The Origins of AIDS
Page 37
Hammarskjold, Dag, 185
Harvard School of Public Health, 218
Health Management Associates, 207–8
healthcare workers, occupational exposure of, 49, 112–13, 122, 223
Hemo-Caribbean, 200–3, 204–5, 206, 232,
hepatitis, 51, 114, 216
hepatitis A, 116, 197, 199
hepatitis Bepidemiology of, 104, 105, 111, 197–9
iatrogenic transmission of, 115–16, 140, 164, 166, 207–8, 230
and the slave trade, 60
hepatitis Cepidemiology of, 104–5,
iatrogenic transmission of, 105, 110–16, 125, 128, 139, 140–2, 164, 198, 208, 224, 225
and intravenous drug use, 106
among plasma donors, 199, 200,
and the slave trade, 60
Herpes B virus, 43
histopathology, 33, 154, 193, 194
HIV-1 group M, 11, 14, 24, 28–9, 40–1, 50, 168–70, 226, 228
HIV-1 group N, 29, 168–70, 226
HIV-1 group O, 9, 28–9, 168–70
HIV-1 group P, 170
HIV-1 subtypes, 39–40, 41, 108, 168, 169, 195–6, 211–13, 231
HIV-2, 9, 11, 24, 50, 61, 104, 168, 170–4, 209, 213, 226
Homo sapiens, 12, 52
homosexual tourism, 191–3
homosexuals, 1, 8, 12, 191–4, 210, 214, 233, 234
Hooper, Edward, 2, 50–3
Hôpital des Blancs in Léopoldville, 91
Hôpital des Congolais in Léopoldville, 164
Hôpital des Noirs in Boma, 144
Hôpital des Noirs in Léopoldville, 152
Hôpital Mama Yemo, 6, 32, 217
hormones, 55–7
human herpesvirus 8 See Kaposi’s sarcoma
human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, 60, 118, 140, 141, 157
hunting, 20, 43–6, 49, 223See also firearms
hydnocarpus oil, 148
iatrogenicEbola fever, 8
epidemic of hepatitis C in Egypt, 110–11
epidemics of hepatitis B, 115–16
epidemics of hepatitis C in Cameroon, 111–14
epidemics of HIV, 107–10
gas gangrene, 131
transmission of viruses, 103–5
Illiffe, John, 2
immunoglobulins, 197–8, 206, 232
incidence, 7, 209
India, 173, 175, 190, 199, 207, 214
Indochina, 62, 135
Indonesia, 107, 190
infertility, 78, 91, 98
Institut Pasteur, 52, 53, 55, 171
Institut Pasteur de Bangui, 227
Institut Pasteur de Brazzaville, 37, 69, 120, 153
International Union for Conservation of Nature, 18–20
internationalistas, 13
intravenous drug users, 8, 12, 103–7, 214–15, 225, 233, 234
Italy, 106, 208
Ivory Coast, 8, 20, 85, 172–3, 174–5, 231
Jadotville, 76
Jamot, Eugène, 120–7, 146, 177
Janssens, Émile, 184
Japan, 208, 218
Kampala, 181, 212
Kapita, Bila, 32
Kaposi’s sarcoma, 154, 193–4
Karolinska Institute, 52
Kasaï province, 87, 95, 146, 148
Kasaï River, 30
Kasavubu, Joseph, 183–5
Katanga province, 67, 75, 148, 153, 185–6, 212, 231
Kenscoff, 192
Kenya, 9, 14, 85, 96See also Nairobi
Kigali, 6, 211, 230
Kikongo, 101
Kikwit, 146
King Baudouin, 182, 184
King Leopold II, 62, 67
Kinshasaeconomic activity in, 30
Haitians in, 188
history of, 69–82, 181–9, 189–90
HIV in, 6–7, 9–11, 16, 32, 40–1, 166–7, 189, 209–10, 211, 212, 216–17, 227, 230
malaria in, 140
medical services in, 144, 150–3, 158–66
population of, 79–80, 211
prostitution in, 86, 91, 93–7, 99–102, 189, 212
Kisanganihistory of, 61–2, 76, 93, 182–3, 186, 189
HIV in, 212, 231
medical services in, 144
population of, 76
public health laboratory of, 50–3, 153–4, 154–5
Kisenso district, 79
Kisumu, 96
Kivu province, 148, 151
Koprowski, Hilary, 50, 51
Krever Commission, 207–8
Kribi region, 225
Kuyu, Camille, 188
Kwango region, 79, 87, 145, 156
La Fontaine, Jean, 100
La Semaine de l’AEF, 99
Lake Albert, 154
Lake Tanganyika, 88
Lake Tchad, 59
Lambaréné, 210
Lambotte, Claude, 159
Lasnet, Alexandre, 36
League of Nations, 44, 66–7, 155
Leclerc, Philippe de Hautecloque dit, 74
Legrand, Jeanne, 159
Lemba district, 7
Léopoldville See Kinshasa
Leplae, Edmond, 44
leprosySee also Caloncoba, chaulmoogra , methylene blue , sulphones
clinical characteristics of, 134
epidemiology of, 150, 165, 177
treatment of, 134–6, 139–40, 148, 154, 177, 224
Lesotho, 9, 207, 213
Lever palm oil company, 70
Liberia, 8, 172–3, 175, 190
Libreville, 61, 63, 69–70, 73, 210,
Libya, 74, 99, 108–10
Lingala, 76, 90, 101
Lisbon, 171
liver cancer, 154
Liverpool, 121
Loango, 60, 63
London, 121, 217
Londres, Albert, 36
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 40
Los Angeles, 1
Louisiana, 208
Lovanium university, 181
Lubero, 154
Lubumbashi, 76–7, 94, 95, 153–4, 181, 212,
Luluabourg, 76, 154
Lumumba, Patrice, 76, 183–6
Lusaka, 212
lymphatic filariasis, 60
Madame Rose, 99
Mahale park, 26
Mahler, Halfdan, 217–18
Mai-Ndombe region, 3
Makala district, 79, 100
malariain chimpanzees, 53–5
epidemiology of, 136–7
treatment of, 136–7, 140–1, 150–1, 224See also chloroquine, quinacrine , quinine
Malawi, 9, 212, 231
Malaysia, 190
Malebo Pool, 62
Malembo, 60
Mali, 8, 57, 173, 175, 190, 213
Managua, 206
Mann, Jonathan, 215–20
Marburg haemorrhagic fever, 43
Marseilles, 34, 37, 118, 120, 121, 124
Martinique, 60
Matadi, 64, 76, 182, 184
Matadi–Léopoldville railway, 34, 36, 63, 69
Matete district, 100, 101
Max Planck Institute, 52
Mayo Kebbi district, 137
Mayombe, 20, 34–6, 37–9, 47, 148, 150
Mbuji-Mayi, 16, 212
Medical Research Council Laboratories, 3
melarsoprol, 4, 128, 176
ménagères, 88–9
mercury salts, 131, 133
methylene blue, 135–6, 139, 148
Mexico, 60, 199, 203
Mfoa, 63
Miami, 190, 195, 201, 202–3, 204
migrantsin Abidjan, 213
in Brazzaville, 80–2, 98
in Douala, 82
in Europe, 214
from Haiti, 190
HIV among, 176
in Léopoldville, 70–1, 74, 75, 80–2, 102, 160–2, 165–6, 227, 228–9
in North America, 13
Milan, 106
military medicine, 118–20
Mimongo district, 92
Mobutu, Joseph Désiré (Mobutu Sese Seko), 6, 82, 184�
��7
molecular clocks, 39–42, 109, 111, 175, 195
monkeypox, 43
monkeys, 31, 43, 46, 51
Montpellier, 120
Montreal, 190, 194, 206
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1, 234
Morocco, 66
Moscow, 186
Mouvement National des Congolais, 183
Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution, 217
Mozambique, 9, 173, 175, 213
mulattoes, 89, 98, 159
Musée de l’Homme, 34
Nachtigal, Gustav, 65–6
Nairobi, 85, 102, 211, 212
Nakajima, Hiroshi, 218
National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, 52
Ndjili airport, 79
Ndola, 96
ndumbas See prostitution
New Mexico, 216
New York, 1, 106, 190, 191, 204, 214, 233
New York Times, 201–3
New York University School of Medicine, 52
Ngiri-Ngiri district, 100
Ngoko River, 228
Nicaragua, 206
Niger, 8, 175
Niger delta, 65
Nigeriachimpanzees in, 19
history of, 66, 155, 190
HIV in, 8, 9, 14, 15, 168, 173, 175, 214, 231
slaves from, 60
Nile delta, 110–11, 150
Nilodin, 150
Nioki, 3, 32, 212
Nkoltang, 131
Nola, 141–2
northern Rhodesia See Zambia
Norway, 190
Norwegian sailor, 9, 170, 196
Ntem region, 225
nucleotide sequencing, 11, 13, 22–3, 39, 168–70
Nyungwe reserve, 26
Ogooué River, 61
onchocerciasis, 156
oral poliomyelitis vaccine, 50–3
Oran, 218
Organisation des Nations-Unies au Congo, 185–8, 190
orsanine, 125, 128
Osterrieth, Paul, 51
Otraco transportation utility, 70
Ouagadougou, 124
Oubangui-Chari See Central African Republic
Pakistan, 106, 190
palaeopathology, 33–4
Pales, Léon, 33–9
Pan paniscus See bonobo
Pan troglodytes ellioti, 18–22, 26, 27, 41
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, 18–22, 24–30, 45, 48, 50, 52, 54
Pan troglodytes troglodytes, 15habitat of, 58, 76, 138, 148, 157, 224, 227, 228,
HTLV-1 and, 60
SIVcpz in, 2, 18–22, 24–30, 46–8, 169, 221
Pan troglodytes verus, 18–22, 26, 41, 54, 55, 58
parenteral, 103–5
Paris, 55
Paulis, 154
Pearce, Louise, 151
penicillin, 115, 131, 133–4, 152–3, 163, 165, 177
pentamidine, 1, 128–31, 141, 156–7, 176
Pettit, Auguste, 55
phylogenetic trees, 22–3, 40, 52, 169, 195
physiological misery, 36
pimps, 90, 102
Piot, Peter, 7
plague, 152, 154, 216–20
The plague, 216
plasma, 116, 197
plasma pimps, 200
plasma trade, 198–203, 205–8, 214, 232
plasmapheresis, 198–205, 232
Pliny the Elder, 6
pneumococcus, 36, 37, 152–3
Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii), 1, 9, 128
pneumonia, 36–7, 153
Pointe-Noire, 34, 70, 73, 93, 212, 228
Poland, 51, 199
poliomyelitis, 22, 50–3, 55, 153, 154
Port-au-Prince, 191–2, 196, 200–5, 206, 214, 231–2 See also Carrefour, Cité Soleil
Port-Gentil, xiii, 70, 73, 210
Portugal, 60, 62, 100, 138, 170–9, 189
Poto-Poto district, 98
prevalence, 6–7, 209
Princess Astrid Institute of Tropical Medicine, 152
prisoners, 197, 207–8
Projet Sida, 6, 16, 152, 216–17
prostitutionin the Belgian Congo, 71, 76, 78, 87–91, 93–7, 158–66, 229
in Benin, 84–5, 96
in Cameroon, 9, 87, 91–2, 96
in Congo-Brazzaville, 36, 38, 88, 92–3, 97–9
in the DRC, 99–102, 186, 189, 212, 230
in Gabon, 87, 92–3
gender imbalance and, 70, 76
in Ghana, 84–5
in Guinea-Bissau, 173–4
in Haiti, 191–3, 212, 231–2
HIV prevalence among women who practise, 6, 9, 84–5, 212, 213, 217
and infertility, 78
in Ivory Coast, 213
in Kenya, 9, 85, 96
in Oubangui-Chari, 93
in Rwanda, 212
and sexually transmitted diseases, 90–1
in Thailand, 215, 219
types of, 84–7
in Zambia, 96
Puerto Rico, 203, 206
Pune, 199
Punjab, 106
pygmies, 44, 46, 59, 140, 209, 221
quinacrine, 137
quinine, 63, 136–7, 141, 150–1, 178
Raymaekers, Paul, 100–1
Renkin, Jules, 67
Rhodesia See Zimbabwe
Rieux, Dr, 216, 219–20
Rio Muni, 138
Roche Molecular Systems, 52
Rockefeller Institute, 125
Rodhain, Jérôme, 54–5, 155, 157
Rolling Stone, 50
Romania, 107–8
Romaniuk, Anatole, 100
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 207
Ruanda See Rwanda
Russia, 55, 58, 107
Ruzizi valley, 50
Rwandachimpanzees in, 20, 26
history of, 67
HIV in, 6–7, 211, 230
Ryckmans, Pierre, 75