A Kingdom Strange
Page 24
28 Strachey, Virginia Britania, 34; Alvord and Bidgood, First Explorations, 122-123, 125, 128; and Alan Vance Briceland, Westward from Virginia: The Exploration of the Virginia-Carolina Frontier, 1650-1710 (Charlottesville, VA, 1987), 28-91. Briceland argues that Bland was sent to the region by Governor William Berkeley to look for an English man and woman who were thought to be survivors of the lost colony living with the Tuscaroras. Bland is explicit that “Hocomawananck,” which I interpret as a garbled version of Ocanahonan, was near the falls of the Roanoke River. Lee Miller mistakes Hocomawananck for Occaneechee Island. Roanoke, 259.
29 Parramore, “The ‘Lost Colony’ Found,” 79; and Strachey, Virginia Britania , 106-107.
30 Barbour, Complete Works, 1: 257; Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, 1975), 108-123; and Horn, A Land As God Made It, 157-223, 232-234, 246-247, 280. John Pory, a former secretary to the colony, explored the Chowan River in February 1622. Like Sicklemore, he discovered a fertile country of pines and abundant silk grass but made no reference to the lost colonists. William S. Powell, John Pory, 1572-1636: The Life and Letters of a Man of Many Parts (Chapel Hill, NC, 1977), 101. Hopes of discovering mines in the mountains or a passage to the South Sea would reemerge from time to time, in 1626, in the 1640s, in the early 1650s, and in the 1670s.
31 Bemiss, Three Charters, 60. Newport reported in May-June 1607 sighting at “Port Cottage” (Poor Cottage) on the James River “a Savage Boy about the age of ten years, which had a head of hair of perfect yellow and a reasonable white skin, which is a Miracle amongst all Savages.” Barbour, Jamestown Voyages , 1: 140. Bland found “many of the people” above the falls of the Roanoke River “to have beards” (suggestive of mixed European-Indian ancestry). Alvord and Bidgood, First Explorations,126-127. The towns of “machomonchocock,” “aumocawpunt,” “rawcotock” between the Roanoke and Tar Rivers are as yet unidentified, although it is possible “machomonchocock” was near the copper mines on the Tar River, marked on Edward Moseley’s map of 1733. See Cumming, Southeast in Early Maps, Plate 51, map 218. The tragic history of the Indian peoples of Ossomocomuck during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is briefly summarized in Michael Leroy Oberg, The Head in Edward Nugent’s Hand: Roanoke’s Forgotten Indians (Philadelphia, 2008), 146-152, 157- 160. See also Douglas L. Rights, The American Indian in North Carolina (Winston-Salem, NC, 1957).
Epilogue: Ralegh’s Ship
1 John Lawson, A New Voyage to Carolina, ed. Hugh Talmage Lefler, (Chapel Hill, NC, 1967), xi-xxxi, 7-69. In 1654 Francis Yeardley of Virginia reported that a small expedition had visited Roanoke Island the year before and seen “the ruins of Sir Walter Ralegh’s fort.” Alexander S. Salley Jr., ed., Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650-1708 (New York, 1911), 23-29; William P. Cumming, “Naming Carolina,” North Carolina Historical Review 22 (1945): 34-42.
Illustration Credits
1.1. Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s map from A Discourse of a Discoverie for a New Passage to Cataia (1576). Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
1.2. Abraham Ortelius, Typus Orbis Terrarum, 1570. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
1.3. Sir Walter Ralegh, c. 1590. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
1.4. Durham House. Detail from John Norden, Speculum Britanniae (1593). Courtesy of the Henry E. Huntington Library.
1.5. Jacques Le Moyne, Map of Florida, c. 1565. Engraving by Theodor de Bry, 1591. Courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
2.1. John White, The Arrival of the English, 1585-1586. Engraving by Theodor de Bry, 1590. Courtesy of the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
2.2. Indian Peoples of Ossomocomuck and Surrounding Regions. Drawn by Rebecca L. Wrenn.
2.3. John White, Indians Fishing, 1585. Copyright. The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.
2.4. John White, One of the Wives of Wingina, 1585. Copyright. The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.
2.5. Sir Richard Grenville, 1571. National Portrait Gallery, London.
2.6. John White, A map of that part of America, now called Virginia, 1585-1586. Engraving by Theodor de Bry, 1590. Courtesy of the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
2.7. John White, Pomeiooc, 1585. Copyright. The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.
2.8. John White, Secotan, 1585. Copyright. The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.
2.9. John White, Indians Dancing, 1585. Copyright. The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.
2.10. John White, Mosquetal and Cape Rojo, 1585. Copyright. The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.
3.1. John White, Land Crab, Pineapple, Flamingo, Flying Fish, 1585. Copyright. The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.
3.2. Explorations of 1585-1586. Drawn by Rebecca L. Wrenn.
3.3. John White, A map of that part of America, now called Virginia, 1585-1586, Detail. Engraving by Theodor de Bry, 1590. Courtesy of the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
3.4. John White, Wingina, 1585. Copyright. The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.
3.5. Indians Panning for Gold in a Mountain Stream. Engraving by Theodor de Bry, 1590. Courtesy of the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
3.6. John White, Roanoke, 1586. Copyright. The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.
3.7. John White, Map of the East Coast of America, 1586. Copyright. The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.
4.1. Detail from the Copperplate Map of London, ca. 1559. Courtesy of the Guildhall Library, City of London.
4.2. Claes Visscher, detail from a panoramic view of London, showing London Bridge, 1616. Courtesy of the Guildhall Library, City of London.
4.3. Coat of arms of the City of Ralegh and those of John White. Copy post-1660. Courtesy of the Provost, Fellows and Scholars of the Queen’s College, Oxford.
4.4. Places of Origin of Some Settlers from London, 1587. Drawing by Rebecca L. Wrenn.
5.1. The Spanish Armada off the South Coast of England, 1590. Courtesy of the National Maritime Museum.
6.1. John Smith, Map of Virginia, engraved by William Hole, 1612. Courtesy of the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
6.2. John Smith’s sketch map of 1608 (Zuñiga Map). Courtesy of the Archivo General de Simancas Ministerio de Cultura, Spain.
6.3. Detail from John Smith’s sketch map of 1608 (Zuñiga Map). Drawn by Rebecca L. Wrenn.
6.4. John White, detail from A map of that part of America, now called Virginia , 1585-1586. Engraving by Theodor de Bry, 1590. Courtesy of the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
6.5. Locations of Lost Colonists, 1608. Drawn by Rebecca L. Wrenn.
Acknowledgments
This has been a wonderful book to write. Throughout, I have enjoyed the support of the First Colony Foundation, a not-for-profit group of historians, archaeologists, and enthusiasts dedicated to research related to Sir Walter Ralegh’s colonies on Roanoke Island, 1585-1587. The foundation awarded me a grant in 2009 to undertake work in London on the English origins of the lost colonists, for which I am most grateful. I have benefited enormously from conversations with Phil Evans, Alastair Macdonald, lebame houston, William S. Powell, and archaeologists Nick Luccketti, Eric Klingelhofer, Carter Hudgins (senior and junior), Clay Swindell, and Ivor Noel Hume. Phil Evans has been especially generous in sharing his knowledge of Roanoke Island and the surrounding region and ideas about the lost colony.
I am grateful also for the advice and wisdom of Don Lamm, who encouraged me to pursue the project. Early versions of the argument were presented at graduate seminars at New York University, North-western University, and the University of Maryland, College Park. I would like to record my thanks to the participants
for their thoughtful comments.
I would like to thank the staffs of the Alderman Library at the University of Virginia, the Swem Library at the College of William and Mary, the British Library, the Outer Banks History Center, the National Park Service at Fort Raleigh, the Institute of Historical Research, the Guildhall Library, the London Metropolitan Archives, and the City of Westminster Archives Centre for their assistance. The National Park Service at Fort Raleigh was extremely accommodating in allowing me to examine Milagros Flores’s recent research materials, copied from original sources in Spanish archives.
At the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, I am most grateful to Colin Campbell for his encouragement and interest. Marianne Martin at the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library assisted with tracking down illustrations and organizing permissions. Susan Shames’s expert understanding of genealogical materials was invaluable and saved me from many errors in trying to unravel the origins of the lost colonists. Rebecca L. Wrenn drew the maps, and Kirsten Kellogg kindly gave up spare time to help with some of the Spanish translations. I would also like to thank Joan and George Morrow for many delightful conversations.
Lara Heimert, Editorial Director at Basic Books, has been a superb editor, and I owe her a great debt of thanks. I am grateful also to Bran-don Proia, Renee Caputo, Sharon DeJohn, and other staff at Basic who have brought the book to completion.
My family has been a constant source of support throughout the research and writing. I could not possibly have completed the work without their forbearance and patience during the years I have spent pondering the fate of the lost colonists. I thank them with all my heart. The book is dedicated to my wife, Sally, and my children, Ben and Liz, with much love.
Index
Ahone (Indian deity)
Albemarle Sound
Amadas’ expedition to
description
maps(fig.)(fig.)
first Roanoke expedition (1584)
Algonquian language
Hariot and
Algonquian peoples, North Carolina
fishing(fig.)
food of
language
population/settlements (fig.)(fig.)
religious beliefs/rituals (fig.)
society
waterways importance(fig.)
See also Indian peoples of Ossomocomuck; specific groups
Alvarez, Don Fernando
Amadas, Philip
background
description
Ralegh and
Amadas, Philip/first Roanoke expedition (1584)
claiming/exploring land
Indian peoples and
position
skirmish with Indian peoples
Amadas, Philip/Roanoke Colony (1585-1586)
Aquascocock attack
Chesapeake Bay expedition (1585-1586)(fig.) (fig.)
Pemisapan and
role/activities
Anglican Church. See Church of England
Anjou, Duke of
Appalachian Mountains
mineral wealth and (fig.)
passage to Pacific and
Aquascocock attack
Archard, Arnold/Joyce
Archer, Gabriel
Ark Ralegh/Royal (ship)(fig.)
Arrival of the English, The (White) (fig.)
Arundell, John
Babbington, Anthony
Bailie, Roger
Bark Bonner (ship)
Bark Ralegh (ship)
Barlowe, Arthur
background
Ralegh and
Roanoke expedition (1585)
Barlowe, Arthur/first Roanoke expedition (1584)
claiming/exploring land
Indian peoples and
Outer Banks description
position
reports
Basanier, Martin
Beale, Valentine
Berrio, Antonio de
Berrye, Henry/Richard
Blackfriars Theater, London
Bland, Edward
Brave (ship)
Burghley, Lord
Burgoignon, Nicholas
Butler, Richard
Cabot, Sebastian
Cage, Anthony
Cage, John
Calais
Camden, William
Cape Rojo camp, Puerto Rico (fig.)
Cape Rojo (White)(fig.)
Carey, George
Carleill, Christopher
Carroll, Dennis
Catawbas
Catholicism
in England
King Philip II and
Cavendish, Thomas/Roanoke expedition (1585)
role
voyage
Champernoun, Katherine
Chandler, John
Chapman, Alice
Chapman, John
Chapman, Robert
Charlesfort
“Chaunis Temoatan”
colonists and
Roanoke River and (fig.)
Tuscaroras and(fig.)
Chesapeake Bay expedition (1585-1586)(fig.) (fig.)
Chesapeake Bay expedition (1606-1607)
colonists duties
colonists exploration
mineral wealth and
passage to Pacific and
warnings to colonists
See also Jamestown Colony; Virginia Company of London; specific individuals
Chesapeakes
lands of(fig.)
Skicóak (capital)(fig.)
Chesepiooc(fig.)
Chevan, John/Thomas
Chowan River
description/explorations
lost colonists (fig.)
Chowanocs
description
English relations with
Iroquoian peoples and
lands of(fig.)(fig.)
Powhatans and
lost colonists and
Tuscaroras and
Weapemeocs and
See also Menatonon, Chowanoc chief
Church of England
Manteo
North American colonies
Protestant Reformation
Puritans and
City of Ralegh/syndicate (fig.)
Clark, John
Cocke, Abraham
as privateer
return to England
White/return to Roanoke Island (1590)
Cooper, Christopher
Cooper, Thomasine
Cope, Sir Walter
Coree peoples
Cornieles, Alonzo
Cosmographia Universalis (Münster)
Croatoans
English relations
Lane’s men and
Manteo and
colonists attack on
lost colonists and (fig.)
Currituck Sound
Dare, Ananias
recruitment of settlers
Roanoke Colony (1587)
ruling group
White and
Dare, Eleanor
birth of daughter
husband/father
pregnancy
recruitment of settlers
Roanoke Colony (1587)
Dare, John/Thomasine
Dare, Virginia
Dasemunkepeuc
Manteo and
Secotans
White’s return (1590) and
Dee, John
Delight (ship)
“Discourse on Western Planting” (Hakluyt the younger)
Discovery (ship)
Disease
Drake’s men (1585-1586)
Gilbert’s expeditions and
Indians and European diseases
Jamestown Colony
first Roanoke expedition (1584)
Dorothy (ship)
Douglas, James (Earl of Morton)
Drake, Bernard
Drake, Francis
New World colonies
plans action against Spain
raids on New Spain
return to England (1586)
>
Roanoke colonists (1585-1586) and
San Juan de Ulúa attack
Spanish information and
St. Augustine destruction
war against Spain/aftermath
west coasts of North/South America
Drakes of Plymouth
Drayton, Michael
Dudley, Robert (Earl of Leicester)
Durham House, London
Manteo/Wanchese at
map showing(fig.)
Ralegh and(fig.)
view from
Edward I, King (England)
Edward VI, King (England)
El Dorado
Elizabeth, Queen (England)
assassination plots/consequences
beginning of reign
celebration of reign/victory over Spain
death
execution of Mary Queen of Scots and
marriage and
Protestantism and
Robert Dudley and
Sir Humphrey Gilbert and
west coasts of North/South America
See also England; Ralegh, Walter/ Queen Elizabeth relationship