Solzhenitsyn
Page 42
6. New York Times, Mar. 28, 1974. Back to text.
7. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Lenin in Zurich (London: The Bodley Head, 1976), p. 223. Back to text.
8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.
9. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1 (London: Book Club Associates, 1974), p. 475. Back to text.
10. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 883. Back to text.
11. Ibid. Back to text.
12. Quoted in D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 446. Back to text.
13. Ibid. Back to text.
14. Ibid. Back to text.
15. Ibid. Back to text.
16. Niels C. Nielsen, Solzhenitsyn’s Religion (London: Mowbray, 1976), p. 144. Back to text.
17. Ibid., pp. 154-55. Back to text.
18. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Detente: Prospects for Democracy and Dictatorship (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1977), pp. 37, 36. Back to text.
19. Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 433. Back to text.
20. Ibid. Back to text.
21. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Warning to the Western World (Mar. 1, 1976), transcript of interview on Panorama, BBC Television (London: The Bodley Head & BBC, 1976), p. 8. Back to text.
22. Ibid., p. 9. Back to text.
23. Ibid., p. 12. Back to text.
24. Quoted in Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, p. 946. Back to text.
25. Ibid., p. 947. Back to text.
26. Ibid. Back to text.
27. Ibid. Back to text.
28. Ibid., p. 948. Back to text.
29. Ibid. Back to text.
Chapter Sixteen
1. The Times, Mar. 25 and 31, 1976. Back to text.
2. Solzhenitsyn in Exile: Critical Essays and Documentary Materials, ed. John B. Dunlop, Richard S. Haugh, and Michael Nicholson (Stanford: Hoover Institute Press, 1985), p. 262. Back to text.
3. The Times, May 1, 1976. Back to text.
4. The Times, Apr. 4, 1977. Back to text.
5. The Times, July 26, 1977. Back to text.
6. The Times, Nov. 18, 1977. Back to text.
7. The Times, Feb. 22, 1978. Back to text.
8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, “A World Split Apart”, in Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, ed. Ronald Berman (Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1980), pp. 8-9. Back to text.
9. Ibid., p. 10. Back to text.
10. Ibid., pp. 12-13. Back to text.
11. Ibid., p. 16. Back to text.
12. Ibid., pp. 16-17. Back to text.
13. Ibid., p. 19. Back to text.
14. Richard Pipes, “In the Russian Intellectual Tradition”, in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, p. 115. Back to text.
15. New York Times, June 11, 1978. Back to text.
16. The Times, June 21, 1978. Back to text.
17. George F. Will, “Solzhenitsyn’s Critics”, in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, p. 33. Back to text.
18. The Times, Aug. 1, 1978. Back to text.
19. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, Sept. 24, 1998. Back to text.
20. Dimitri Panin, The Notebooks of Sologdin (London: Hutchinson, 1976), p. 265. Back to text.
21. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.
22. Ibid. Back to text.
23. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, letter to the author, Aug. 1998. Back to text.
24. Ibid. Back to text.
25. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, East and West (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), pp. 174-75. Back to text.
26. Ibid., pp. 175-76. Back to text.
27. Daily Telegraph, Feb. 14, 1979. Back to text.
28. Daily Telegraph, Mar. 27, 1979. Back to text.
29. Edward E. Ericson, Jr., Solzhenitsyn: The Moral Vision (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1980), pp. 2-3. Back to text.
30. Malcolm Muggeridge, foreword, in ibid., p. xiii. Back to text.
31. Ibid., pp. xiv-xv. Back to text.
Chapter Seventeen
1. Daily Telegraph, Oct. 15, 1979. Back to text.
2. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Hutchinson, 1985), p. 993. Back to text.
3. The Times, Nov. 20, 1982. Back to text.
4. The Times, May 11, 1983. Back to text.
5. The Times, May 12, 1983. Back to text.
6. The Times, May 23, 1983. Back to text.
7. Ibid. Back to text.
8. Ibid. Back to text.
9. Ibid. Back to text.
10. The Times, July 5, 1983. Back to text.
11. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.
12. The Times, Dec. 12, 1983. Back to text.
13. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.
14. Ibid. Back to text.
15. Ibid. Back to text.
16. The Times, June 26, 1985. Back to text.
17. Alya Solzhenitsyn, written answer to the author’s questions, Oct. 1998. Back to text.
18. The Times, Mar. 4, 1987. Back to text.
19. The Times, Apr. 12, 1988. Back to text.
20. The Times, Aug. 15, 1988. Back to text.
21. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 498. Back to text.
22. The Times, Nov. 30, 1988. Back to text.
23. The Times, Mar. 21, 1989. Back to text.
24. Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 498. Back to text.
25. The Times, June 3, 1989. Back to text.
26. The Times, Dec. 12, 1989. Back to text.
Chapter Eighteen
1. The Times, Jan. 6, 1990. Back to text.
2. Ibid. Back to text.
3. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, e-mail to the author, July 10, 2010. Back to text.
4. The Times, Jan. 6, 1990. Back to text.
5. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 473. Back to text.
6. Yermolai Solzhenitsyn, letter to the author, Sept. 27, 1998. Back to text.
7. Ibid. Back to text.
8. Ibid. Back to text.
9. Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 473. Back to text.
10. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, letter to the author, undated [Sept. 1998]. Back to text.
11. Ibid. Back to text.
12. Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 474. Back to text.
13. Ibid. Back to text.
14. The Times, Feb. 13, 1990. Back to text.
15. Daily Telegraph, Feb. 28, 1998; Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 498. Back to text.
16. The Times, Apr. 12, 1990. Back to text.
17. The Times, May 1, 1990. Back to text.
18. The Times, Aug. 17, 1990. Back to text.
19. The Times, Aug. 25, 1990. Back to text.
20. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Rebuilding Russia (London: Harvill / HarperCollins, 1991), pp. 9-10. Back to text.
21. Ibid., pp. 34-35. Back to text.
22. Ibid., p. 35. Back to text.
23. Ibid., p. 40. Back to text.
24. Ibid., p. 49. Back to text.
25. Ibid., p. 23. Back to text.
26. Ibid., p. 37. Back to text.
27. Ibid., pp. 71-72. Back to text.
28. Ibid., p. 33. Back to text.
29. Ibid., p. 34. Back to text.
30. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.
31. Ibid. Back to text.
32. Solzhenitsyn, Rebuilding Russia, p. 90. Back to text.
33. Ibid., pp. 44-45. Back to text.
34. The Times, Sept. 19, 1990. Back to text.
35. The Times, May 14, 1992. Back to text.
36. The Times, June 17, 1992. Back to text.
37. Ibid. Back to text.
38. Ibid. Back to text.
; 39. The Times, June 1, 1993. Back to text.
40. The Times, June 4, 1993. Back to text.
41. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, letter. Back to text.
42. Ibid. Back to text.
43. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Russian Question (London: The Harvill Press, 1995), pp. 114-15. Back to text.
44. Ibid., p. 115. Back to text.
45. Ibid., p. 117. Back to text.
46. Ibid. Back to text.
47. Ibid., p. 119. Back to text.
Chapter Nineteen
1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.
2. Ibid. Back to text.
3. Ibid. Back to text.
4. The Times, Mar. 2, 1994. Back to text.
5. New Yorker, Feb. 14, 1994. Back to text.
6. Ibid. Back to text.
7. The Times, Apr. 26, 1994. Back to text.
8. Ibid. Back to text.
9. The Times, May 20, 1994. Back to text.
10. The Times, May 30, 1994. Back to text.
11. The Times, May 28, 1994. Back to text.
12. Ibid. Back to text.
13. New Yorker, Feb. 14 1994. Back to text.
14. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, letter to the author, undated [Sept. 1998.] Back to text.
15. Yermolai Solzhenitsyn, letter to the author, Sept. 27, 1998. Back to text.
16. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 503. Back to text.
17. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, May 1994; quoted in ibid., pp. 514, 523. Back to text.
18. Guardian, May 28, 1994. Back to text.
19. Doctor Michael Nicholson, interview with the author, University College, Oxford, Nov. 2, 1998. Back to text.
20. Doctor Michael Nicholson, “Solzhenitsyn, Exile and the Genius Loci”, unpublished manuscript. Back to text.
21. Ibid. Back to text.
22. Thomas, Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life, p. 528. Back to text.
23. Ibid. Back to text.
24. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.
25. Quoted in Nicholson, “Solzhenitsyn, Exile and the Genius Loci”. Back to text.
26. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.
27. Reuters press release, Nov. 26, 1996. Back to text.
28. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, “Russia Close to its Deathbed”, Le Monde, Nov. 25, 1996. Back to text.
29. Ibid. Back to text.
30. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.
31. Reuters press release, Nov. 26, 1996. Back to text.
32. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.
33. Ibid. Back to text.
34. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.
35. Solzhenitsyn, interview. Back to text.
36. Ibid. Back to text.
37. Ibid. Back to text.
38. Ibid. Back to text.
39. Ibid. Back to text.
40. Nicholson, interview. Back to text.
41. Yermolai Solzhenitsyn, letter. Back to text.
42. Ibid. Back to text.
43. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, letter. Back to text.
44. Doctor Michael Nicholson, “Solzhenitsyn as ‘Socialist Realist’ ”, in In the Party Spirit: Socialist Realism and Literary Practice in the Soviet Union, East Germany and China, ed. Hilary Chung (Amsterdam and Atlanta, Ga.: Rodopi, 1996), p. 68. Back to text.
45. Quoted in ibid. Back to text.
Chapter Twenty
1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, speech given in Moscow at the unveiling of a statue in honor of Anton Chekhov, Oct. 26, 1998; translated for the author by Ignat Solzhenitsyn from his father’s notes. Back to text.
2. Ignat Solzhenitsyn, conversation with the author, Nov. 1998. Back to text.
3. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.
4. Ibid. Unless otherwise specified, all other quotes by Solzhenitsyn in this chapter are from his interview with the author. Back to text.
5. Doctor Michael Nicholson, interview with the author, Nov. 2, 1998, University College, Oxford. Back to text.
6. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Cancer Ward (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968), p. 432. Back to text.
7. J. R. R. Tolkien, The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays, ed. Christopher Tolkien (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984), pp. 153-54; J. R. R. Tolkien, The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, ed. Humphrey Carpenter (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 53-54. Back to text.
8. Ibid. Back to text.
Chapter Twenty-One
1. Quoted in Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf (London: Collins & Harvill Press, 1980), p. 538. Back to text.
2. Quoted in ibid., p. 389. Back to text.
3. A more thorough investigation of the range of criticism of Solzhenitsyn’s legacy can be found in Edward E. Ericson’s article in Modern Age, Spring 2002. Back to text.
4. D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life (London: Little, Brown and Co., 1998), p. 449. Back to text.
5. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Russia in Collapse (Moscow: Russkii put’, 2006). This book, sometimes referred to as Russia in the Abyss, has not yet been published in an English translation. The author is indebted to Ignat Solzhenitsyn for the translations in this chapter. Back to text.
6. Ibid. Back to text.
7. Ibid. Back to text.
8. Ibid. Back to text.
9. Ibid. Back to text.
10. ITAR-Tass news agency release, Apr. 8, 1999. Back to text.
11. Reuters (US), June 3, 1999. Back to text.
12. Pravda, Aug. 29, 2001. Back to text.
13. Moscow Times, Dec. 14, 2000. Back to text.
14. Pravda, Feb. 21, 2001. Back to text.
15. Pravda, Apr. 26, 2001. Back to text.
16. Pravda, Apr. 29, 2001. Back to text.
17. Daniel J. Mahoney, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: The Ascent from Ideology (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001), p. 120. Back to text.
18. CDI Russia Weekly (213), July 4, 2002, http://www.cdr.org/russia/213-4-pr.cfm (accessed on Aug. 1, 2005). Back to text.
19. Ibid. Back to text.
20. Ibid. Back to text.
21. Cathy Young, “Traditional Prejudices: The Anti-Semitism of Alexander Solzhenitsyn”, Reason, May 2004, http://www.reason.com. Back to text.
22. The Guardian (England), Jan. 25, 2003. Back to text.
23. Reason, Aug. / Sept. 2004, http://www.reason.com. Back to text.
24. New Republic, Nov. 25, 2002. Back to text.
25. The Guardian, Jan. 25, 2003. Back to text.
26. National Review, June 6, 2003, http://www.nationalreview.com. Back to text.
27. The transcript of this film documentary, made by “Island Studios” and broadcast by TV Channel Russia, was translated for the author by Yermolai Solzhenitsyn. All quotations in chapter 21 hereinafter are from that transcript. Back to text.
Chapter Twenty-Two
1. Information Service of the Serbian Orthodox Church, http://www.spc.rs/Vesti-2004/u/18-u-04-e.html#ale (accessed on December 31, 2010). Back to text.
2. Translated by Yermolai Solzhenitsyn. Back to text.
3. Alexander Solzhenitsyn interview, Russia Channel 2, June, 2005. Back to text.
4. Ibid. Back to text.
5. Washington Times, July 31, 2005. Back to text.
6. New York Times, Feb. 9, 2006. Back to text.
7. Ibid. Back to text.
8. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author, July 20, 1998, Moscow. Back to text.
9. Ibid. Back to text.
10. Doctor Michael Nicholson, “Solzhenitsyn, Exile and the Genius Loci”, unpublished manuscript. Back to text.
11. Ibid. Back to text.
12. Solzhenitsyn, interview with the author. Back to text.
Chapter Twenty-Three
1. News articles published, respectively, on the website of BBC News, Apr. 28, 2006, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk/; on the
website of Defense News, Apr. 27, 2006, http://www.defensenews.com; and on the English language website of Pravda, Apr. 28, 2006, http://www.english. pravda.ru/. Back to text.
2. Moskovskiye Novosti, Apr. 28, 2006; the English language translation of the interview was posted on the Moscow News website on May 2, 2006, http://www.moscownews.com. Back to text.
3. Ibid., This quote and all extracts between it and the one cited in note 2 are found in ibid. Back to text.
4. Le Figaro, Dec. 1, 2006. Back to text.
5. International Herald Tribune, Apr. 29, 2007. Back to text.
6. Website of the Moscow Times, June 6, 2007, http://www.themoscowtimes. com. Back to text.
7. Alexis Klimoff, e-mail to the author and others, June 12, 2007. Back to text.
8. Daniel Mahoney, a speaker at the Solzhenitsyn conference, e-mail to the author and others, July 22, 2007. Back to text.
9. Ibid. Back to text.
10. Daily Telegraph, July 16, 2001. Back to text.
11. Der Spiegel, June 23, 2007. Back to text.
12. Ibid. Back to text.
13. Ibid. Back to text.
14. Ibid. Back to text.
15. Ibid. Back to text.
16. Ibid. Back to text.
17. Ibid. Back to text.
18. Ibid. Back to text.
19. Ibid. Back to text.
Chapter Twenty-Four
1. “Vesti Nedeli”, Dec. 9, 2007, Rossiya Television network. Back to text.
2. Daily Telegraph, Mar. 31, 2008. Back to text.
3. Ibid. Back to text.
4. Michael Nicholson, e-mail to the author and others, Aug. 11, 2008. Back to text.
5. BBC News website, Aug. 18, 2008, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk. Back to text.
6. Ibid. Back to text.
7. New York Times, Sept. 25, 2008. Back to text.
8. Ibid. It seems that the depiction of Solzhenitsyn as a “traitor” has wide currency among many Russians. This was driven home to the present author during a chance encounter with a young Russian expatriate at a sports event in Texas in July 2009. When asked what he thought of Solzhenitsyn, this young man replied that most people in Russia thought him a traitor. Back to text.
9. Ibid. Back to text.
10. RIA Novosti (Russian Information Agency Novosti) news dispatch, Aug. 3, 2009, http://www.en.rian.ru/. Back to text.
11. President of Russia website, Aug. 3, 2009, http://www.Kremlin.ru. Back to text.
12. Oct. 26, 2010, http://rt.com/news/solzhenitsyn-gulag-novel-putin/. Back to text.