The New Trail of Tears
Page 22
6Michael L. Ross, “Does Oil Hinder Democracy?” (abstract), World Politics 53, no. 3 (2001): pp. 325–61, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7678284&fileId=S0043887100020l53.
7Robert D. McFadden, “Seneca Feud Boils Over; 3 Are Slain,” New York Times, March 26, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/26/nyregion/seneca-feud-boils-over-3-are-slain.html.
8John Kifner, “Tribal Shootout: Rival Factions behind Conflict,” New York Times, April 3, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/03/nyregion/tribal-shootout-rival-factions-behind-conflict.html.
9Stephanie Woodard, “Oglala Sioux Tribal Council Takes Aim at Newspaper, Attorney,” Indian Country Today Media Network, March 31, 2015, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/03/31/oglala-sioux-tribal-council-takes-aim-newspaper-attorney-159837.
10Tom Dennis, “Our Opinion: Real Reform on Reservations Starts with a Free Press,” Grand Forks Herald, June 17, 2014, http://www.grandforksherald.com/content/our-opinion-real-reform-reservations-starts-free-press.
11Cynthia Hess and Claudia Williams, The Status of Women in Robeson County, North Carolina (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Women’s Policy Research, 2013), available at http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/the-status-of-women-in-robeson-county-north-carolina.
12“3-Year-Old Drowns in Robeson County Drainage Ditch,” February 16, 2010, http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/7053287.
13Dr. Jack Campisi’s testimony before the Committee on Indian Affairs, legislative hearing on S. 660, July 12, 2006, http://www.indian.senate.gov/sites/default/files/upload/files/Campis1071206.pdf.
14Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, p. 75.
15Ibid., p. 63.
16Ben Chavis, Crazy Like a Fox: One Principal’s Triumph in the Inner City (New York: Penguin, 2010), p. 138.
17H.R. 184, 114th Cong. (2015), https://www.congress.gov/114/bills/hr184/BILLS-114hr184ih.xml.
18“Hagan Makes Pitch for Lumbee,” Robesonian, July 20, 2015, https://robesonian.com/archive/11789/news-home_top-news-2770407-hagan-makes-pitch-for-lumbee.
19Ibid.
CHAPTER THREE
1Erik Eckholm, “Gang Violence Grows on an Indian Reservation,” New York Times, December 13, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/us/14gangs.html.
2Trymaine Lee and Peter van Agtmael, “Law and Disorder on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation,” MSNBC.com, May 29, 2014, http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/law-disorder-pine-ridge-indian-reservation.
3Lesli A. Maxwell, “Education in Indian Country: Running in Place,” Education Week, December 4, 2013, http://www.edweek.org/ew/projects/2013/native-american-education/running-in-place.html.
4Joyce Riha Linik, “Working Together to Help Indian Youth Succeed: Big Sky Hope,” Education Northwest Magazine, Spring–Summer 2011, pp. 24–29, http://opi.mt.gov/PDF/Promise/ednwmag_sp-su11_big-sky-hope.pdf.
5U.S. Census Bureau, Educational Finance Branch, Public Education Finances: 2013 (2015), https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/econ/g13-aspef.pdf.
6Sarah Butrymowicz, “The Failure of Tribal Schools,” Atlantic, November 26, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/11/the-failure-of-tribal-schools/383211.
7Sarah Butrymowicz, “Tribal Colleges Give Poor Return on More Than $100 Million a Year in Federal Money,” Hechinger Report, http://hechingerreport.org/tribal-colleges-give-poor-return-100-million-year-federal-money.
8“Seneca Allegany Charter School Letter of Intent,” http://www.p12.nysed.gov/psc/documents/SenecaAlleganyLoIRedacted.pdf.
9http://www.p12.nysed.gov/psc/documents/SenecaAlleganyRedacted.pdf.
10Stuart Buck, Acting White: The Ironic Legacy of Desegregation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).
11http://www.ncreportcards.org/src/servlet/srcICreatePDF?pSchCode=420&pLEACode=780&pYear=2012-2013.
12Emma Brown, “Obama Budget Includes $1 Billion for Native American Education,” Washington Post, January 30, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/obama-budget-includes-i-billion-for-native-american-education/2015/01/30/10785b08-a8a8-11e4-a2b2-776095f393b2_story.html.
13Rishawn Biddle, “BIE’s Fiscal Failure of Native Kids,” Dropout Nation, November 18, 2014, http://dropoutnation.net/2014/11/18/bies-fiscal-failure-of-native-kids.
CHAPTER FOUR
1“Public Schools of Robeson County, North Carolina,” Ballotpedia: The Encyclopedia of American Politics, http://ballotpedia.org/Public_Schools_of_Robeson_County,_North_Carolina.
2Washington Post, “America’s Most Challenging High Schools: Top 100,” April 7, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/local/americas-most-challenging-high-schools-top-100/915.
3Andrew J. Coulson, “OUSD Made Wrong Decision to Close American Indian Charter Schools,” Cato Institute, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/ousd-made-wrong-decision-close-american-indian-charter-schools.
4National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, Measuring Up to the Model: A Ranking of State Charter School Laws, 3rd ed. (Washington, D.C.: Author, 2012), http://www.publiccharters.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/NAPCS_2012_StateLawRankings_Final_20120117T162953.pdf.
5“St. Labre Indian School: Culture,” Saint Labre Indian School, http://www.stlabre.org/discover/culture/culture.html.
6St. Labre Indian School, “About Us,” http://www.stlabre.org/about-us.
7William Marino, “St. Labre Indian School Continues 127-Year Heritage of Service to Native American People of SE Montana” (press release), March 24, 2011, http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/03/prweb5193204.htm.
8Jan Falstad, “Church, School Sued by Tribe,” Billings Gazette, March 11, 2005, http://billingsgazette.com/news/local/church-school-sued-by-tribe/article_58c3cc40-22fe-5480-a5ba-acdb7ac87b76.html.
9Mark Yapching, “Crow Nation Native American Reservation Declares ‘Jesus Christ Is Lord,’” Christian Today, January 23, 2015, http://www.christiantoday.com/article/crow.nation.native.american.reservation.declares.jesus.christ.is.lord/46623.htm.
10Official Report of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of Charities and Correction (1892), 46–59, reprinted in Richard H. Pratt, “The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites,” Americanizing the American Indians: Writings by the “Friends of the Indian” 1880–1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), pp. 260–271, retrieved from http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4929.
11“A History of Residential Schools in Canada,” CBC News, May 16, 2008, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/a-history-of-residential-schools-in-canada-1.702280.
12Ibid.
13Ibid.
14Teach for America press kit, https://www.teachforamerica.org/sites/default/files/2014-15teach-for-america-press-kit.pdf.
15Valerie Strauss, “Why Teach for America Can’t Recruit in My Classroom,” Answer Sheet (blog), Washington Post, February 18, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2013/02/18/professor-why-teach-for-america-cant-recruit-in-my-classroom.
16“Teach for America Welcomes Most Diverse Talent in 25-Year History” (press release), August 11, 2014, https://www.teachforamerica.org/about-us/media-resources/news-releases/teach-america-welcomes-most-diverse-talent-25-year-history.
17“The Ruth Danley & William Enoch Moore Fund,” Foundation Directory Online, last updated December 29, 2014, https://fdo.foundationcenter.org/grantmaker-profile?collection=grantmakers&key=DANL003&page=7&from_search=1.
18Native News Online Staff, “Unprecedented Accomplishments on the Pine Ridge Reservation,” Native News Online, January 31, 2014, http://nativenewsonline.net/education/unprecedented-accomplishments-pine-ridge-reservation.
19“Ways to Give,” Red Cloud Indian School, https://www.redcloudschool.org/waystogive.
CHAPTER FIVE
1Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl, 133 S. Ct. 2552 (2013), https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4067130190123998757&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholar.
2Ibid.
3Joe Flood, “What’s Lurking behind the Suicides?” New Yor
k Times Sunday Review, May 16, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/opinion/sunday/whats-lurking-behind-the-suicides.html.
4Laurel Morales, “Many Native American Communities Struggle with Effects of Heroin Use,” Morning Edition, NPR, May 20, 2015, http://www.npr.org/2015/05/20/405936140/many-native-american-communities-struggle-with-effects-of-heroin-use.
5Timothy Williams, “A Tribe’s Epidemic of Child Sex Abuse, Minimized for Years,” New York Times, September 19, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/20/us/us-steps-in-as-child-sex-abuse-pervades-sioux-tribe.html.
6Timothy Williams, “Psychologist Who Wrote of Abuse Is Punished,” New York Times, July 30, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/us/doctor-who-warned-of-spirit-lake-abuse-is-reprimanded.html.
7Ibid.
8Timothy Williams, “Official Rescinds Punishment of Psychologist on Reservation,” New York Times, August 2, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/03/us/spirit-lake-psychologists-punishment-rescinded.html.
9Sarah Childress, “Man Convicted of Child Abuse at Spirit Lake Reservation,” PBS.org, March 29, 2013, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/biographies/kind-hearted-woman/man-convicted-of-child-abuse-at-spirit-lake-reservation.
10“13th Mandated Report re: Spirit Lake Child Abuse” (blog entry), Christian Alliance for Indian Child Welfare, April 5, 2013, http://caicw.org/tag/senator-hoeven.
11“Rotherham Child Abuse Scandal: 1,400 Children Exploited, Report Finds,” BBC News, August 26, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-28939089.
12Roger Scruton, “Why Did British Police Ignore Pakistani Gangs Abusing 1,400 Rotherham Children? Political Correctness,” Forbes, August 30, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerscruton/2014/08/30/why-did-british-police-ignore-pakistani-gangs-raping-rotherham-children-political-correctness.
13Gordon Rayner, “Denis MacShane: I Was Too Much of a ‘Liberal Leftie’ and Should Have Done More to Investigate Child Abuse,” Telegraph, August 27, 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11059643/Denis-MacShane-I-was-too-much-of-a-liberal-leftie-and-should-have-done-more-to-investigate-child-abuse.html.
14Virginia L. Colin, Infant Attachment: What We Know Now (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991), http://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/infant-attachment-what-we-know-now.
15Jody Allen Crowe, The Fatal Link: The Connection between School Shooters and the Brain Damage from Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol (Denver: Outskirts Press, 2009), p. 8.
16Ibid., p. 9.
17U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders among Native Americans (Washington, D.C.: Author, 2007), http://fasdcenter.samhsa.gov/documents/NI_WYNTK_FASD_Among_AIAN.pdf.
18U.S. Department of Justice, Office on Violence against Women, FY 2016 Congressional Budget Submission, http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/jmd/pages/attachments/2015/02/02/30._office_on_violence_against_women_ovw.pdf.
19Sari Horwitz, “New Law Offers Protection to Abused Native American Women,” Washington Post, February 8, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/new-law-offers-a-sliver-of-protection-to-abused-native-american-women/2014/02/08/0466d1ae-8f73-11e3-84e1-27626c5ef5fb_story.html.
20“Tribal Communities,” U.S. Department of Justice, Office on Violence against Women, http://www.justice.gov/ovw/tribal-communities.
21Laura Sullivan, “Rape Cases on Indian Lands Go Uninvestigated,” All Things Considered, NPR, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12203114.
22Horwitz, “New Law.”
23U.S. Department of Justice, Indian Country Investigations and Prosecutions: 2013 (Washington, D.C.: Author, n.d.), http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/tribal/legacy/2014/08/26/icip-rpt-cy2013.pdf
24Larry Long, Rich Braunstein, Brenda Manning, and William Anderson, “Understanding Contextual Differences in American Indian Criminal Justice,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 32, no. 4 (2008), pp. 41–65, http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/6/1/1/5/p361154_index.html?phpsessid=0f772119710c5e0639550d0cfaf4a08e.
25Ibid.
26Horwitz, “New Law.”
27http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:vuhCzQIbBhQJ:https://www.nacdl.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D24190%26libID%3D24159+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us.
28Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 US 49 – Supreme Court 1978, https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8956958372276107542&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholar.
CONCLUSION
1ICTMN Staff, “Quechan Skate Park Project Turns Down ‘Bribe Money’ From Redskins,” Indian Country Today Media Network, July 17, 2014, http://indiancountryto-daymedianetwork.com/2014/07/17/quechan-skate-park-project-turns-down-bribe-money-redskins-155901.
2Ibid.
3Jeremy Stahl, “Native American Groups Ask Twitter, Facebook, and Google to Remove Washington NFL Accounts,” The Slatest (blog), Slate, August 7, 2014, http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/08/07/native_american_groups_ask_twitter_facebook_and_google_to_remove_washington.html.
4Ken Belson, “Obama Points to ‘Legitimate Concerns’ over Redskins’ Name,” New York Times, October 5, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/sports/football/obama-enters-the-debate-on-the-redskins-name.html.
5“Open Letter From Dan Snyder: The Washington Redskins Original Americans Foundation” (forum post), March 24, 2014, http://es.redskins.com/topic/377755-open-letter-from-dan-snyder-the-washington-redskins-original-americans-foundation.
6Megan Finnerty, “Yuma Tribe Rejects Money from Redskins Owner’s Foundation,” Republic, azcentral.com, http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/arizona/2014/07/18/yuma-tribe-rejects-money-redskins-owners-foundation/12823031.
7National Congress of American Indians, Ending the Legacy of Racism in Sports & the Era of Harmful “Indian” Sports Mascots (Washington, D.C.: Author, 2013), http://www.ncai.org/resources/ncai-publications/Ending_the_Legacy_of_Racism.pdf.
8William Voegeli, “The Redskins and Their Offense,” May 6, 2014, Claremont Review of Books, http://www.claremont.org/article/the-redskins-and-their-offense.
9Victoria Cavaliere, “Seattle Lawmakers Vote to Change Name of Columbus Day Holiday,” Reuters, October 6, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/06/us-usa-washington-columbus-idUSKCN0HV27E20141006.
10Drew DeSilver, “Working on Columbus Day? It Depends on Where You Live,” Pew Research Center, October 8, 2015, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/08/working-on-columbus-day-it-depends-on-where-you-live.
11American Indian Movement Grand Governing Council, “Ward Churchill, Academic Fraud, Literary Fraud, and Indian Fraud” (press statement), July 26, 2007, http://www.aimovement.org/moipr/churchillpress.html.
12Amy Goodman, “Challenging Columbus Day: Denver Organizers Discuss Why They Protest the Holiday,” Democracy Now! October 6, 2006, http://www.democracynow.org/2006/10/6/challenging_columbus_day_denver_organizers_discuss.
13Renee K. Gadoua, “Nuns to Pope: Revoke 15th-Century Doctrine That Allows Christians to Seize Native Land,” Religion News Service, September 9, 2014, http://www.religionnews.com/2014/09/09/nuns-pope-revoke-15th-century-doctrine-allows-christians-seize-native-land.
14Vimal Patel, “Why So Few American Indians Earn Ph.D.’s, and What Colleges Can Do about It,” Chronicle of Higher Education, May 27, 2014, http://chronicle.com/article/Why-So-Few-American-Indians/146715.
15Kelsey Sheehy, “Graduation Rates Dropping among Native American Students,” U.S. News and World Report, June 6, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/education/high-schools/articles/2013/06/06/graduation-rates-dropping-among-native-american-students.
16James Calvin Schaap, “The Dakota War of 1862: Part 2: The Use of Memory,” Books & Culture: A Christian Review, http://www.booksandculture.com/articles/webexclusives/2012/august/dakota-war-of-1862.html.
17Ibid.
18Michelle Sarche and Paul Spicer,
“Poverty and Health Disparities for American Indian and Alaska Native Children: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects,” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567901.
19Kevin Gover (Pawnee), “American Indians Serve in the U.S. Military in Greater Numbers Than Any Ethnic Group and Have Since the Revolution,” National Museum of the American Indian (blog), Huffington Post, May 22, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/national-museum-of-the-american-indian/american-indians-serve-in-the-us-military_b_7417854.html.
20U.S. Census Bureau, “American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month: November 2011,” https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb11-f22.html.
21Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vols. 1 and 2, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Barnes and Noble Publishers, 2003 [1862]), p. 311.
INDEX
Acting White (Buck), 100
addiction
alcoholism, viii, 7, 40, 82, 83, 158–159, 169
annuities enabling, 50
drug use, 7, 51, 151
adoption of children, power over, 145–148
Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (Baby Veronica case), 146
agricultural development, 37
Alaska Natives
military service, 175
sovereign advantage, opposition to, 59–60
Alcantara, Christopher, 32, 42
alcoholism, viii, 7, 40, 82, 83, 158–159, 169
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 173
Allen, William, 164–165, 181
American Indian Movement, 134
American Indian Public Charter School (AIPCS), 107
American Indians. See also specific bands
BIA employees per, on reservations, ix
characterizations of, 13, 15, 167
civilize the savage concept, 10
constitutional protections on reservations, 163–168
demographics/characteristics, 35, 68–69, 180–181, 181
expectations of, 175
extinguishment policies, 3–4
high-school completion rates, 85, 173
homicides, as perpetrators of, 162
honoring the memories of, 172–174