The Walking Whales
Page 37
9. T. A. Deméré, M. R. McGowen, A. Berta, and J. Gatesy, “Morphological
and Molecular Evidence for a Stepwise Evolutionary Transition from Teeth to
Baleen in Mysticete Whales,” Systematic Biology 57 (2008): 15–37.
Index
Note: Page numbers followed by f, t, b, n indicate figures, tables, boxes, and notes respectively.
abrasion, tooth wear due to, 146–48, 148 f
41–48, 46 f; and evolution, 65; feeding
acid preparation of fossils, 6
and diet of, 59, 60–61 b, 60 f; forelimbs
Aegyptocetus, 163
of, 51; fossils of, 57 f, 58, 59 f; habitat
AER (apical ectodermal ridge), in limb
and life history of, 64–65; hind feet of,
development, 177–78, 178 f, 183–86,
51; life reconstruction of, 49 f; as missing
183 f
link, 65; naming of, 48; reassembling of,
Africa, 9, 32 f, 70–71, 163, 165 f, 171, 200,
48; return visit to, 74–75; versus seals,
215 n 19
51; skeleton of, 41–48, 46 f, 56 f, 58;
African Plate, 71
swallowing by, 60–61 b, 60 f; tooth
Alabama, 15–16
shape, 59–60, 112 f ; vertebrae of, 46 f,
Ambassador, a car brand, 86
63, 170; vision and hearing of, 61–63,
alternating pectoral paddling, 54, 55 f
62 f, 138 f, 143–44; walking and
alternating pectoral rowing, 55 f
swimming by, 55 f, 56, 63–64, 64 f; water
alternating pelvic rowing, 55 f
ingestion by, 124
alveolus, plural alveoli, 111, 222n10
Anderssen, Marga, 181
alligator, 16 , 58–59, 61, 94, 124, 210 f
Andrews, C.W., 109
ambulocetid, 58–65; classification of, 48,
Andrewsiphius sloani: breathing and
58; dating of, 58; and evolution, 65;
swallowing by, 113; eyes of, 114; fossils
feeding and diet of, 59, 60–61 b, 60 f;
of, 109; habitat of, 116; jaws of,
fossils of, 57 f, 58, 59 f; habitat and life
111–13; skull of, 90 f; teeth of, 111, 112 f
history of, 64–65, 170; hearing of,
ankle bone: of basilosaurids, 30; of
62–63, 62 f, 138 f, 143–44; phylogeny of,
pakicetids, 128, 130–32, 133, 133 f,
165 f; vision of, 61–62, 152 f, 168;
135 b, 136 f. See also astragalus
walking and swimming by, 56 f, 63–64,
Antarctica, 20 f, 32, 215 n 19
64 f. Synonym Ambulocetidae
antelope, 202 f
Ambulocetidae. See ambulocetid
anthracobunid, 42, 43, 132, 154. Synonym
Ambulocetus natans: appearance of, 58–59;
Anthracobunidae
cladistic analysis of, 134 b; classification
anvil, an ear ossicle, see incus
of, 58; discovery and excavation of,
apatite, 118–19
233
234 | Index
apical ectodermal ridge (AER), in limb
20f 57f; naming of, 12, 14; skeletons of,
development, 177, 178, 178 f, 183–86
17–19, 18 f, 20 f; tooth shape, 13 f,
archaeocetes, 202 f. Synonym Archaeoceti
21–23, 21 b, 22 f, 112 f; vertebrae of, 12,
Arif, M.: Ambulocetus natans fossils found
13 f, 14, 16, 25–26, 27, 57, 170; vision,
by, 43, 58, 63; Pakistani expedition, 2–3,
smell, and hearing of, 25, 138 f, 140–42;
35–39, 48, 68, 73, 76–78; excavation of
walking and swimming by, 25–30,
Ambulocetus natans with, 41–45
27–29 f, 31 f. Synonym Basilosauridae
Aristotle, 9
Basilosauridae. See basilosaurid(s)
Artiocetus, 163, 165 f
Basilosaurus: body shape and swimming
Artiodactyl, 5, 5 f, 8, 57, 65, 112 f, 123, 123 f,
methods of, 19, 28, 55 f, 57; diet of, 23;
128–36, 134–35 b, 136 f, 138–39 f, 142 f,
ear ossicles, 8; fluke of, 27; fossils of, 12,
148, 148 f, 149, 150 f, 152 f, 153–54,
13 f, 14, 17–19, 19 f; habitat of, 32; and
167–68 b, 170–71, 186f, 189, 192,
Harlan’s sea serpent, 17–19; hind limbs
198–99, 200–204, 201–02 f, 205, 208.
of, 19, 29–30, 29 f, 184–85; nomencla-
Synonym Artiodactyla, even-toed
ture for, 14; skeletons of, 19, 20 f; teeth
ungulates. See also Indohyus, raoellids
of, 13 f, 21–22, 21 b; vertebrae of, 13 f,
Aslan, Andres, 1, 2, 3
26, 27, 170
Atlantic ocean, 32 f, 70
Basilosaurus cetoides, 14
asthenosphere, 69 f, 70
Basilosaurinae, 19, 215n19; fluke of, 27.
astragalus, 128, 130–32, 133, 133 f, 135 b,
Synonym basilosaurines
136 f, 198
batmobile, 207
Attock, Pakistan, 2, 76–77
beaked whales, see Ziphiidae
Attockicetus, 109, 114
bears, 11, 12, 16, 54, 55 f
attrition, tooth wear due to, 146–48, 148 f
beavers, swimming by, 54
Aziz, Tariq, 3, 4
beluga whale, 7 f, 148, 149 f, 152–53 f, 202 f.
Synonym Delphinapterus leucas
Babiacetus, 150, 163, 165 f, 166
Berardius, a beaked whale , 174
Babia Hill, India, 86, 97 f, 98, 106,111
bicuspids, 21 b, 22 f
baby teeth, 23
bird wing, 53
backbays, 93–94, 170
birth, 163, 170, 179, 184
badgers, 54
blowhole, 5, 6, 16 f, 25, 95, 182f, 184 f
baji, 202 f. Synonym yellow river dolphin.
BMP (bone morphogenetic protein 4),
4
Bajpai, Sunil, 82, 83, 85–86, 89–91, 101–6
209–10, 210 f
Baker, James, 3, 4
body size, 24 f, 119, 142
Balaena mysticetus, 11 f, 23–30, 31 f, 152 f,
bone conduction, 141 f, 142 f, 143
168, 181, 182 f ,184, 212 ,216 n.
bony pelvis. See pelvis
Synonym bowhead whale.
Boston Society of Natural History, 15
Balaenidae, see right whales
bowhead whale, 10 f; brain size of, 24 b;
Balaenopteridae, see rorquals
embryonic development of, 182 f, 184,
balance, 28, 52, 105, 115 f
212; hind limbs of, 29 f, 30, 31 f, 181;
baleen, 10 f, 182, 208, 211–12
pelvis of, 29 f, 30, 31 f; retia of, 168. See
baleen whales, see mysticetes
also Balaena mysticetus
ballast, 25, 151, 169, 205
brain: of basilosaurids, 23; of embryo, 183f;
ball vertebra, 27, 53,�
��169
of protocetids, 168–69; of reming-
barrier islands, 93–95
tonocetids, 114, 115 f; size of, 23, 24 b
Barrow, Alaska, 212
braincase: of basilosaurids, 23; of
Basal, Pakistan, 77
Dhedacetus, 163; of Pakicetus, 4, 41,
Basilosaurid, 13 f, 19 f, 17–33; brain of, 23,
116, 127, 128–29, 151 f; of protocetids,
24 b; classification of, 19; ear ossicles, 7;
168; of Remingtonocetus, 114
evolution, 33; eyes of, 168; feeding and
branching diagram, see cladogram
diet of, 21–23, 21 b, 22 f; forelimbs of,
breast, see mammary gland
28–29, 28 f; habitat and life history of,
breaststroke, 53
30–33, 32 f; hind limbs of, 19, 29–30,
breathing, 15, 25, 54, 89, 95, 113, 175–76
29 f, 182–85; locations of, 19, 20 f; map,
brontotheres, 154
Index | 235
Buckley, S.B., 14
position evolution, 152 f; 165 f, of
Buell, Carl, 108, 109, 116
protocetid whale relations, 165 f; of
buffalo, 99, 101, 151
bone and locomotor evolution, 186 f; of
bulla, 4–6, 5 f, 47. See also tympanic bone
tooth shape and jaw embryology
evolution, 210 f; of relationships of
Caenotherium, an artiodactyl, 186 f
cetaceans to artiodactyls, 202 f
calcium carbonate, 40–41
clasper, 19
camel, 202f
classification, 12–14, 14 t, 215 n 18
canine, tooth, 21, 21 b, 22 f, 37, 59, 111,
clear-and-stain, 182 f, 184 f
147f, 209
Clementz, Mark, 123–24
Cape Cod, King Lizard of, 9–17, 23
cochlea, 139, 143
carbon isotopes, 132, 203, 205
conglomerate, 39–41
Carnegie stages, 177, 180 f, 181
continental crust, 69, 69 f
Carolinacetus, 163
continental drift, 70–71
carpals, 28 f
continental shelf, 72
cartilage in limb development, 177
convergency, 131
cats, 24 b, 113
core of Earth, 69, 69 f
catfish, 162, 166
cortical layer, of bone, 151–53, 186 f, 205.
cattle, see cow
Synonym cortex
caudal oscillation, 53–54, 55 f, 169, 186
cow, 5, 42,82, 113, 128, 154, 159, 160,
caudal vertebra, 26, 27 f, 161, 169. Synonym
202 f, Synonym cattle
tail vertebra
cranial cavity, 25 b, 115 f, 139f
caudal undulation, 56; dorsoventral, 55 f;
cranial nerve I, see olfactory nerve
lateral, 55 f
cranial nerve II, see optic nerve
centrum, of vertebra, 13 f, 26, 27, 27 f.
cranial nerve VII, see facial nerve
Synonym body of vertebra
cranial nerve IX, see glossopharyngeal nerve
Cenozoic era, 32 f
creationist, 4–5, 33, 47, 65, 116, 212
cerebellum: of protocetids, 168; of
Crenatocetus, 163
remingtonocetids, 114, 115 f
Cretaceous period, 32 f
cerebrum: of protocetids, 168; of reming-
cribriform plate, 115 f
tonocetids, 114, 115 f
crocodiles, 3, 25, 59, 94, 108–09, 113, 120,
cervical vertebrae, see neck vertebrae
142, 149, 154, 160, 214 n 4
Cetacea. See cetacean
crus breve, of incus, 7 f, 8, 41, 137–39, 138 f
cetacean: artiodactyls as relatives of, 65,
crus longum, of incus, 7 f, 8, 137–39, 138 f
132–36, 200–203, 201 f; classification
crust of Earth, 69–71, 69 f
of, 215n17; defined, 5 f, 6, 213n6;
CT scan, 24 b, 114, 115 f, 168, 174
hippos as relatives of, 65, 130, 157, 159,
200–201; suborders of, 9; transition
Dalanistes, 109, 111, 114
from land to water by, 207–9
Darwin, Charles, 11–12, 19 f, 33, 179
Cetacean Research Institute, 188, 189
Davies, T.G.B., 38, 75, 76, 128
Chamberlin, Rollin T., 70
deciduous tooth, 23, 124. Synonym milk
Chandigarh, India, 79–80, 82, 85
tooth
character matrix, 133–34, 134 b
deer,7f, 8, 62 f, 128, 134 n, 167 n, 200, 202 f,
chewing, 61 b, 64, 109, 113, 146–48
204
chimpanzee, 24 b
Dehm, Richard, 38, 75–76, 128, 191–93,
Chocolate Limestone, 87, 88, 88 f, 89, 96,
196–97
97–98
Delhi, India, 79–82
Chorgali Formation, 200
Delphinus, 13, 14, 27 f, 62
cladistic analysis, 133–35, 134–35 b
delta value, in isotope geochemistry, 122,
cladograms: of ear ossicle evolution, 7 f;
122 f
123 f; of habitat and drinking behavior
dental formula, 21 b, 22 f, 111, 146, 166,
evolution, 123 f; explained using
203, 208, 215 n 21
astragalus evolution, 134–35 b, 136 f; of
desert pavement, 103
hearing evolution, 141 f; of skull and eye
Dhedacetus, 165
236 | Index
Dhedidi North, 97 f, 98, 116, 160–63
vs. whales, 137–39, 138 f; of reming-
diet: of ambulocetids, 59, 60–61 b, 60 f; of
tonocetids, 114–15.
basilosaurids, 23; of Indohyus, 203–4;
Earth, cross-section of, 69, 69 f
of pakicetids, 146–49, 147–50 f; of
echolocation, 139–40, 140 f, 208
protocetids, 163–66; of reming-
ecology, 153–154, 206. See also habitat
tonocetids, 109–13
Egypt 19, 23, 30, 109, 168, 171, 215 n 19
digitigrady, 153
elbow joint, 28, 43, 63, 177–78
dinosaur, 25, 32 f, 39, 71, historical
embryo, 29, 173, 177–86, 178 f, 180 f, 183 f,
understanding of whales as, 9–17
189, 209–12, 219 n 24. See also fetus
Dissacus, 133 f
embryonic development of limbs, 177–87,
DNA, 5, 65, 130, 135, 157–59, 186–87
178 f, 180 f, 182–84 f, 186 f
Dog, 29 f, 36–37, 52, 60 f, 70, 82, 84–85,
encephalization quotient (EQ), 24 b,
216 n 31
100, 102, 108, 113, 133 f, 153, 167 b,
endocast, 23, 24 b, 114, 168
205, 219 n 24
Eocene period; climate, 32; timing, 32–33,
dolphin: around barrier islands, 94–96; with
32 f
hind limbs, 173–76, 176 f, 185–87;
Eocetus, 163, 165f
hearing, 62; hunting of, 173, 187–89,
epiglottis, 60–61 b, 60 f
228 n 1; limb buds in, 180 f, 182–84,
epiphyseal plate, of bones, 63
183–84 f; nipples in, 179–81, 180 f;
epithelial cells, in limb development, 177
swallowing, 61 b; swimming by, 52–53;
Eschrichtiidae, see grey whale
tooth development in, 209–11, 210 f;
estrus, 167 b
relationship to whales, 213 n 6; vertebral
EQ (encephalization quotient), 24 b, 168
shape of, 27 f
even-toed ungulate, see artiodactyl
dorsal fin, 26
evolution: adaptation to water in, 11;
dorsoventral caudal undulation, 55 f
Ambulocetus and, 65; astragalus in,
dorsoventral pelvic undulation, 55 f, 56
131; of baleen whales, 211–12;
dorsoventral undulation, 54–57
basilosaurids and, 19, 23, 33; BBC series
Dorudon: 18 f, 19, 215 n 20; forelimbs of, 28,
on, 124–25; of blowhole, 25; of brain
28 f; skeleton of, 20 f; swimming by, 55 f,
size, 24 b, 169; changes during, 207; and
57; tail of, 169; teeth of, 13 f, 22 f;
cladistic analysis, 134, 134–35 b, 136 f;
vertebrae of, 13 f, 26, 170
creationists and, 4–5; from drinking of
Dorudontinae. See dorudontines
freshwater to seawater, 120; of ear
dorudontines, 19, 215 n 19; fluke of, 27;
ossicles, 7 f, 141 f; from embryos to,
habitat of, 32
173–89; of eyes, 152 f; of features
downstroke, 53
related to hearing, 62, 62 f, 138 f, 141 f;
drinking of seawater vs. freshwater, 117–24
of forelimbs, 29; of hind limbs, 173,
dugongs: pachyosteosclerotic ribs of, 38;
181, 184–85; of larynx, 61 b; pakicetids
swimming by, 53; vertebral shape of, 27 f
and, 144; of presacral vertebrae, 170; of
swimming modes in early whales,
ear, 137–44; of ambulocetids, 62–63, 62 f,