The Walking Whales
Page 38
54–58, 55 f, 115, 186 f; of teeth, 21, 23,
138 f, 143–44; of baleen whales, 140; of
112 f, 148 f, 210 f
basilosaurids, 25, 138 f, 140–42; of
exaptation, 211
Indohyus, 204; of land mammals vs.
external auditory meatus, 137, 138 f, 139,
whales, 137–44, 138 f; of pakicetids,
141–42 f, 142–43, 224 n 8. Synonym
137, 138 f, 142–43, 142 f; of protocetids,
external acoustic meatus
168; of remingtonocetids, 114–15, 115 f,
eye: of ambulocetids, 61–62, 149, 152 f; of
138 f, 142, 142 f, 143
basilosaurids, 25, 149; of Indohyus,
ear bone, 4–8, 5 f, 7 f. See also tympanic,
204; of mysticetes, 152 f; of odontocetes,
cochlea, petrosal
152 f; of pakicetids, 149, 152 f; of
ear canal, 137, 138 f, 139
protocetids, 168; of remingtonocetids,
eardrum, 6, 8, 137, 138 f, 139, 140, 142f.
114, 149, 152 f. See also orbit
Synonym tympanic membrane
ear ossicles, 5 f, 6; of basilosaurids, 25;
facial nerve, 167 b. Synonym cranial
evolution of, 7 f, 141 f; of land mammals
nerve VII
Index | 237
family, in systematic biology, 13–14, 14 t,
Georgiacetus, 163, 165 f
215 n 18
giant freshwater otter, swimming by, 54,
feeding: of ambulocetids, 59, 60–61 b, 60 f,
55 f, 56, 115, 169. Synonym Pteronura
160; of basilosaurids, 21–23, 21 b, 22 f;
brasiliensis
of Indohyus, 203–4; of pakicetids,
Gingerich, Philip, 4, 33, 41, 48, 129, 135,
146–49, 147–50 f; of protocetids,
191
163–66; of remingtonocetids, 109–13
giraffe, 25, 128, 202 f
femur, 29 f, 30, 32 f, 42, 43, 46 f, 102, 105,
Gish, Duane, 5, 65
128, 181, 182 f, 184–85, 186 f, 198,
glauconite, 39
228 n 25. Synonym thigh bone
glossopharyngeal nerve, 167. Synonym
fetus,10 f, 152 f, 170–71, 182 f, 184 f
cranial nerve IX
FGF8 (fibroblast growth factor 8), 178,
glue, 4, 6, 41, 43, 85
178f, 183–84, 209, 210, 210f
Godhatad, India, 94, 96–98, 97 f, 100, 101,
fibroblast growth factor 8, see FGF8
116
fingers: of Ambulocetus, 63–64, 64 f; of
Gould, Stephen Jay, 48, 51
basilosaurids, 28–29, 28 f; development
Grand Trunk Road, 1, 2 f
of, 177–78
Grey whale, 202f. Synonym Eschrichtiidae
fish, catching and eating of, 23, 76, 95, 107,
growth plate, of bone, 63
109, 111, 113, 124, 147–48, 154,
Gujarat, 79, 83, 85
162–63, 166, 176; embryology, 177,
Guldberg, Gustav, 179–81
208; fossils, 3, 41, 118–19, 124, 162,
gypsum, 86–87, 98, 160
166; historical understanding of whales
as, 9–17; swimming, 28, 53
habitat: of Ambulocetus, 64–65; of
Fish, Frank, 51–58, 55 f, 115, 174
basilosaurids, 30–33, 32 f; of Indohyus,
flehmen, 167 b
206; of pakicetids, 153–54; of
flipper, 19, 28, 28 f, 33, 53, 176, 176 f, 179,
protocetids, 170–71; of reming-
179–80 f, 184 f, 186, 208
tonocetids, 115–16. See also ecology
fluke, 26–27, 27 f, 208; of basilosaurids, 19,
hair, 9–11, 10 f, 19, 59, 211–12
26–27; of Maiacetus, 169; of pro-
hammer, an ear ossicle, see malleus
tocetids, 169; in swimming, 53
hand: 27–28, 169; of Ambulocetus, 46 f, 48,
foot: of Ambulocetus, 64, 64 f; of basilosau-
51, 63–64, 64 f; of basilosaurids, 28–29,
rids, 30; development of, 177–78
28 f; development of, 177–78, 182f,
forelimb: of Ambulocetus, 51, 63–64, 64 f;
184f, 185; remingtonocetids, 99, 108,
of basilosaurids, 28–29, 28 f; develop-
111 f, 153. Synonym forefoot
ment of, 179, 180 f, 183 f
hard palate, 60, 60 f, 60 b, 113
forensic paleontology, 117–20
harem, 30–32
fractionation, in isotope geochemistry, 118
Harlan, Richard, 12, 14, 17, 19
franciscana, 202 f. Synonym La Plata
Harudi Formation, 87, 88, 88 f, 90 f, 96,
dolphin
101, 152 f, 160
freshwater, 41, 54, 64–65, 70, 93, 113, 115,
Haruka, 173–76, 176 f, 177, 179, 185–87,
117–24, 122–23f, 146, 148 ,154, 169,
188–89, 228n4
170, 205
Haywood, Alan, 33
Fulra Formation, 88, 88 f, 100, 160
head, of astragalus, 133, 133f, 134b
hearing, 137–44; in air vs. water, 142–43,
Ganda Kas, 2 f
224n8; of ambulocetids, 62–63, 62 f,
Gandakasia, 58
138 f, 143–44; in baleen whales, 140; of
Gaviacetus, 163, 165 f
basilosaurids, 25, 138 f, 140–42;
Geisler, Jonathan, 134
evolution of features related to, 137–44,
genitals; 9, 30, 173, 176, 179–81, 180f
138 f, 141 f; of Indohyus, 204; in land
genome, 158–59, 186
mammals vs. whales, 137–44, 138 f; of
genus, in systematic biology, 13, 14 t,
pakicetids, 137, 138 f, 142–43, 142 f; of
215n18
protocetids, 168; of remingtonocetids,
Geological Survey of India, 82–83
114–15, 115 f, 138 f, 142, 142 f, 143
Geological Survey of Pakistan, 3
Hennig, Willi, 191
238 | Index
heterodonty, 21, 210f
199f; reconstruction of, 152 f, 199–200,
Heyning, John, 182, 209
200–201f; location of, 200; osmoregula-
hill station, 67
tion, 123 f; premolars of, 202; relation-
Himalayacetus, 58, 63, 83, 144
ship of whales to, 199–203, 202 f;
Himalayas, 2 f, 32 f, 67–75, 83–85, 220 n 1
skeleton of, 186f, 200 f; skull of, 198–99,
hind limb: of Ambulocetus, 51, 64, 64 f; of
199 f, 203–204; teeth of,�
��112 f, 148 f,
basilosaurids, 19, 29–30, 29 f, 184–85;
201–2, 203–4; tooth wear in, 148 f,
of bowhead whales, 29 f, 30, 31 f;
150 f, 202, 204; vision, 152 f, 204;
development of, 177–87, 178 f, 180 f,
hearing of, 199–200, 204; walking and
182–84 f, 186 f; dolphin with, 173–76,
swimming by, 204–205
176 f, 185–87
Indus Plain, 67, 74
Hindu Kush mountains, 2 f, 71, 73
Indus River, 2 f, 71, 73
hippos, 5, 8, 25, 55 f, 65, 113, 123 f, 128,
Indus Valley, 73–74
130, 134 b, 135, 149, 151, 152 f, 157,
infraorbital canal, 90 f
159, 171, 200–202, 202 f. Synonym
inner ear, 115f, 138f, 140f,
hippopotamus
innominate, see pelvis
Historia Animalium (Aristotle), 9
Institute of Cetacean Research, 188, 189
homodonty, 21, 209, 210 f
International Commission on Zoological
hoof: of Ambulocetus, 64, 64 f, 65; of
Nomenclature, 12–14
Pakicetus, 153
International Whaling Commission (IWC),
hoofed mammal, 65, 128, 129, 153
174, 189, 212
horse, 15, 25 b, 113, 116, 128
Intracoastal Waterway, 93
humerus, a bone of the forelimb, 104–05,
intelligence, 24 b, 189
127, 177, 182 f, 186, 228 n 25
involucrum, 5 f, 6, 33, 47, 114, 137, 138 f,
human, 12–14, 16, 21, 21 b, 25 b, 26, 28,
139, 142, 142 f, 199–204, 199 f
28 f, 29 f, 32 f, 53, 60–61 b, 60 f, 85, 89,
Islamabad, 2 f, 3–4, 68, 79
94, 99, 121, 94, 134 b, 142, 150, 158,
isotope: carbon, 111, 132, 149, 165, 203,
167, 177, 181, 212, 218 n 8, 219 n 24
205; oxygen, 117–124, 117 f, 123 f;
Hussain, Taseer, 68, 77
stable, 111, 117–24, 117 f, 123 f, 131,
Hydrarchos harlandi, 17
133, 146, 154, 205; stable vs. radio-
Hydrargos sillimanii, 16–17, 16 f
genic, 117
hydrofoil, 53
isotope geochemistry, 117–24, 122 f, 132,
Hyemoschus, a mouse deer, 200
205
hyoid bone, 60 f, 61 b, 219 n 24
IWC (International Whaling Commission),
hypoglossal foramen, 90 f
174, 189, 212
Ichthyolestes, 76, 144
Jacobson’s organ, see vomeronasal organ
Incisive foramen, 167 b. Synonym anterior
Japan, whaling in, 173–75, 187–89, 228n1
palatine foramen of fossil whales
jaws: of ambulocetids, 45, 47, 58, 62, 62 f;
incisor, 21, 21 b, 22 f, 59, 111, 147 f, 167 b,
of basilosaurids, 62 f; of Ichthyolestes,
201, 204, 209, 210
76; of Indohyus, 203–4; of Pakicetus,
incus, an ear ossicle, 7 f, 8, 12, 33, 38, 137–39,
62 f; of protocetids, 87, 163–66; of
138f, 141 f, 142, 142 f. Synonym anvil
remingtonocetids, 86–87, 106, 111–13
India; 1992 expedition to, 79; 1996
jaw muscles, 23, 114. Synonym masticatory
expedition to, 85; 2000 expedition to,
muscles, see also masseter, temporalis,
99; 2005 expedition to, 191; map, 2 f, 22 f
and pterygoid muscle
India-Asia collision, 71–72
jugal arch, 113. Synonym zygomatic arch
Indian antelope, 99
jugal bone, 90 f. Synonym zygomatic bone
Indian Plate, 71, 72
jugular foramen, 90 f
Indocetus, 168
Jurassic period, 32 f, 36, 77, 144
Indohyus, 199–205; astragalus, 133 f; bone
structure, 184 f, 205; feeding and diet of,
K2 (mountain), 73
203–4; habitat and ecology of, 198, 205;
Kala Chitta Hills: Ambulocetus from,
incisors of, 201; involucrum of, 199,
35–41, 58, 74; anthracobunid from,
Index | 239
132; Eocene layers of, 40 f; kidnapping
lignite, 98
in, 74–77; map, 2 f, 57 f; Pakicetus from,
lignite mine at Panandhro, 98, 99
2–3, 4, 144
limb: of ambulocetids, 58, 63; development
Kalakot, 2 f, 57f, 191, 194, 200, 204, 205
of, 177–87, 178 f, 180 f, 182–84 f, 186 f,
Karakorum Highway, 2 f
208, 209, 211; of basilosaurids, 19,
Karakorum Range, 2 f, 73
25–26, 29; of pakicetids, 131, 133, 144,
Kellogg, Remington, 83
151, 153; of protocetids, 169–70; of
Kharodacetus, 163, 166, 167b
remingtonocetids, 104–05; in swimming,
Khirtharia, 128, 132, 133 f, 154, 198, 200,
53–56. S ee also forelimb, hind limb
203
limb bud, 177–81, 178 f, 180 f, 183–84,
Kiawah Island, 93–98
183 f, 186, 211
kidnapping, 71, 75–78
limestone, 39
kidney, 121
Line of Control, 2 f, 73, 79, 191
killer whale, 9, 21 ,51–52, 57, 61 b, 121–22,
LINE, a genomic element, 158
122 f, 147–48, 175
Linnaeus, 11
Koch, Albert, 16–17, 16 f
Lipotidae, 202f. Synonym yellow river
Kohistan, 2 f, 71–73
dolphin
Kükenthal, Willy, 179–81
lissencephaly, 168
Kuldana Formation, 39, 40 f, 109, 147 f
lithosphere, 69, 69 f
Kumar, Kishor, 109
locomotion: by Ambulocetus, 63–64, 64 f;
Kunmunella, 200, 203
by basilosaurids, 25–30, 27 f–29 f, 31 f; by
Kutch: expedition to, 85, 99, 189;
Indohyus, 204–5; by pakicetids, 151–53;
geological section, 88; map, 57 f, 97 f
by protocetids, 169–70; by reming-
Kutchicetus minimus: discovery, 106–8; eyes
tonocetids, 115. See also swimming
of, 11 4; fossils of, 102– 6; habitat of,
Louisiana, 12
116; jaws of, 111– 13; life reconstruction
lumbar vertebra, 13 f, 26, 27 f, 63, 161, 170.
of, 107 f, 110f; locomotion by, 56, 115;
Synonym lower back vertebra
skeleton of, 111 f, 153; teeth of, 109–11,
Luo, Zhe-Xi, 134
112 f, 222 n 10; vertebral colu
mn, 170
Lycostène, Conrad, 16 f
Lyell, Charles, 15–16
Lacrimal, a skull bone, 90 f
lacrimal fossa, 90 f
macaque, 85
lama, 202f
Madagascar, plate tectonics and, 71
Lamont, James, 11
Maiacetus: 163, 165f; fetus of, 170–71; life
land mammals: brain of, 168; ear of, 8, 137,
reconstruction of, 164 f; locomotion by,
142, 142 f, 143; eyes of, 204; forelimb
153, 169, 228 n 25
of, 28, 63; hind limbs of, 29, 29 f, 30;
Makaracetus, 163, 166
migration of, 3; nipples of, 180–81; nose
malleus, an ear ossicle, 5 f, 7 f, 8, 137–39,
of, 113; salt excretion by, 120–21;
138 f, 142 f. Synonym hammer
swallowing by, 60–61 b; teeth of, 33;
mammary gland; 9, 214 n 4; embryology of,
tooth wear in, 146, 148; vertebrae of,
179–81, 180 f. See also breast, nipple.
26, 63
manatee, 25, 27 f, 38, 53, 121, 123, 132,
larynx, 60 f, 60–61 b
169, 209, see also sirenians
lateral caudal undulation, 55 f
mandibular condyle, 62, 144, 203
lateral pelvic undulation, 55 f
mandibular fat pad: of Ambulocetus, 63; of
life history: of Ambulocetus, 64–65; of
basilosaurids, 138 f; in echolocation,
basilosaurids, 30–33, 32 f; of protocetids,
140 f; in hearing, 139, 143; of odon-
170–71; of remingtonocetids, 115–16
tocetes, 139; of remingtonocetids, 143
life reconstruction, 116; of Ambulocetus
mandibular foramen: of ambulocetids,
natans, 49 f; of Dorudon, 18 f; of
62–63, 62 f, 143; of basilosaurids, 140;
Kutchicetus, 107 f, 110 f; of Indohyus,
in echolocation, 140 f; evolution of,
199–200, 201 f; of pakicetids, 144, 145 f;
141 f; of land mammals vs. whales, 137,
protocetids, 164 f
138 f, 139; of pakicetids, 142; of
lift, a force, 47, 53, 56, 218 n 8
remingtonocetids, 114, 143
240 | Index
mandibular fossa, 90 f
Monodontidae, 202 f. Includes belugas and
mandibular symphysis: of Dorudon, 62 f;
narwhals
fused vs. unfused, 113; of reming-
mountain formation, 69–70, 204