The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology
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Laurin (Middle High German poem), 26
Lautphonetik, 129
Lawman’s Brut, see La3amon
Lazamon, 69n, 237, 394
‘leapfrogging’, 183
Leeds University, 8, 13, 40, 254, 311, 316
Legendarium (see ‘Abbreviations’), 254
‘The Legend of Beren and Lúthien’ (collectively), 357–8, 359, 362
The Legend of Brynhild (Andersson), 354
Legolas, 130, 134, 141, 146, 157, 183, 186, 189, 214, 221, 239, 241, 373, 412, 414; explains ‘elf-time’, 69; lament of, 38; makes prophecy, 249
lembas, 384
Letters (see ‘Abbreviations’), 63, 75–6, 114, 123, 131, 140n, 258, 260, 265, 269, 273, 275, 309, 325, 380, 411
Lewis, C. S., 27, 68, 100, 223, 224, 225, 273, 338, 342, 382, 394; The Last Battle, 224; Mere Christianity, 160; ‘Narnia’ series, 224; Out of the Silent Planet, 169; A Preface to ‘Paradise Lost’, 267–8; That Hideous Strength, 86n, 136n
Lewis, Sinclair, 76
Lex Burgundionum, 21
Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid (Middle High German poem), 354, 356
Lietzmann, Hans, 14
Life Guards (plumes of), 145n.
‘Life of St. Brendan’ (Middle English poem), 327
‘light-elves’, 70, 332
Limbo, 222–31, 259
Limlight, River, 114, 117
Lindisfarne, abbot of, 225
Linear B, 15
‘lit.’, 7, 8, 9, 28, 307, 311, 385
‘literary’, 30, 32
‘literature’, 7–8, 31, 45, 197, 238–9, 274, 324–5, 377
Literature, Psychoanalysis, and the New Sciences of the Mind (Jackson), 367
Little Kingdom, The, 111, 112, 113, 115, 123, 139
‘The Little Mermaid’, 270
Loki, 70, 348
Lombards, 337
Lonely Isle, 345
Lonely Mountain, 106, 110, 319
Long Lake, 110
‘The Long Lay of Sigurthr’ (Old Norse poem), 354
Lönnrot, Elias, 395
‘A Look at Exodus and Finn and Hengest’ (Shippey), 390
‘loose semantic fit’, 201, 203, 222
Lord of the Flies (Golding), 370, 375
Lord’s Prayer, 164, 369
Lórien, as Paradise, 246–7; loss of, 36, 176, 229, 263; magic of, 67–8, 86n, 151–2, 347; see also Lothlórien
The Lost Literature of Medieval England (Wilson), 25, 396
‘lost lore’, 22, 260
‘lost poems, 391
‘Lost Straight Road’, 169, 324–8
Lothlórien, 68, 86n, 152, 153, 176, 181, 184, 241, 347; see also Lórien
Lotho (Pimple), 195, 232
Loudwater, River, 116
‘louver’, 148
Love’s Labour’s Lost, see Shakespeare
Lowdham, Alwin Arundel, 332–3, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343
Lowes, John Livingston, 387
‘low mimesis’, 239, 242, 248
Lucas, George, 366
Lucifer, 271
‘luck’, 170–4, 186, 187, 196, 198, 287, 288, 385
Luck of Edenhall, the, 69n.
Lúthien, 220, 221, 223, 230, 254, 269, 270, 277, 289–90, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 305, 306, 343, 357, 358, 359; see also ‘Legend of Beren and Lúthien’
Lydney, 40
‘lyric core’, 277, 284–5, 294
Mabinogion, 294
Mablung, 299
Macbeth, see Shakespeare
MacDonald, George, 389, 397
MacNeice, Louis, 370
Maedhros, 296
Maeglin, 286–7
Maggot, Farmer, 119, 125, 321, 324, 334, 366
Maginot Line, 192
‘Magyk natureel’, 150–2
Maiar, 272
‘makers’, 274
‘malice’, 31, 303
mallorn trees, 150
Malory, Sir Thomas, 182, 202, 203, 205
Mandeville’s Travels (Anglo-French text), 194, 395
Mandos, Halls of, 269, 272, 294, 295, 306, 359
Manichaeus, -anism, 160, 164, 177
‘The Man in the Moon’ (Middle English poem) 42–3, 47, 61, 238
Manlove, C. N., 2, 3, 162, 201–3
Manwë, 274
‘The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland’ (Yeats), 217
maps, 109, 114–15, 117–18, 128, 132, 133
Marignano, Battle of, 244
‘the Mark’, 139–40, 150; see also Riddermark
‘marshall’, 140
Marx, Karl, 367
‘mask’, 302n
Masson, David I., 164n
‘The Master Thief, 85–6
Maxims I (Old English poem), 23, 143, 274, 389
Maxims II (Old English poem), 149, 389
‘mediation’, 281, 391
Meduseld, 141, 142, 146, 148
Melian, 272, 284, 289, 298, 301, 306, 359
Melko, Melkor, 267–8, 272–3, 274, 348, 359
‘Mercia’, 139–40, 144; see also Old Mercian
Merry (Meriadoc Brandybuck), 115, 119, 125, 131, 133, 137, 151, 157, 174, 180, 183, 185, 186–7, 188, 190, 199, 236, 240, 242, 246, 352, 373, 414
‘Middle-earth’, 5, 9, 106, 107, 124, 132, 136, 149, 151, 156, 159, 165, 172, 174, 176–7, 179, 181, 195, 199, 214, 227, 238, 265, 276, 286, 320, 345
Middle English, 6, 26, 42, 45, 179
Middle High German, 19, 26, 279, 389
Middle Kingdom, 111, 113
Midgard Serpent, 92
Milton, John, 41, 110, 216, 217, 222, 236, 238, 251, 261, 267, 426; Comus, 110, 238, 243; ‘On the Late Massacre in Piedmont’, 251; Paradise Lost, 236, 261, 268, 269, 273, 276, 426; Paradise Regained, 268, 269
Minas Morgul, 162, 163, 167, 215, 242
Minas Tirith, 133, 146, 175, 187, 192, 249
Mindolluin, 156
Mirkwood, 80, 118
‘misology’, 385–6
Misty Mountains, 80, 110, 390
Mitchison, Naomi, 114
Modern Fantasy (Manlove), 2, 3, 201–3
Moe, J. I., 86, 329, 392; see also Asbjörnsen
‘moral courage’, 97, 263
Morannon, 227, 241
Mordor, 114, 126–7, 131, 159, 166, 174, 180, 185, 188, 190, 211, 212, 242, 246, 248 262
Morgoth, 268, 284, 287, 294, 295, 298, 299, 337, 359, 360
Moria, 87, 109, 150, 165, 166, 183, 235, 247, 266
Moriquendi, 284
Morris, William, 80, 391, 397
Morwen, 299, 300, 301–2
Mount Doom, 154, 163–4
Muir, Edwin, 5, 175, 181, 363–4, 366–7, 410
Müllenhoff, Karl, 396
Müller, Max, 13, 16
‘Music of the Ainur, The’, 254
mythopoeia, 57, 230
myths, mythology, 33–4, 56, 126, 128, 200–1, 214, 216, 222–3, 231, 237, 238–9, 242, 248, 250, 265, 329, 345–51
‘Naith’ of Lórien, 247
names, 109–12, 114–15, 117–18, 124, 133, 266, 309–11, 336–7, 339, 354
Nargothrond, 277, 287, 298, 359
narrator, 88–9, 102–4
Narsil, 147
The Nation, 2
nature-myth, 56, 87
Nazgûl, 119, 161, 185, 242, 243, 244, 302n; see also Ringwraiths
Nazis, 192
Necromancer, 87, 110
neologisms, 57
‘neurotic’, 148
The New York Review of Books, 197
New York Times, 393; NYT Book Review, 3
Nibelungenlied (Middle High German poem), 21, 25, 354–5, 389
Nienor, 298–9, 300, 302
‘niggle’, 49, 313, 324, 333, 342
‘The Night that Lasted a Year’ (motif), 69
Nimrodel, River, 247–8
Nindalf, 114
Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 375
Njál’s saga, 282
Njörthr, 278
Noad, Charles, 254
‘Nobottle’, 117, 128
Nodens
, 40, 41, 42, 63
Noegyth Nibin, 306
‘Nokes’, 310, 311–12, 313, 314, 315
Noldor, 274, 282, 283, 286, 333
Norman Conquest, 82, 97, 167
Norns, 348
Norse Poems (Taylor and Auden), 390
Northamptonshire, 111
Northfarthing, 117
Northumbrians, 21, 53, songs of, 233
Nostromo (Conrad), 305
Numenor, 176, 226, 256, 278, 320, 326, 337, 343, 371
‘nunnation’, 310
‘nursery rhymes’, 42, 111, 238
Nymphidia (Drayton), 65
‘oak’ (as symbol), 310–11, 316
Oakenshield, Thorin, 84, 90–1, 172, 229, 240, 372
Oakley, 111
Oath of the Sons of Feanor, 362
oaths, 295, 360
Oberon, 186
Observer, 1, 5, 6, 75, 87, 175, 382
Odáinsakr, 243
Odyssey (Homer), 80
Old Age, see Eldo
Old English, 6, 12–13, 15, 16–17, 23, 25, 26, 32, 39, 45–6, 47, 52, 64, 66, 69, 77–8, 79, 132, 133, 143, 174, 178, 207, 209, 245, 279–80
Old Entish, 150
Old Forest, 119, 214–15, 223, 264
Old Germanic, 338
Old High German, 15–16, 66, 69
Old Icelandic, 12
Old King Cole (Coel), 41–2, 111, 149
‘Old Man of the Mountains’, 194
‘Old Mercian’, 140n, 341, 376
Old Norse, concepts in, 66, 69–72, 89–92, 95–6, 102, 228, 247, 279; literature of, 19, 60, 70, 80–1, 94, 95, 166n, 225, 233–4, 243–4, 279, 281, 290–1, 301–2, 329, 347–9, 365, 390–1; relationship with Old English, 52–3, 132, 275n, 381
Old Northumbrian, 376
Old Saxon, 122
Old Slavic, 12, 16
Old Soldiers Never Die (Richards), 180
‘Old Walking Song’, 213
Old West Saxon, 341
Olrik, Axel, 22
Oman, Sir Charles, 396
The Once and Future King (White), 375
onomatopoeia, 110, 130
orcs, 159, 194, 240; as concept, 74n, 81, 270, 350, 362; as irredeemable (?), 265–6
Orendel (Middle High German poem), 279, 396
Orlando Furioso (Ariosto), 182
Orlando Innamorato (Boiardo), 182
Orodruin, 154
Orpheus, 72
orthanc (Old English word), 149, 193
Orwell, George, 364, 371, 375
Ossetic, 11
Oswin, -wine, 337
Othello, 304
Othinesbeorg, 223n
Óthinn, 33, 231, 393
Ottor (the Wanderer), 346
‘Ox-bones’, 329–35, 352, 357
Oxford Book of English Verse, 223
Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names, 117, 194
Oxford English Dictionary, 7–8, 9, 11, 12, 39, 40, 57, 58–9, 64–5, 76, 77–8, 82, 136, 172, 175, 370, 371, 374
Oxford English School, 8, 10, 21, 26
Oxford English syllabus, 200
Oxford Magazine, 119
Oxford Poetry 1915, 34, 35
Oxfordshire, 112, 117, 152
Oxford University, 8, 10, 27, 111, 117, 123, 254
paganism, in history, 40, 53–4; vices of, 178–9, 196, 223–4; virtue in, 223–4, 229–30, 234–7, 249–52
palantír[i], 425, 426, 427
Palmer, D. J., 26
panache, 145, 149, 385
Paradise, 61
Paradise in the West, 327
Paradise Lost, see Milton
Paradise Regained, see Milton
Paradis terrestre, 395
‘pathetic fallacy’, 245
Path of Dreams, 344, 345
Paths of the Dead, 190
Pearl (Middle English poem), 5, 203, 204, 205, 207, 210, 222, 225, 226, 237, 247–8, 251, 274, 325, 394
Pedersen, Holger, 9–10, 15, 16
Pekonen, Osmo, 395
Pelagius, 225
Pelennor Fields, Battle of the, 18, 145, 175, 183
Peregrin Took, see Pippin, Took
Persian, 11
‘Peter Pan’ element, 345
Petty, Anne C, 381
philology, 6–15, 16, 18, 20–21, 22, 23–4, 26–8, 29, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 51–2, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 65, 99, 308, 311–12, 328, 329, 339, 364–5, 373, 379–80, 385–6; comparative, 12–13, 14, 15, 329
philosophical inquiries, 267–73
phonology, 129, 130, 385
Pictures (see ‘Abbreviations’), 277
Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 104
‘pipeweed’, 78–9, 381
Pippin (Peregrin Took), 126, 133, 151, 157, 174, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 212, 232, 236, 240, 242, 325, 352, 373, 414, 417, 421
place-names, 37, 40–1, 52, 81–2, 132, 146, 189, 203, 222, 228
Place-Name Survey, 83n
Player Piano (Vonnegut), 101
plot, 133, 157, 193, 250, 356, 363, 381
Poems of Wisdom and Learning in Old English (Shippey), 166n, 389
Poetic Edda, 19, 80, 86, 89, 166n, 322, 348, 390–1; Alvíssmál, 86; ‘The Battle of the Goths and Huns’, 391; Dvergatal, 80, 110; Fáfnismál, 102, 105, 302, 390; Rigsþula, 391; Skirnismál, 80, 390; Þrymskviða, 348; Völuspá, 70, 80, 390; Vafðrúðnismál, 105, 390
Popular Tales from the Norse (Dasent), 392; see also Asbjörnsen
Popular Tales of the Western Highlands, see Campbell, J. F.
Portia, 70
‘possessiveness’, 156, 161, 273–6
‘potato’, 51, 79
Pott, A. E., 11
Powell, F. York, 14, 22, 390
‘power’, 154–5
Prancing Pony, The, 42, 108, 118, 120, 161, 209
‘pride’, 71–2, 267, 273–6, 286–7, 299, 301
Primitive Germanic, 23
‘profit’, 97
Prometheus, 128
pronouns, 2–4, 240, 374
Prose Edda (Snorri Sturluson), 59, 70–71, 92, 237, 278, 279, 295, 348, 391; Gylfaginning, 59
Prospero, 110, 199
Protestant, -ism, 159, 224, 251
proverbs, 137, 189–90, 216, 249
Providence, 172–3, 289, 426, 428
Puck of Pook’s Hill (Kipling), 397
Puffin Books, 63
Pûkel-men, 265
Putnam, Robert W., 391
‘The Queen of Elfan’s Nourice’, see English and Scottish Popular Ballads
Quenya, 130, 131, 203, 221, 275, 319, 332, 338
Quickbeam, 387
‘rabbit’, rabbits, 39, 77–79, 80
Radagast, 110, 396
Ragnarök spirit, 92, 177, 196, 231, 234, 303
Ramer (name and word), 338, 339, 361
‘Rapunzel’, see Grimms’ Fairy Tales
Rashbold, John Jethro (name), 338–9
Rash Promise (motif), 295, 358
Rask, Rasmus, 12, 19
Rauros, 114
‘raver’, 339
‘real’ (as word), 136
realism, 154, 197–9, 372
‘realistic hypertrophy’, 365, 366, 372
‘reality’, 136–7, 197, 306
‘reality of history’, 33, 38, 52, 98, 387
‘reality of human nature’, 98, 138, 387
‘reality of language’, 52, 98
Reaney, P. H., 117
‘reconstruction’, 23, 28, 65, 143, 149, 169
re-creation, 65, 68
Red Book of Westmarch, 133
‘The Reeve’s Tale’ (Chaucer), 23
Reilly, R. J., 29
‘Rescue of Theodoric’, 41
Resurrection, 243
‘Reuel’, 339
Revelation, 226
Review of English Studies, 45
Rewards and Fairies (Kipling), 397
Reynolds, R. W, 255
rhetorical devices, 207
A Rhetoric of the Unreal (Brooke-Rose), 364
‘Rhyme of the Troll’, 209
Richards, Frank (author of Old Soldiers Never Die), 180
Richards, Frank (creator of Billy Bunter), 200
Riddermark, 114, 131, 133, 142, 144
riddle-contests, 84, 88, 105, 388, 390
‘Riddle of Strider’ (Bilbo), 216
Riders of Rohan (of the Mark), 17, 68, 117, 133, 139–40, 142–4, 145, 147–8, 149, 166, 192, 196, 228–9, 244, 397
‘rigmarole(s)’, 80, 177
Rígsþula, see Poetic Edda
Riming Poem (Old English poem), 193
Ring, 86–98, 108, 118, 124, 126, 154–5, 156–7, 161, 162, 163, 165, 170, 176, 197, 211, 212, 241 et passim
Ringbearer, 155, 248
Der Ring des Nibelungen (Wagner), 388
Ringwraith(s), 119, 156, 162, 163, 165, 168, 169, 188, 190, 205, 264; see also Nazgûl
Rivendell, 118, 131, 173, 176, 210, 211, 213, 214, 217, 220, 227, 230, 244
Roäc (the raven), 110
Road, image and sources, 35–9, 52, 149, 210–13, 215, 227, 230, 327
The Road Goes Ever On (Swann), 129, 258
The Road to Xanadu (Lowes), 387
Roberts, Mark, 153, 197, 382
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 231
‘rock’, 115, 251, 252
Rohan, 114, 122, 146, 175, 185, 187, 243, 321; see also Mark
Rohirric, 130, 132, 133
Rohirrim, 17, 130, 140–1, 192
Roland, 244; see also Orlando
Rollright Stones, 112, 152
‘romance’, 15–22, 67, 175, 197–9, 237–49, 265, 269, 307
Romanticism, 219, 222, 243
Rome, Roman, 16, 18–19, 36–8, 52, 149
Roos, 277
The Roots of the Mountains (Morris), 397
Roseberry Topping, 223n
The Ruin (Old English poem), 37, 38, 389
Running, River, 110
Ruodlieb (Latin poem), 70
Sackville-Baggins, 82, 109, 135 as name
sadness, 175–81
Sador (Lobadal), 299, 300, 306
Saeros, 298–9, 300, 301
Saga of Egill Skallagrimsson, 301
Saga of Eirik the Red, 94
Saga of Gísli Súrsson, 291, 300
Saga of Hrafnkell, 95
Saga of Hrólfr Kraki, 91
Saga of King Heidrek the Wise, 60, 72, 80, 105, 166n, 261, 391. See also Hervarar saga
Saga of the Volsungs, Völsunga saga, 294, 353–8, 391
sagas, 60, 89, 95, 182, 282, 284, 290–1, 353
St Augustine, 159, 225, 267
St Brendan, 326, 327, 394
St Erkenwald (Middle English poem), 225
St. Michael, 270, 394
Sammath Naur, 157, 162, 163–4
sámmoeðri, 282
sampo, 275
Sancho Panza, 239
‘sanctity’, 384