Solzhenitsyn

by Joseph Pearce

  15. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1, p. 601. Back to text.

  16. Ibid., p. 602. Back to text.

  17. Ibid. Back to text.

  18. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1968), p. 47. Back to text.

  19. Dimitri Panin, The Notebooks of Sologdin (London: Hutchinson, 1976), p. 262. Back to text.

  20. Ibid., pp. xiii, 262-63. Back to text.

  21. Ibid., p. 6. Back to text.

  22. Ibid. Back to text.

  23. Ibid. Back to text.

  24. Ibid., p. 12. Back to text.

  25. Ibid. Back to text.

  26. Ibid. Back to text.

  27. Robert C. Pollock, ed., The Mind of Pius XII (London: Fireside Press / W. Foulsham & Co., 1955), p. 52. Back to text.

  28. Ibid., p. 33. Back to text.

  29. Panin, Notebooks of Sologdin, pp. 12-13. Back to text.

  30. Ibid., p. 13. Back to text.

  31. Ibid., p. 259. Back to text.

  32. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, pp. 139-40. Back to text.

  33. Ibid., pp. 38 -39. Back to text.

  34. Ibid., p. 39. Back to text.

  35. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.

  Chapter Eight

  1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1968), p. 168. Back to text.

  2. Ibid., pp. 168-69. Back to text.

  3. Quoted in Gregory Wolfe, Malcolm Muggeridge: A Biography (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1995), p. 243. Back to text.

  4. Daily Telegraph (Sept. 9, 1951). Back to text.

  5. Ibid. Back to text.

  6. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.

  7. Ibid Back to text.

  8. Ibid. Back to text.

  9. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, pp. 200-201. Back to text.

  10. Ibid., p. 201. Back to text.

  11. Natalya Reshetovskaya, Sanya: My Life with Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Indianapolis / New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), p. 132. Back to text.

  12. Ibid., p. 136. Back to text.

  13. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, p. 253. Back to text.

  14. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 148. Back to text.

  15. Ibid. Back to text.

  16. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, p. 581. Back to text.

  17. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 152. Back to text.

  18. Ibid. Back to text.

  19. Ibid., p. 162. Back to text.

  20. Ibid. Back to text.

  21. Ibid., p. 169. Back to text.

  22. Ibid. Back to text.

  23. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 309. Back to text.

  24. See Matthew 10:39;Mark 8:35; Luke 9:24. Back to text.

  25. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 115. Back to text.

  26. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1975), p. 612. Back to text.

  27. Ibid., p. 613. Back to text.

  28. Ibid. Back to text.

  29. Ibid. Back to text.

  30. Ibid. Back to text.

  31. This poem was translated for the author by Michael A. Nicholson from the Russian edition of The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2. Back to text.

  Chapter Nine

  1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.

  2. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview published in Encounter, April 1976, quoted in Solzhenitsyn in Exile: Critical Essays and Documentary Materials, ed. John B. Dunlop, Richard S. Haugh, and Michael Nicholson (Stanford: Hoover Institute Press, 1985), p. 262. Back to text.

  3. Quoted in D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 194. Back to text.

  4. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), p. 366. Back to text.

  5. Ibid., pp. 366-67. Back to text.

  6. Ibid., p. 367. Back to text.

  7. Ibid., p. 104. Back to text.

  8. Ibid., pp. 104-5. Back to text.

  9. Ibid., p. 106. Back to text.

  10. Ibid., pp. 106-7. Back to text.

  11. Ibid., p. 107. Back to text.

  12. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.

  13. Ibid. Back to text.

  14. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 406. Back to text.

  15. Ibid., p. 420. Back to text.

  16. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1968), p. 120. Back to text.

  17. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3, pp. 421-22. Back to text.

  18. Ibid., p. 428. Back to text.

  19. Ibid., p. 440. Back to text.

  20. Ibid. Back to text.

  21. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Cancer Ward (London: Book Club Associates by arrangement with The Bodley Head, 1975), pp. 37-38. Back to text.

  22. Ibid., p. 522. Back to text.

  23. Ibid., p. 478. Back to text.

  24. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.

  25. Ibid. Back to text.

  26. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 328. Back to text.

  27. Paul Johnson, Intellectuals (London: Weidenfeld, 1988), p. 244. Back to text.

  28. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 440. Back to text.

  29. Ibid. Back to text.

  30. Supreme Court of the USSR, Decision no. 4n-083/56, published in Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, ed. Leopold Labedz, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), p. 26. Back to text.

  31. Ibid. Back to text.

  Chapter Ten

  1. Natalya Reshetovskaya, Sanya: My Life with Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Indianapolis / New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), pp. 185-86. Back to text.

  2. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 355. Back to text.

  3. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 187. Back to text.

  4. Ibid., p. 188. Back to text.

  5. Ibid., p. 191. Back to text.

  6. Ibid., p. 192. Back to text.

  7. Ibid., p. 200. Back to text.

  8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1968), pp. 38 -39. Back to text.

  9. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, p. 115. Back to text.

  10. Ibid., p. 206. Back to text.

  11. Ibid., p. 207. Back to text.

  12. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.

  13. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Warning to the Western World (Mar. 1, 1976), transcript of interview on Panorama, BBC Television (London: The Bodley Head & BBC, 1976), p. 5. Back to text.

  14. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.

  15. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 382. Back to text.

  16. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1963), p. 139. Back to text.

  17. Leopold Labedz, ed., Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), p. 31. Back to text.

  18. Quoted in Leonid Rzhevsky, Solzhenitsyn: Creator and Heroic Deed (Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1978), p. 17. Back to text.

  19. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.

  20. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Matryona’s House, in Stories and Prose Poems (London: The Bodley Head, 1971), p. 54. Back to text.

  21. Luke 11:35. Back to text.

  22. Reshetovskaya, Sanya, pp. 214, 215. Back to text.

  23. Ibid., p. 214. Back to text.

  24. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.

  25. Ibid. Back to text.

  26. Solzhenitsyn, Candle in the Wind. Back to text.

  27. Ibid., pp. 119, 133. Back to text.

  28. Ibid., p. 17. Back to text.

  29. Quoted in Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, p. 31. Back to text.

&n
bsp; 30. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 408. Back to text.

  31. Ibid., pp. 406-7. Back to text.

  32. Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, p. 31. Back to text.

  33. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 414. Back to text.

  34. Ibid., p. 415. Back to text.

  35. Ibid., p. 418. Back to text.

  36. Ibid., p. 421. Back to text.

  37. Ibid., p. 434. Back to text.

  38. Michel Tatu, Power in the Kremlin (New York: Viking Press, 1967), p. 248. Back to text.

  39. Max Hayward and Edward L. Crowley, eds., Soviet Literature in the Sixties (London: Methuen, 1965), p. 191. Back to text.

  Chapter Eleven

  1. Izvestia, Nov. 18, 1962. Back to text.

  2. Pravda, Nov. 23, 1962. Back to text.

  3. The reactions to the publication of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich on this and the following pages were published in Leopold Labedz, ed., Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), pp. 48-53. Back to text.

  4. Ibid. Back to text.

  5. Ibid. Back to text.

  6. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), pp. 473-74. Back to text.

  7. Ibid., p. 474. Back to text.

  8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1 (London: Book Club Associates, 1974), p. 298. Back to text.

  9. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 930. Back to text.

  10. Literaturnaya Gazeta, Mar. 19, 1963. Back to text.

  11. Komsomolskaya Pravda, Mar. 22, 1963. Back to text.

  12. Literaturnaya Gazeta, Mar. 12, 1963. Back to text.

  13. Literaturnaya Gazeta, Aug. 31, 1963. Back to text.

  14. Ibid. Back to text.

  15. Literaturnaya Gazeta, Oct. 15, 1963. Back to text.

  16. Literaturnaya Gazeta, Oct. 19, 1963. Back to text.

  17. Pravda, Apr. 11, 1964. Back to text.

  18. Leonid Rzhevsky, Solzhenitsyn: Creator and Heroic Deed (Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1978), p. 68. Back to text.

  19. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), pp. 73-76. Back to text.

  20. Ibid. Back to text.

  21. Ibid. Back to text.

  22. Ibid., p. 87. Back to text.

  23. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), p. 526. Back to text.

  24. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 103. Back to text.

  25. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Invisible Allies (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), p. 59. Back to text.

  26. Ibid., p. 116. Back to text.

  27. Ibid., pp. 20-21. Back to text.

  28. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 533. Back to text.

  29. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, pp. 990-91. Back to text.

  Chapter Twelve

  1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, “Easter Procession”, in Stories and Prose Poems (London: The Bodley Head, 1971), pp. 121-26. Back to text.

  2. Ibid. Back to text.

  3. Ibid. Back to text.

  4. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), p. 135. Back to text.

  5. Leopold Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), pp. 87-109. Back to text.

  6. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 458. Back to text.

  7. Ibid., pp. 142-45. Back to text.

  8. Ibid., pp. 144-45. Back to text.

  9. Ibid. Back to text.

  10. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 575. Back to text.

  11. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3 (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1978), p. 527. Back to text.

  12. Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, p. 107. Back to text.

  13. Ibid., p. 112. Back to text.

  14. Ibid. Back to text.

  15. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, pp. 169-74. Back to text.

  16. Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, pp. 130-31. Back to text.

  17. Ibid., p. 133. Back to text.

  18. Edward Ericson, Jr., Solzhenitsyn: The Moral Vision (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1980), p. 89. Back to text.

  19. Ibid., p. 147. Back to text.

  20. Ibid., p. 152. Back to text.

  21. Ibid., pp. 151-52. Back to text.

  22. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Invisible Allies, trans. Alexis Klimoff and Michael Nicholson (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), p. 197. Back to text.

  23. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, note appended to Alya Solzhenitsyn’s answers to the author, October 1998. Back to text.

  24. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 484. Back to text.

  25. The foregoing biographical information was given by Alya Solzhenitsyn in answer to questions from the author. Back to text.

  26. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Invisible Allies (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), pp. 198-200. Back to text.

  27. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 340. Back to text.

  28. Solzhenitsyn, Invisible Allies, pp. 198-99. Back to text.

  29. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 661. Back to text.

  30. Ibid, p. 642. Back to text.

  Chapter Thirteen

  1. Leopold Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), pp. 181, 215. Back to text.

  2. Ibid., p. 217. Back to text.

  3. Ibid., p. 218. Back to text.

  4. Ibid., p. 220. Back to text.

  5. Ibid. Back to text.

  6. Ibid., p. 221. Back to text.

  7. Ibid., pp. 222-23. Back to text.

  8. Ibid., p. 223. Back to text.

  9. Ibid., p. 237. Back to text.

  10. Soviet Weekly, Oct. 17, 1970. Back to text.

  11. Komsomolskaya Pravda, Oct. 17, 1970. Back to text.

  12. Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, p. 244. Back to text.

  13. Humanité, Oct. 9, 1970. Back to text.

  14. L’Unita, Oct. 9, 1970. Back to text.

  15. New York Times, Nov. 16, 1970. Back to text.

  16. New York Times, Dec. I, 1970. Back to text.

  17. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Lecture (New York: Stenvalley Press, 1972), pp. 5-6. Back to text.

  18. Quoted in Niels C. Nielsen, Solzhenitsyn’s Religion (London: Mowbray, 1976), p. 135. Back to text.

  19. Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Lecture, p. 19. Back to text.

  20. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.

  21. Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Lecture, p. 19. Back to text.

  22. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.

  Chapter Fourteen

  1. Leopold Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), pp. 270-71. Back to text.

  2. The Times, Mar. 5, 1976. Back to text.

  3. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), p. 327. Back to text.

  4. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Invisible Allies (Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995), p. 130. Back to text.

  5. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 327. Back to text.

  6. Ibid., p. 330. Back to text.

  7. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, A Lenten Letter to Pimen, Patriarch of All Russia (Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing, 1972), p. 5. Back to text.

  8. Ibid., p. 8. Back to text.

  9. Quoted in Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), pp. 768-69. Back to text.

  10. Quoted in Edward E. Ericson, Jr., Solzhenitsyn: The Moral Vision (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1980), p. 4. Back to text.

  11. Ibid. Back to text.


  12. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 769. Back to text.

  13. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 332. Back to text.

  14. Washington Post, Apr. 21, 1992. Back to text.

  15. Ibid. Back to text.

  16. Ibid. Back to text.

  17. Sovershenno Sekretno (1992), no. 4. Back to text.

  18. Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), p. 180. Back to text.

  19. New York Times, May 15, 1997, http://nytimes.com. Back to text.

  20. Edward E. Ericson, Jr., and Alexis Klimoff, The Soul and Barbed Wire (Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books), 2008, p. 27. Back to text.

  21. Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, pp. 267-68. Back to text.

  22. Ibid., p. 268. Back to text.

  23. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, pp. 363-66. Back to text.

  24. Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 819. Back to text.

  25. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Letter to Soviet Leaders (London: Index on Censorship, 1974), p. 20. Back to text.

  26. Ibid., p. 21. Back to text.

  27. Ibid., p. 26. Back to text.

  28. Ibid., p. 35. Back to text.

  29. Ibid., p. 37. Back to text.

  30. Ibid., pp. 37-38. Back to text.

  31. Ibid., pp. 56-57. Back to text.

  32. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.

  33. Alexander Solzhenitsyn et al., From under the Rubble (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Co., 1975), p. 15. Back to text.

  34. Ibid., p. 19. Back to text.

  35. Ibid., p. 21. Back to text.

  36. Ibid., pp. 21-22. Back to text.

  37. Ibid., p. 23. Back to text.

  38. Ibid., pp. 24-25. Back to text.

  39. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.

  40. Solzhenitsyn et al., From under the Rubble, p. 120. Back to text.

  41. Ibid., pp. 120-21. Back to text.

  42. Ibid., pp. 136-37. Back to text.

  43. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.

  44. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 379. Back to text.

  Chapter Fifteen

  1. Pravda, Jan. 14, 1974. Back to text.

  2. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), p. 531. Back to text.

  3. Leopold Labedz, Solzhenitsyn: A Documentary Record, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974), p. 362. Back to text.

  4. New York Times, Jan. 15, 1974. Back to text.

  5. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, p. 538. Back to text.