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Blitzed

Page 29

by Norman Ohler


  drug users in, 16

  experiments on detainees, 199–205, 202, 204, 209–10, 255 n21, 257 nn36–37

  extermination camps, 120

  consciousness control, 209

  Conti, Leo, 59–60, 62, 98–100, 119, 143–44

  Corriere della Sera (Milan newspaper), 98

  corticoids, 132

  counterintelligence, 144, 249 n104

  Crimea, 146

  Crowds and Power (Canetti), 210

  crystal meth, 1–2, 2n, 36n, 187

  Czechoslovakia, defeat of, 38

  D

  D-Day, 151–52, 152n, 191

  “D I” to “D X” (drugs), 194

  “D IX” (drug), 193, 194, 196–97, 213

  Dachau concentration camp, 209–10, 255 n21, 256 n36, 258 n41

  DAF (German Labor Front), 90

  Daladier, Édouard, 76

  Darmstadt, 7. See also Merck Company

  defense physiology, 44

  Department Z, 144

  Department ZF, 144

  Desoxyn, 229 n1

  The Devil’s General (Zuckmayer), 97

  dextroamphetamine, 229 n1

  diacetyl morphine. See heroin

  Dicodid, 194

  Dnieper River, 145

  Döblin, Alfred, 10

  doctors

  drug use, 34, 136

  drug use, penalties for, 15

  in Nazi Party, 20, 231 n41

  Pervitin’s advertising campaign, 31–32, 37

  dolantin (opioid), 113

  Dönitz, Karl, 150, 191, 197, 199, 205, 224

  The Doors of Perception (Huxley), 210

  dopamine, 29

  Dr. Koester’s anti-gas pills, 169–71

  Dresden, bombing of, 216

  drugs, etymology of word, 15n

  Dunkirk, 79–83

  E

  “Eagle’s Eyrie” (Adlerhorst), 212, 215

  Eberle, Henrik, 104–5

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 213

  Elser, Georg, 56, 209n

  Engel-Apotheke, Berlin-Mitte, 90, 125, 126, 140, 243 n11, 248 n89

  Engel-Apotheke, Darmstadt, 7

  English Channel, 244 n30

  ephedrine, 29, 232 n46

  Ernst, Konrad, 242 n11

  Eukodal

  active ingredient, 136, 248 n84

  addictiveness, 136, 163

  availability, 248 n80, 248 n84

  in “D I” to “D X” drugs, 194

  in “D IX,” 193, 194

  effects of, 136

  Göring’s use of, 223n

  history of, 136

  Hitler’s use of, 135–36, 137, 138–43, 145, 151, 162–65, 164, 173, 175, 181–82, 184–85, 212–15, 217, 252 n147

  side-effects, 182

  therapeutic dose, 162, 252 n147

  Eupaverin (anticonvulsive), 164, 173, 181, 212

  euthanasia, of drug users, 17, 231 n31

  exhaustion. See fatigue

  Expert Group on Opium and Cocaine (Fachgruppe Opium und Kokain), 9–10

  extermination camps, 120. See also concentration camps

  F

  Fachgruppe Opium und Kokain (Expert Group on Opium and Cocaine), 9–10

  Fall Rot (operation Case Red), 83–84

  Farmacija (company), 140

  fatigue

  cocaine for, 240 n126

  in German Army, 40, 42, 46, 50, 63–64

  in German Navy, 245 n30

  Pervitin for, 40, 42, 50, 58, 63–64, 245 n30

  Faust (Goethe), 5–6, 142–43, 163

  fear, Pervitin for, 37

  Fest, Joachim C., 104, 252 n138

  1st Panzer Division, 69, 237 n64

  First World War

  cocaine use, 96, 240 n126

  German defeat, reasons for, 10, 229 n11

  Versailles Treaty, 8, 9

  Flanders, battle for, 82

  Fonck, René, 95

  Foreign/Counter-Intelligence Office, 144, 249 n104

  France

  declaration of war on Germany, 55

  French Army, strength of, 55

  German invasion, of heartland, 83–85, 84

  German invasion, speed of, 71–77

  Germany’s plan of attack, 55–57

  Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), 7

  Frankfurt. See IG Farben

  Freiburg Military Archive, 42, 44, 52

  Funk, Walther, 149

  G

  Gable, Clark, 151

  Gamelin, Maurice, 76

  genocide of Jews, 114, 120, 121, 130

  German Army

  autoimmunological downfall, 133

  Medical Academy, 44–45, 50–51, 189–90

  methamphetamine use, 44–45, 223–24

  number of soldiers, 37, 55

  Paris, invasion of, 83, 85

  speed of advance, 72–77, 85–86

  supply lines, 131–32, 247 n68

  German Army, Pervitin use

  Ardennes offensive, 63, 69–72, 236 n49, 237 n64

  concerns about, 54, 57–58, 60, 62

  as crucial to the war, 101, 102

  dependencies, 89

  distribution, 73

  dosage, 64, 84, 86, 88

  8th Panzer Division, 53

  factory order size, 65

  for fatigue, 40, 42, 50, 53, 63–64

  final phase of war, 187–89

  IV Army Corps, 54

  France, Battle of, 83–85, 84

  by leaders, 143–44

  by medical officers, 50–51

  IX Army Corps, 53

  ordered by officers, 88–89

  Poland, invasion of, 51–54, 63–64

  prophylactic use, 57–58

  side-effects, 88–89

  Soviet Union, attack on, 112, 118–19

  “stimulant decree” (1940), 61, 63–64

  Sudetenland, 234 n11

  3rd Panzer Division, 52

  to treat wounded, 188

  German Labor Front (DAF), 90

  German Navy

  cocaine use, 206, 206–8

  K-Verbände, 191–92, 194, 196–97, 225, 255 n18

  miracle drug, quest for, 190–92, 194, 196–97, 198, 199, 203, 208

  miracle drug, testing in concentration camp, 199, 201–5

  miracle drug, use of, 206, 206–8

  Pervitin use, 199, 244 n30

  Scho-ka-kola use, 244 n30

  Germany

  1920s drug use, 8–9

  declarations of war, 55, 119–20

  economy, 10, 27–28, 37

  foreign policy successes, 37

  Pervitin use by civilians, 100, 100n, 254 n6

  pharmaceutical industry, 6–10

  Soviet advance toward, 151, 215, 221–22, 224

  Versailles Treaty, 8, 9

  Germany, attack on Soviet Union

  attritional warfare, 119

  German advance, 125

  German headquarters, 110

  goal, 113

  Hitler’s division of forces, 122–23

  Hitler’s “fanatical resistance,” 117–18

  Kharkov, control of, 129–31

  Kursk battle, 135

  Moscow offensive, 116–17

  Pervitin use, 112, 118–19

  planning, 101, 110

  Soviet defense and counteroffensives, 111–12, 117, 145, 146

  Stalingrad, 134

  Gestapo, 127n, 209, 238 n92

  Giesing, Erwin, 157–62, 169–72, 251 n132, 252 n138

  Der Giftpilz (“The Poisonous Mushroom”), 19

  glucocorticoids, 132

  glucose, Hitler’s injections of, 25–26, 112, 137, 141, 150, 156, 173, 179, 212, 213

  glyconorm (steroid), 112–13

  Gneisenau (battleship), 244 n30

  Goebbels, Joseph

  estate on Schwanenwerder Island, 27

  on Hitler, 25, 120

  on Hitler’s health, 116, 133–34, 141, 151–52, 214, 218

  injections, 247 n75

  letter to H
itler, 108

  smoking habit, 152, 153

  Wochenschau (newsreel), 80

  Goebbels, Magda, 223

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 5–6, 142–43, 163, 227

  Goldschmied, Wilma, 127n

  Gone with the Wind (movie), 151

  Göring, Hermann

  appearance, 94–95

  arrest by Allies, 223n

  Britain, Battle of, 91–94

  Cardiazol use, 127

  Dunkirk plans, 81–82, 91

  at Felsennest, 80

  final days of war, 223

  Germany’s economic independence, 28

  Luftwaffe administration, 94–98

  and Morell, 91, 139, 218

  morphine addiction, 80–81, 91, 95, 223, 223n, 238 n92

  Pervitin, as “decisive for the outcome of the war,” 101

  Soviet Union, supply drops, 125

  wife of, 149

  Gorrissen (patient), 254 n6

  Grass, Günter, 14

  Great Britain

  Battle of Britain, 91–98

  bombing raids on German cities, 121, 146

  declaration of war on Germany, 55

  Dunkirk evacuation, 81–82

  German penetration of English Channel, 244 n30

  Greece, retreat from, 187

  Greul, Emil, 194

  Guderian, Heinz

  Abbeville, occupation of, 80

  Ardennes offensive, 56–57, 67–69, 72–73

  Blitzkrieg, coining of term, 73

  Dunkirk, 80, 82

  on endurance, 83

  France, Battle of, 84

  on Hitler’s health, 178

  Soviet Union, attack on, 117

  speed of advance, 73–74, 85–86

  “Think Big,” 237 n60

  H

  Hácha, Emil, 38

  Haffner, Felix, 32, 242 n11

  Haffner, Sebastian, 124, 220

  Halder, Franz, 56, 69, 77, 119, 123

  Hamburg, cocaine market, 9

  Hamma Company, 127–29, 150, 239 n113

  Handloser, Siegfried, 99

  Hartmann, Volker, 189–90

  Hartwig, Jürgen, 36

  Hasselbach, Hanskarl von, 165, 172, 182

  Hauschild, Fritz, 5, 28–29, 28n, 34, 36, 46

  heart problems, as Pervitin side-effect, 88–89

  Heikorn, Adolf, 127n

  Heikorn, Friedrich, 127n

  Heikorn, Hedwig, 127n

  Heikorn, Wilma, 127n

  Heikorn Company, 127–29

  heroin, 7–8, 9–10, 144

  Heubner, Professor Dr., 243 n11

  Heusinger, Adolf, 153

  Heye, Hellmuth, 193

  and concentration camp experiments, 203, 255 n21

  K-Verbände, 191, 192, 197, 208, 216, 225

  miracle drug, quest for, 194, 196, 199, 203, 208

  postwar life, 209

  high blood pressure, as Pervitin side-effect, 89

  Hildebrand Company, 34, 35, 233 n56

  Himmler, Heinrich

  arms conference at Wolf’s Lair, 191

  concentration camps, breeding of herbs and drugs, 256 n36

  Morell, suspicions about, 166, 170, 171, 172

  as Morell’s patient, 149

  and Skorzeny, 196

  SS’s economic empire, 257 n36

  SS’s Vitamultin use, 90–91, 239 n113

  Hippke, Erich, 91

  Hiropon, 29n

  Hitler (Fest), 104

  Hitler, Adolf, health of. See also Hitler, Adolf, Morell as personal physician to

  on abstinence, 211

  alcohol consumption, 134–35

  anxiety, 77–78, 218

  arteriosclerotic Parkinson’s disease, 178

  assassination attempt, effects of, 154–60, 156

  cocaine use, 159–63, 251 n138

  decline (1941 onward), 106, 107, 112–13, 135, 177

  distrust of doctors, 25

  Dr. Koester’s anti-gas pills, 169–70

  drug addiction, 104, 144, 163–64, 182–86, 217–19

  final days, 223–24

  final phase of war, 212–21

  flu and conjunctivitis, 153

  as Giesing’s patient, 157–62, 169–70, 251 n132, 252 n138

  on health, 127

  healthy image of, 14–15, 133–34, 140, 214, 249 n90

  inferiority complex, 78

  jaundice, 169, 170

  narcotics use, 183, 243 n11

  paranoia, 77–78, 218

  psychological condition, 134–35, 157–58, 184–85

  reality, severed relations with, 119–20, 121, 123, 124–25, 134, 174

  research on, 103–4

  sleepwalking, 77

  speedball, 162–65

  stimulation, need for, 124

  stomach and intestinal pains, 23–24, 27, 125, 135–36, 137, 151, 163, 174, 182, 183, 184, 251 n138

  suicide, 224–25

  tremors, 148–49, 176, 178, 182, 214, 216

  vegetarianism, 107, 114, 150

  Hitler, Adolf, leadership of

  absolute control, need for, 77–78, 120, 125, 134, 174

  on abstinence, 211

  Adlerhorst (“Eagle’s Eyrie”), 212, 215

  Ardennes, first attack on, 62–63

  Ardennes, second attack on, 184, 212–13, 215

  assassination attempts, 56, 153–58, 209n

  at Berghof, 145–46

  Britain, Battle of, 92

  bunker mentality, 120, 124, 134, 185

  commanders, concerns about health of, 22–23, 143, 249 n98

  commanders, relationship with, 76–78, 97, 108, 122–24, 196

  coups against (planned), 56

  Czechoslovakia, seizure of, 38

  D-Day, 152, 152n, 191

  desire to be the greatest, 222

  Dunkirk plans, 81, 82

  English Channel, retreat through, 244 n30

  Felsennest (“cliff nest”) headquarters, 67, 77, 80

  final phase of war, 211–21, 223

  France, planned attack on, 55–57

  infallibility, 82–83, 134

  inferiority complex, 78

  Jews, policies concerning, 18, 120

  and Luftwaffe, 81, 97

  Mein Kampf, 13, 185

  miracle weapon, belief in, 191, 197, 216

  as morale booster, 141–42

  Mussolini, meetings with, 135, 136, 138–39, 155

  Nazi putsch, failed (1923), 190

  Nero decree, 221

  popularity, 38

  prewar, 37–38

  Soviet Union, attack on, 110–13, 117–18, 120, 122–23, 125, 134

  speed of advance, misunderstanding of, 86

  successor, 191, 223

  “Werwolf” (headquarters in Ukraine), 120–27

  Western Front, 161

  at Wolf’s Lair, 108–17, 120, 134

  Wolf’s Lair arms conference, 191

  Wolf’s Lair superbunker, 175, 183

  Hitler, Adolf, Morell as personal physician to, 123, 166

  absorption of injections, 125

  analyses of, 104–5

  appointment of, 22–25

  assassination attempt on Hitler, 154–55

  barbiturate-based narcotics, 183

  bloodletting, 219, 243 n22

  confidentiality, 165

  drug withdrawal, 216–20

  Eukodal use, 135–36, 137, 138–43, 145, 151, 162–65, 164, 173, 175, 181–82, 184–85, 212–15, 252 n147

  Eupaverin use, 181, 212

  as exhausting for Morell, 149

  file cards, 137, 156

  final phase of war, 216–17, 221

  and Giesing, 158–59, 169–70

 

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