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17. On Anthony Johnson, among numerous other treatments designed to make the same point, see especially Breen and Innes, “Myne Owne Ground”, pp. 7–18.
18. On Ellison and other nineteenth-century southern black gentry and slave owners, see Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roark, Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1984), esp. pp. 124–29. For the total number of African American slaveholders and their slaves, see the classic work compiled and edited by Carter G. Woodson, Free Negro Owners of Slaves in the United States in 1830 (New York: Negro Universities Press 1968) and Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roark, “Strategies of Survival: Free Negro Families and the Problem of Slavery,” in Carol Bleser, ed., In Joy and in Sorrow: Women, Family, and Marriage in the Victorian South, 1830–1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 88–102.
19. See Peter H. Merkl, Political Violence Under the Swastika: 581 Early Nazis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 499; for a complementary analysis regarding the German population at large, see Sarah Gordon, Hitler, Germans, and the “Jewish Question” (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), esp. pp. 53–67.
20. Although it is now a staple of works on racism, the term “institutional racism” appears first to have been used and analyzed by Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton in their book Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York: Vintage Books, 1967), pp. 4–6, 22–23, 156–62; on “metaracism,” see Joel Kovel, White Racism: A Psychohistory, Second Edition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), pp. 211–30.
21. Jane Tompkins, “‘Indians’: Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History,” Critical Inquiry, 13 (1986), 115.
22. Alden T. Vaughan, New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians, 1620–1675 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 62, viii.
23. See, for example, Bernard W. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973), esp. p. 43, note 48. Sheehan, it must be said, takes this notion to a truly amazing extreme, claiming that the murderous destruction of American Indian peoples in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was caused simply by “naivete, perhaps even an excess of good will, but not the intentional inflicting of pain on a less powerful people” (p. 12). On the otherwise insightful Jordan’s “clouding of vision” when it came to Indians, see Drinnon, Pacing West, pp. 80–81.
24. Vaughan, New England Frontier, p. viii.
25. Wilbur R. Jacobs, Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and Whites on the Colonial Frontier (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972); Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975); Richard Drinnon, Facing West; and Neal Salisbury, Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500–1643 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).
26. Alden T. Vaughan, “From White Man to Redskin: Changing Anglo-American Perceptions of the American Indian,” American Historical Review, 87 (1982), 917–53. Vaughan himself notes (p. 941) that British colonists in the early 1620s—when there were not many more than a thousand white settlers in Virginia and barely a hundred in New England—were referring to the Indians as creatures “having little of Humanitie but shape,” as “more brutish than the beasts they hunt,” and as “naturally born slaves.” These, however, are not racist opinions, Vaughan thinks, because they do not mention skin color.
27. Hugh A. MacDougall, Racial Myth in English History: Trojans, Teutons, and Anglo-Saxons (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1982).
28. W.E.B. DuBois, Dusk of Dawn (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1940), p. 139.
29. Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), pp. 8–9.
30. The Convention contains 15 additional Articles that are not reproduced here because they are procedural, and procedural action has never been taken against any member state.
INDEX
Abenaki Indians, 118
Acaxee people, 81–82
Achebe, Chinua, 250–51
Achumawi Indians, 22
Acoma Indians, 128
Acosta, José de, 46, 52
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., 243, 245
Adams, John, 120
Adena culture, 17–18
Africa and Africans, 11–12, 13–14
in Heart of Darkness, 250–51
and slave trade (see Slavery, New World; Slave Trade, African)
Aguilar, Martin de, 134
Aguirre, Lope de, 97
Ailly, Pierre d’, 195–96, 197
Ajuricaba, 94
Alacaluf people, 48
Alaska, 9–10, 20–21, 128–29, 261, 265
Albertus Magnus, Saint, 173
Albumasar, 196
Aleut people, 20, 128
Almagro, Diego de, 88
Alvarado, Pedro de, 76, 81, 134
Amazon, 46–48, 88
American Horse, 126–27
Anasazi people, 24
Andagoya, Pascual de, 88
Anderson, Rufus, 244
Andros, Edmund, 107
Androscoggin Indians, 118
Anthony, Susanna, 231
Antichrist, 181, 186, 196
Anti-Semitism, 174–76, 181–85, 190, 242, 248, 275
as racism, 249, 251–52
Anza, Juan Bautista de, 134
Apache Indians, 24
Apalachee Indians, 26—27
Apartheid, 13–14
Aquinas, Thomas. See Thomas Aquinas, Saint.
Arapaho Indians, 19, 129–34
Aravaipa Indians, 24
Arawakan culture, 47, 49–51
Arciniegas, Germán, 199
Argentina, 46
Arikara Indians, 19
Aristotle, 195–96, 210, 219–20, 247
Armenians, genocide against, 75, 150
Arnold of Villanova, 187
Ascensión, Antonio de la, 135
Asceticism and Christian thought, 154–64, 171–72, 174, 178–79, 231–32, 250
Atakapa Indians, 26
Atsugewi Indians, 22
Augustine, Saint, 158, 168, 177, 229
Auschwitz, 89, 185, 246–47, 254, 256
Australia, genocide in, 244
Aveni, Anthony, 38–39
Axtell, James, 104
Ayala, Felipe Guaman Poma de, 91
Aztecs, 3–8, 12, 33, 39, 52–53, 75–81, 86, 134, 214
Bacon, Francis, 64
Bacon, Roger, 196
Baffin Island, 99–100
Bailyn, Bernard, 12–13
Bainton, Roland, 179
Baja California Indians, 128
Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 83, 218
Barlowe, Arthur, 227–28
Bataan death march, 123
Baum, L. Frank, 126–27
Belize, 37, 39, 81
Benedict, Ruth, 110
Bengalis, genocide against, 75, 150
Bent, George, 132
Bent, Robert, 131–32
Beothuk people, 20
Bercovitch, Sacvan, 239–40
Berenbaum, Michael, 152
Berengia, 9–10, 19, 261–62, 264–66
Bering Sea, 8–9
Berkeley, William, 107, 112
Berkhofer, Robert F., 14
Berlandier, Jean Louis, 129
Bernáldez, Andrés, 205
Bernheimer, Richard, 169, 171
Betanzos, Domingo de, 218–19
Bhagavad-Gita, ix
Bidai Indians, 26
Bienvenida, Lorenzo de, 82
Bird, Asbury, 132
Birkenau, 185
Black Death, 57, 108, 161, 180, 181, 188–89
Blackfoot Indians, 19
Black Kettle, 131–32
Blásques, António, 92
Blood Indians, 19
Bolívar, Simón, 240
Borah, Woodrow, 267
Boswell, John, 61, 181
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 134
Bradford, William, 108, 112, 114, 136, 238
Braudel, Fernand, 60
Brazil, xiv, 46–48, 91–94, 108, 150–51, 212, 221, 228, 261–62
Brebeuf, Jean de, 30
Bromyard, John, 161
Brown, Peter, 155
Bry, Theodor de, 228–29
Bubonic plague, 53, 57, 60, 92–93, 102
Bucher, Bernadette, 228–29
Burnett, Peter, 144
Bynum, Caroline Walker, 160
Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, 23–24, 134–35
Caddo Indians, 26
Cahokia, 32
Cahto Indians, 22
California, xii, 21–24, 52, 128, 134–46, 215, 261, 265, 267
Callisthenes, 164
Calusa Indians, 27
Calvin, John, 233–34
Caminha, Pedro Vaz de, 212
Cannae, battle of, 254
Cannibalism, 61, 99, 174, 197–98, 218
Cannon, James D., 133
Canny, Nicholas, 224–25
Capistrano, Juan, 140
Cariban culture, 47
Caribbean islands, x, 49–51, 62–75, 93, 95, 197–206, 213–14, 222
Carracci, Agostino, 164
Cartier, Jacques, 52, 102
Castenega, Martin de, 162
Castillo, Bernal Díaz del, xv, 4–7, 78
Catawba Indians, 26
Cayuga Indians, 28, 120
Cayusa Indians, 21
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, 171
Chaco Canyon, 25
Chadwick, Henry, 157
Chalco, Lake, 4
Chalk, Frank, 279
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 249
Chanca, Diego Alvarez, 205
Chapultepec, 5
Charles V, 183, 210–11, 215
Charlevoix, Pierre de, 29–31
Chelan Indians, 21
Chemakum Indians, 21
Cherokee Indians, 121–24
Cheyenne Indians, 19, 129–34
Chichén Itzá, 37, 82
Chickasaw Indians, 26, 124
Chile, 10, 87–91, 211, 261–62, 264
Chilula Indians, 22
Chimariko Indians, 22
Chiricahua Indians, 24
Chivington, John, 131–34
Chocktaw Indians, 26, 124
Cholera, 136
Chomsky, Noam, 153
Chorotega people, 39
Chorover, Stephan L., 185
Christianity and genocide, 153–54, 174–79, 216–19, 237–38, 242, 246
Christobalico, 182–83
Christopher, Saint, 168–69, 173, 207
Chukchi Sea, 8–9
Chumash Indians, 137
Cicero, 154
Cieza de León, Pedro de, 44, 45, 80, 87–88
Clastres, Pierre, 48
Clavijero, Francisco Javier, 266
Clendinnen, Inga, 76, 78
Coahuiltec Indians, 24
Cobo, Bernabé, 45
Cocopa Indians, 24
Coe, Michael, 34–35
Coeur D’Alene Indians, 21
Cofitachequi Indians, 26
Cohn, Norman, 159, 163, 179, 249
Colby, William, 127
Coligny, Gaspard de, 191
Colombia, 40, 198, 215
Columbus, Christopher, x, xv, 10–11, 57, 62–71, 84, 101, 164, 183, 186–87, 188, 190, 192–207, 213, 217, 222, 223, 235, 247, 258
enslavement of natives, 66–67, 200–201
millennial beliefs of, 196–97
monstrous races and, 197–98, 199–200
terrestrial paradise and, 198–200
Columbus, Fernando, 69
Colville Indians, 21
Coma, Guillermo, 205–7
Commanche Indians, 19
Commission on Human Rights (Organization of American States), xiii
Conrad, Joseph, 249–51
Constantine I, 180
Constantinople, 7
Cook, James, 134
Cook, Noble David, 44
Cook, Sherburne F., 138, 267
Copán, 37
Coricancha, 43, 45
Cornejo, Diego de Robles, 145–46
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 26, 81
Cortés, Hernando, 4–8, 73, 75–81, 101, 109, 134, 206, 214, 225
Costa Rica, 34, 39, 81
Couliano, loan P., 162
Council of Constance, 188
Council of Fourteen, 210–11
Coyotera Indians, 24
Cree Indians, 19, 53
Creek Indians, 26, 121, 124
Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de, 104, 240
Cromwell, Oliver, 98
Crow Indians, 19
Crusades, 61, 176–79, 187, 190, 199, 201, 213
Ctesias, 167
Cuba, 49–50, 62, 69–71, 73, 213–14
Cuneo, Michele de, 66–67, 84, 94, 203–4
Cusabo Indians, 26
Cusanus, Nicolaus, 173
Cuzco, 42–43, 45, 221
Dale, Thomas, 105
Davis, David Brion, 180–81, 207–8, 232
Davis, Ralph, 214–15, 223
Degler, Carl N., 271
Delaware Indians, 28, 125
De la Warr, Thomas West, 105–6
Depopulation, x, 24, 72–75, 81–82, 85–87, 90–95, 101–3, 107–9, 118, 120–21, 124–25, 128–29, 136–37, 142, 145–46, 204, 222
De Soto, Hernando, 26, 102, 129
Des Pres, Terrence, 150, 153
Diamond, Stanley, 111
Diehl, Richard, 36
Dillehay, Tom D., 262
Diphtheria, 53, 57, 91, 136
Disease, xii, xiv, 53–54, 57–58, 67–69, 77–78, 81, 87, 89–91, 102–3, 107–9, 134–39, 202–4, 268
Christian interpretations of, 218–19, 237–39. See also specific diseases.
Dobyns, Henry F., 267–68
Dogrib people, 20
Dominican missions, 71–72, 84–85, 218, 237
Donne, John, ix
Douglas, Mary, 228
Dower, John W., 252
Drake, Francis, 102, 134
Drinnon, Richard, 115, 119, 274, 277
DuBois, W.E.B., 278
Duerr, Hans Peter, 162
Dürer, Albrecht, 7
Dysentery, 136
Easton, John, 116–17
Easton, Robert, 25
Economic conditions in Europe: fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 57–62, 188–90
in Spain, 190, 213–16, 221–22, 236–37
in England, 190, 222–23, 236–37
Ecuador, 40
Elias, Norbert, 59
Elizabeth I, 223
Elliott, J.H., 52, 57, 192, 207, 211–12, 216
Ellison, William, 275
El Paraíso, 41
El Salvador, 37, 39, 81
Elysian fields, 65, 165. See also Paradise on earth.
Emicho of Leiningen, Count, 176
Encomiendas, 73
Endicott, John, 112, 115
Erie Indians, 28
Ertebølle middens, Denmark, 27
Espina, Alonso de, 182
Espinosa, Gaspar de, 215
Estete, Miguel de, 43–44
Eugenics and genocide, 185, 243, 246
Fanon, Frantz, 14–15, 225
Fecamp, Jean de, 158
Ferdinand V, 203, 205
Fiji, native population decline in, 268
Flathead Indians, 21
Fortescue, John, 172
Francis, Saint, 233
Franciscan mission, California, 23, 136–42
Franciscan Order, 186, 219, 237
and Columbus, 196, 199
Franklin, Benjamin, 103–4
Fredrickson, George M., 273–76
Fritz, Kurt von, 164
Frobisher, Martin, 99–100, 227
Fulcher of Chartres, 179
&n
bsp; Gandavo, Pero de Magalhães, 92
Gardiner, Lion, 113
Genocide, 69–75, 76–95, 106–8, 113–18, 119, 121–22, 129–34, 142–46, 150–54, 184–85, 219–21, 223, 232, 237–38, 240–46, 247, 252, 254–56, 269, 279–81
“uniqueness” question, 150–53. See also Christianity and genocide.
Genocide Convention, United Nations, 255–56, 279–81
Giamatti, A. Bartlett, 165–66
Gilbert, Humphrey, 99
Gilgamesh epic, 169–70
Golden Age, 164, 166, 186, 227–28. See also Paradise on earth.
Golovnin, V.M., 138
Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, 77, 225
Gonorrhea, 134, 136
Gordillo, Francisco, 101
Graham, Cunninghame, 250
Grand Canyon, ancient habitation sites in, 25
Grand Turk Island, xiii
Gray, Robert, 227
Great Chain of Being, 172–73, 226–27, 246
Greece, sexuality in, 154–55
Gregorio, Gil, 210
Greven, Philip, 231–32
Grinnell, George Bird, 110
Guale Indians, 27
Guatemala, xiii–xiv, 34, 37, 39, 81, 86, 258
Guerard, Albert J., 250
Gutenberg, Johann, 186
Guzmán, Nuño Beltrán de, 81
Gypsies. See Romani people.
Haeckel, Ernst, 246
Haig, Douglas, 119
Hakluyt, Richard, 223
Halkomelem Indians, 21
Hall, G. Stanley, 245–46
Handlin, Oscar, 12–13
Hanke, Lewis, 64
Hannibal, 254
Han people, 20
Hare people, 20
Hariot, Thomas, 102, 237–38
Harrington, James, 64
Hasinai Indians, 26
Haúsh people, 48
Havasupai Indians, 24
Hawaiians and Hawai‘i, 144, 244, 268
Hemming, John, 43
Hesiod, 165–66, 218
Hess, Rudolf, 249
Hewitt, J.N.B., 28
Hidatsa Indians, 19
Higham, John, 229
Hilberg, Raul, 175
Himmler, Heinrich, 131
Hippocrates, 164
Hiroshima, ix–x, 119
Hispaniola, x, xii, xiv, 8, 49–51, 62–63, 82, 200–206, 214, 221, 266–67
History as political mythology, 13–15
Hitler, Adolf, 153, 246, 249–50, 252
Hohokam people, 24
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 244–45, 246
Holocaust, Nazi, xi, xiii, 124, 150–53, 184–85, 246, 247, 249, 254–56
Holocaust Memorial, United States, 152