects, 395; and Germany, 10, 14, 64, 65, 179, 288, 291; and Great Britain, 14, 65, 77, 127; and Italy, 393; neu­trality of, 313-314, 397; Spanish Morocco, 288; and the U.S., 65, 77, 127, 397. See also Franco, Francisco

  Special Committee to Investigate the Defense Program (Senate). See Truman Committee

  Spruance, Raymond A., 226, 443, 444, 487, 588

  Stabilization program. See Economic

  stabilization program

  Stage Door Canteen, 460

  Stalin, Joseph: Allied invasion of France urged by, 408; ambitions in Manchuria, 575, 577; anger at Brit­ish suspension of northern convoys, 237, 310, 327-328, 372; and the atomic bomb, 458; bargains with Hit­ler, 94; as a brilliant tactician, 551; and the British, 566; cables F.D.R. on Red Army’s new offensive, 483; calls for advance into the German heartland, 408; calls for a second front, 153, 187, 188, 229, 233, 242, 310-311, 313, 314, 315, 325, 327; character of, 92; and China, 407; on Churchill, 484, 587; Churchill pre­sents sword of Stalingrad to, 410; Churchill tells of cancellation of Sec­ond Front, 236-238; coldly realistic on the Far East, 188; as commander in chief, 496; dissolves the Comin­tern, 367, 373; congratulates F.D.R. on his fourth election, 533; and Sir Stafford Cripps, 102; approves the Darlan deal, 298; discusses British politics with Churchill, 577; doubts about TORCH, 288; feels shut out of Anglo-American discussions, 399; impressed by France’s military weak­ness, 566; on the French, 408; on Germany, 408-409, 410, 412; and Greece, 537, 538, 583; on Hitler, 113, 409; and Indochina, 591, 592; invited by F.D.R. to meet but cables nega­tive reply, 367, 368, 373; invited to Big Three meeting but refuses to attend, 314, 315; and the Jews, 577-578; knows German attack is pos­sible, 95; learns of F.D.R.’s death, 601; letter to Churchill on lack of agreement on war and peace aims, 153; letter to F.D.R. on postpone­ment of the second front, 371-372; makes himself chairman of the Coun­cil of the People’s Commissars, 95; May Day, 1944, order, 484; meetings with Churchill, 236-238, 537, 538, 539; meeting with de Gaulle, 566; meeting with Milovan Djilas, 484; meeting with Hopkins, 113-114; meeting with Matsuoka, 80, 81, 95; meeting with Mikolajczk, 534; Munich crisis as viewed by, 93; and the North African campaign, 327, 328, 330; pleads illness and refuses to leave Russia, 565; and Poland, 187, 372, 412, 413, 483, 534-537, 569, 570-573, 575-576, 583-584, 587; po­litical strategy, 551-552; postwar de­signs, 238, 366; and postwar Soviet security, 551; proposes secret agree­ment with U.K., 187; reaction to the abandonment of ANVIL, 479; and realpolitik, 92-97; receives F.D.R.’s note of war plans agreed on at Casa­blanca Conference, 324; relations with Churchill, 310, 311, 412, 537, 567; relations with F.D.R., 201, 232, 313, 399, 412, 416, 484, 537, 566, 575, 585-587, 596, 603, 608; and the Rus­sian winter offensive, 557-558; and the Russo-Japanese pact, 94-95; on Russian war aims, 229; and San Francisco Conference, 584; as seen by Hitler, 15, 68-69, 309; sense of humor, 189; and Soviet intervention in Asia, 575; speech to his people on the German invasion, 97; suspicions of the West, 371, 539, 585-587; at Teheran Conference, 389, 406-413; telegraphs F.D.R. on Italian landings, 394; tries to appease Germany, 95; and the U.N., 566, 584, 587; and un­conditional surrender, 546; views Oc­tober 1942 as most critical month of the war, 283; waits for the second front, 446; withdraws agreement to meet with Roosevelt in Fairbanks, 400; and Yalta Conference, 558, 565-580, 583, 591. See also Russia

  Stalin, Svetlana (daughter of Joseph Stalin), 238

  Stalingrad, 228, 237, 282-283, 284, 291, 308, 309, 310, 311, 329, 330, 410

  Standard Oil Company, 251, 344

  Stark, Harold (“Betty”), 85, 86, 89, 103-104, 105, 109, 110, 156, 161, 163, 183, 223, 296, 494

  Stars and Stripes, 337, 470

  Stassen, Harold, 499, 526, 583, 607

  State, Department of, 134, 286, 287, 319, 323, 352, 380, 381, 384, 396, 427, 429, 441, 451, 452, 462, 515, 520, 538, 551, 559, 565, 584

  Steel, 52

  Steelman, John R., 196

  Steinbeck, John, 271

  Steinhardt, Laurence, 112, 113

  Stettin, 565

  Stettinius, Edward R., 51, 52, 442, 517, 552, 560, 561, 564, 565, 567, 568, 573, 589, 592

  Stevenson, Adlai, 131

  Stewart, Irvin, 346

  Stilwell, Joseph (“Vinegar Joe”), 242, 375-376, 377, 378, 404, 414, 415, 445, 485, 541, 542, 543-544, 588

  Stimson, Henry L., 104, 243, 343; ac­cuses

  Senator Wheeler of near-treason, 120; and aid to Russia, 114, 115; appointment of, as Secretary of War, 38, 39, 350, 513; asked to re­port on use of colleges for war pur­poses, 464; and atomic project, 456, 459, 550, 558, 591; and Byrnes, 364; as Cabinet member throughout F.D.R.’s tenure, 494; and Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 376; consulted by F.D.R. on defense and postwar re­search, 251, 465; diary of, 60, 157, 351, 451; disapproves of appointment of Justice Douglas as defense chief, 194; on discrimination in the Army, 265, 266, 471-472; extolled by F.D.R. for internationalism, 526; favors cen­tralization of control over defense supply, 53; favors stalling the Jap­anese, 150; eulogy of F.D.R., 611; favors national-service law, 432, 433; as head of Office of Production Man­agement, 51, 52; influence on F.D.R., 23, 57-58; as an internationalist, 40, 526; on internment of Japanese-Americans, 215, 216, 463; and La Guardia’s commission, 491-492; and MacArthur, 157, 176, 207, 208; meets with Churchill in London, 389, 392; and new weapon development, 343, 344, 345-346; opinion of Hopkins, 60; opposed to seiz
ure of striking nondefense industry, 454; ordered by F.D.R. to draft striking miners, 337; ordered by F.D.R. to guard defense plants, 163; ordered by F.D.R. to seize and operate striking railroads, 338; ordered by F.D.R. to seize Montgomery Ward plant, 455; at Pentagon meeting re Portugal, 352; persuades F.D.R. to support U.S. shelters for refugee Jews, 442; pleads for drafting women into the Army, 461; presses for cross-channel assault, 229-230, 235, 236, 392, 393, 545; presses for stepped-up aid to Britain, 25, 38, 45, 48, 65, 66, 89, 91, 101, 103, 180; report of, at first Cabinet meet­ing in 1945, 560; on F.D.R. as ad­ministrator, 351-352, 451; as F.D.R.’s “assistant president,” 452; Secretary of War, 23; sees fight against Na­zism as battle with moral purpose, vii, 272; silences criticism by Hershey on demobilization, 528; skeptical of feasibility of TORCH, 287; supports Stilwell plan, 376, 377; on treatment of Germany after surrender, 519-520, 521; supports plan to establish base in Australia, 204; telephones F.D.R. about Japanese troop movements, 156; threatens to resign, 182; tries to persuade Morgenthau of value of Darlan deal, 296, 297; urges declara­tion of war against Germany as well as against Japan, 164; urges F.D.R. to concentrate on business side of munitions making, 193; urges F.D.R. to exert leadership, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 99, 109, 133, 151, 392, 393; warned of Japan’s propaganda effort in the Philippines, 379; welcomes F.D.R. in Washington after fourth-term elec­tion victory, 532

  Stone, Donald, 452

  Stone, Harlan, 122, 259, 562

  Straight, Michael, 360

  Strassman, Fritz, 249

  Strikes: Allis-Chalmers plant, 56; law to prevent striking proposed by F.D.R., 424; miners’, 117, 194, 195, 335, 336-337; at one-third of prewar level in 1944, 465; racial, 462; F.D.R. discusses with Dos Passos, 468; threatened railroad, 338; wildcat strike at Los Angeles plants of North American Aviation Co., 117. See also Labor; Unions

  Strout, Richard, 165

  Submarine warfare: American subma­rines, 87; German U-boats, 10, 12, 65, 69, 72, 89, 91, 106, 147, 243-245, 255, 288, 308, 309, 327, 346, 368

  Subversive activities, 594. See also Communism, in the U.S.; Saboteurs; Sedition trials

  Suckley, Margaret, 254, 599, 600

  Suez Canal, 406, 567, 579

  Sugiyama, Hajime, 137-138, 154

  Sukarno, Achmed, 218

  Sullivan, Mark, 201

  Sumatra, 202, 209, 444, 592

  Supply Priorities and Allocations Board