The Origins of AIDS
Page 36
Of course, the pandemic is caused by HIV-1. HIV-2 differed enough, genetically, from HIV-1 to be considered a distinct virus. It remained confined to West Africa, is less transmissible and less pathogenic than HIV-1 and slowly disappeared while HIV-1 spread throughout the world. HIV-1 infection is 100 times more common than HIV-2; when authors use the term HIV, in practice it generally means HIV-1.
Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are a diversified group of retroviruses that infect apes and monkeys. They are a crucial part of the story: both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are simian viruses that managed to spread into human populations. Their name is something of a misnomer, because most apes and monkeys tolerate SIV infections rather well, without developing any immune deficiency, unless the virus is experimentally transmitted to a non-human primate species which is not the normal host of a given type of SIV.
Index
Abidjan, 85
Abomg-Mbang, 127
Abumonbazi, 9
Accra, 84, 85
Adoumas district, 92
African trypanosomiasisclinical characteristics of, 120
control of, 120, 122–3, 124, 128–31, 145, 146–7, 156–7, 177
epidemiology of, 121, 127–8, 138, 141–2, 146–7, 177
treatment of, 4, 121–2, 125–8, 139, 145, 151See also arsenical drugs, pentamidine , suramin
Afrikaners, 12
Afrique Équatoriale Française, 87–8 economy of, 228
hepatitis C in, 112, 140
history of, xiii, 34, 64–6, 69, 74–5
Kaposi’s sarcoma in, 193
medical services in, 36–7, 116, 118–38
population of, 68, 73
prostitution in, 93, 97–9 See also Central African Republic, Chad , Congo-Brazzaville , Gabon
Afrique Occidentale Française, 63, 64, 124
Akonolinga, 127
albumin, 197–8, 206, 232
Al-Fateh Pediatric Hospital, 108
Algeria, 120, 219
Angola, 9, 13–14, 73, 100, 108, 173, 175, 180See also Cabinda
Annabon island, 138
antimonial drugs, 137
antiserum, 55, 152–3, 154, 219
Antonetti, Raphael, 36
Antwerp, 145, 181
Antwerp, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 7, 54–5, 143, 152, 155, 157
Arkansas, 207–8
Armour Pharmaceutical, 202
arsenical drugs, 4, 114–15, 121, 123, 125, 131, 133, 142, 144–5, 148, 163–5 See also atoxyl, melarsoprol , orsanine , tryparsamide , trypoxyl
Atlanta, 1, 52
atoxyl, 125, 128
Auclert, Jean, 37, 38
Augouard, Prosper, 63–4, 98
Austria, 207
autopsies, 24, 33, 36–9, 48, 53, 152
Ayos, 122
Babunda, 87
Bacongo district, 98
Bafia, 123
Baholoholo, 88
Bakongo, 59, 71–3, 100, 101
Bakota, 45
Bakula, 77–8
Baluba, 77–8, 87, 95
Bandalungwa district, 101
Bandim, 176
Bangkok, 106
Bangui, 63, 64–5, 70, 73, 210, 212
Bantu, 44, 59, 140, 221
Bapende, 87
Bapoto, 77–8
Bari, 106
Barumbu district, 96, 100, 160, 166
Barumbu, Carte de, 96
Bas-Congo province, 148, 150, 227, 228
Basonge, 77–8
Basuku, 77–8
Batetela, 77–8
Bayaka, 77–8
Bayombe, 45
Beheyt, Paul, 164
Belgian Congo See Congo, Democratic Republic of
Belgian Red Cross, 158
Belgiumand the colonisation of the Congo, 67–8, 73–5
and the decolonisation of the Congo, 180–8
experiments in, 55
HIV in, 10, 168, 189
and plasma trade, 207
and World War II, 159See also Antwerp, Belgian Congo , Brussels
Belize, 206
Benghazi, 108–10
Benin, 84, 96, 213
beriberi, 36
Berlin treaty, 62, 65
Bioko island, 138
Bismarck, Otto von, 65
bismuth salts, 131, 133, 148, 163
blood banks, 159–60, 204
Blukwa, 153–4
Boma, 70, 76, 91, 144, 158
Bongolo, Henri, 94–5
bonobo, 18, 30–1, 45, 50, 54, 142, 221
Boston, 215
Botswana, 9
Brazil, 60, 140, 206, 215
Brazza, Pierre (Pietro) Savorgnan de, 61–5, 88
Brazzavilleeconomic activity in, 34, 63, 74, 80–1, 228
history of, 62, 63–4, 69–70, 74
HIV in, 61–5, 210–11, 212, 227–9
medical services in, 32, 36–9, 64, 120, 153, 217
population of, 69–70, 73–4, 75, 80, 82
prostitution in, 93, 97–9
bridewealth, 75, 87, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97
brothels, 92, 99, 100–1, 102, 190
Brussels, 68, 121, 182–3
Bucharest, 108
Bujumbura, 77, 211, 231
Bukavu, 76, 148, 154
Bunia, 154
Burkina Faso, 173, 213
Burma, 94
Burundi, 7, 10, 67, 211, 231
Butembo, 154
Bwamanda, 16, 212
Cabinda, 20, 47, 60, 69, 99
Cachexie du Mayombe, 37–9
Cairo, 111
California, 1, 233
Caloncoba, 136, 139, 148
Cambronne, Luckner, 200–3
Cameroonchimpanzees in, 20, 25, 27–9, 46, 47
hepatitis C in, 111–14, 140–2, 224, 225
history of, xiv, 44, 65–6, 82, 228
HIV in, 14–15, 168–70, 210–11, 212, 213, 226–7, 228, 231
medical services in, 116, 118–38, 177, 210–11, 225
population of, 47, 68
prostitution in, 87, 91–2
slaves from, 60See also Douala, Yaoundé
Camp Lindi, 50–1
Campo, 210
Camus, Albert, 216, 218
Canada, 10, 190, 194, 206–8 See also Montreal, Vancouver
Canadian Red Cross, 208
Cape Verde, 171, 173
Capelle, Emmanuel, 76, 94
Caribbean, 13, 60
Carrefour, 203,
Carrel, Alexis, 56
case-finding, 119, 138, 146, 150, 158, 177
Castro, Fidel, 14
Catholic Church, 63–4, 69, 88–9, 98, 145, 180, 202
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 107
Centers for Disease Control, 1, 52, 191, 216
Central African Republicchimpanzees in, 20, 29
economy of, 228
hepatitis C in, 111–12, 141–2
history of, xiii, 34–5, 44, 64, 65, 224
HIV in, 14–15, 29, 141–2, 227, 228
medical services in, 120, 122, 129, 136, 141–2
population of, 47, 68
prostitution in, 93See also Bangui
Centre de Dépistage de la Tuberculose, 158
Centre de Médecine Sociale, 160
Centre de Prophylaxie, 102
Cercocebus atys atys, 171See also sooty mangabey
Cercopithecus, 152
Chadhepatitis C in, 112
history of, xiii, 34–6, 63, 64
HIV in, 15, 169, 175, 227
medical services in, 34, 120, 132, 137
Chamorro, Pedro Joaquin, 206
chancroid, 85
CHAT vaccine See oral poliomyelitis vaccine
chaulmoogra, 134–6, 139, 148, 154
Chemin de Fer Congo-Océan, 34–8, 93, 98, 224, 228
China, 200, 203, 207, 215
chlamydia, 91, 163, 165
chloroquine, 137
circulating recombinant forms, 11–16, 40, 108–10, 213, 215, 227, 231
circumcision, 211, 222
coagulation factor concentrates, 106, 197–8, 205–6, 208, 214, 233See also haemophiliacs
Collège de France, 55, 57
Colombia, 206
Comhaire-Sylvain, Suzanne, 94, 101, 192
Compania Centroamericana de Plasmaferesis, 206
condoms, 85, 219
Congo, Democratic Republic ofchimpanzees in, 18–20, 30–1, 45, 50–3
Haitians in, 187–9
history of, 61–2, 67–82, 180–90
HIV in, 6–7, 10–11, 14–16, 40–1, 166–7, 211–12, 216–17, 228–31
hunting in, 44–5
medical services in, 143–66
prostitution in, 87–91, 93–7, 99–102, 158–66, 212
sexually transmitted diseases in, 91, 158–66
slaves from, 62
tuberculosis in, 157–8 See also Kinshasa
Congo Français, 62–4 See also Afrique Équatoriale Française
Congo Free State See Congo, Democratic Republic of
Congo River, 18–20, 30, 59–62, 80–1, 228
Congo-Brazzavillechimpanzees in, 20, 47
economy of, 228
history of, xiii, 34, 44, 64, 181, 224
HIV in, 16, 209, 210
medical services in, 34, 136, 225
population of, 47, 68, 82See also Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire
Congo-Kinshasa See Congo, Democratic Republic of
Congo-Léopoldville See Congo, Democratic Republic of
Connaught Laboratories, 207–8
Constanta, 108
Continental Pharma Cryosan, 206–8
Coquilhatville, 76, 153–4
Costa Rica, 206
Costermansville See Bukavu
Cotonou, 84, 96
Croix-Rouge du Congo, 158–65
Cross River, 18–20,
cross-species transmission, 2, 18–20, 41, 47–58, 169–70, 172, 175, 210
cryoprecipitates, 205, 232See also haemophiliacs
Cuba, 13–14, 180, 193
Curtis, Tom, 50
Cutter Laboratories, 202
Dade Reagents, 202
Dakar, 65, 124, 181
Danish surgeon, 9, 187
Dar es Salaam, 212
decolonisation, 180–3
dengue fever, 194
Denmark, 190
Dispensaire Antivénérien de Léopoldville, 160–6, 229
Dja River, 228
Dominican Republic, 60, 192, 206
Douala, 66, 70, 82, 91, 210, 212
Douala tribe, 65
Doumé, 127
Dow Chemical, 202
DRC60, 10–11, 41
Du Bois Institute, 60
Dubois, Albert, 159
Duvalier, François, 188, 201–2
Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 192, 202,
Duvalierville, 201
dysentery, 36, 65, 152, 153, 155
Ebola fever, 7–8, 20, 43, 153
Ebolowa, 141
Éboué, Félix, 74
École du Pharo, 34, 39, 118
Ecuador, 60
Edinburgh, 106
Egypt, 110–11, 145, 155, 190
El Salvador, 206
Elisabethville See Lubumbashi
emetine, 137
Equateur province, 7, 16, 45, 211
Equatorial Guineachimpanzees in, 20
history of, 66
HIV in, 14–15, 210
malaria in, 140
medical services in, 138–9
population of, 47, 68
Estonia, 107
Ethiopia, 14, 145, 190
excision, 104, 176, 177, 178
Fernando Poo island, 138
Ferris, Lieutenant-Colonel, 36
FIMA ferries, 80
firearms, 44–6, 222, See also hunting
flamingos, 100–1
Florida, 190See also Miami
Food and Drug Administration, 207–8
Force Publique, 94, 144, 145, 155
founder effect, 12, 13, 17, 196, 211
Franceand Afrique Équatoriale Française, 62–4
and Cameroun, xiv, 44, 66, 92
colonial medicine in, 118–19
and Congo-Brazzaville, 36, 62, 74
HIV in, 168, 169, 170, 175
and plasma trade, 207
Franceville, 23, 210,
Free French Forces, 74
free women See prostitution
Gabonchimpanzees in, 20, 23, 45, 56
economy of, 61, 228
hepatitis C in, 111–12, 225
history of, xiii, 61, 63, 64
HIV in, 168, 175, 209–10, 213, 226, 227, 231
medical services in, 116, 129–31, 133, 225
population of, 47, 68, 91, 92
prostitution in, 61, 92–3
slaves from, 60See also Libreville, Port-Gentil
Gabon River, 61
The Gambia, 3, 172–3
Garrett, Laurie, 1
gas gangrene, 129–31
gay men See homosexuals
gender imbalance, 71–3, 75, 76–8, 79–80, 95, 211, 213
genetic diversity of HIV, 13–16, 169, 172, 227
Geneva, 106
Gentil, Emile, xiii, 64
Georgia, 233
Germany, 62, 65–6, 199, 202
Ghana, 8, 173, 175, 181, 190, 213See also Accra
Gide, André, 36
Gold, Herbert, 192
Gombe reserve, 18, 22, 26, 29, 48
gonorrhoea, 91, 152, 162, 163, 165
gorillas, 27, 29, 45, 46–7, 169–70
Gorinstein, Joseph, 201
Guatemala, 60, 206
Guiné Portuguesa See Guinea-Bissau
Guinea, 20, 55, 56–7, 173, 190
Guinea Espanola See Equatorial Guinea
Guinea-Bissau, 104, 170–4
Guyana, 60, 74
haemophiliacs, 194, 200–3, 208, 214, 233–4
Haiti, 60, 188–9, 190–6, 200–5, 231–3 See also Port-au-Prince