24. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
25. Lars Trier Mogensen, interview by author, Copenhagen, October 20, 2015.
26. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
27. Arne Hardis, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 11, 2016.
28. Thomas Gyldal Petersen, interview by author, Herlev, April 13, 2016.
29. Polakow-Suransky, “Fortress Denmark?”
30. Thomas Gyldal Petersen, interview by author, Herlev, April 13, 2016.
31. Morten Bødskov, interview by author, Copenhagen, October 20, 2015.
32. Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 3, 2016.
33. Thomas Gyldal Petersen, interview by author, Herlev, April 13, 2016.
34. Aydin Soei, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 15, 2016.
35. Ibid.
36. Aydin Soei, Forsoning (Copenhagen: Tiderne Skifter, 2016).
37. Aydin Soei, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 15, 2016.
38. Bent Melchior, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 7, 2016.
39. Arne Hardis, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 11, 2016.
40. Morten Bødskov, interview by author, Copenhagen, October 20, 2015
41. Thomas Gyldal Petersen, interview by author, Herlev, April 13, 2016.
4. THE DANISH CARTOON CRISIS AND THE LIMITS OF FREE SPEECH
1. Jytte Klausen, The Cartoons That Shook the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009). The imams publicized the cartoons throughout the Middle East and also misrepresented some of what had happened in Denmark by including other offensive drawings unrelated to the cartoons in their dossier.
2. Flemming Rose, The Tyranny of Silence (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2015), 87–88.
3. Ibid., 190–195, 127–145.
4. Ibid., 190–191.
5. Ibid., 115.
6. Kenan Malik, From Fatwa to Jihad (London: Atlantic Books, 2009), 189–190.
7. Klausen, The Cartoons That Shook the World, 44.
8. Kenan Malik, Multiculturalism and Its Discontents: Rethinking Diversity After 9/11 (London: Seagull Books, 2013), 70.
9. Ibid., 60–61.
10. Ibid., 72–73.
11. Nick Cohen, What’s Left?: How the Left Lost Its Way, updated ed. (London: Harper Perennial, 2007), 9.
12. Ibid., 275.
13. Rose, The Tyranny of Silence, 49–50.
14. John F. Burns, “Cartoonist in Denmark Calls Attack ‘Really Close,’” New York Times, January 2, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/world/europe/03denmark.html.
15. This account is drawn from Rose, The Tyranny of Silence, 49–51.
16. AFP, “Attacker of Danish ‘Mohammed’ Cartoonist Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison,” National Post, May 2, 2012, http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/attacker-of-danish-mohammed-cartoonist-sentenced-to-10-years-in-prison.
17. Søren Espersen et al., Danmarks Fremtid: Dit Land, Dit Valg (Copenhagen: Dansk Folkeparti, 2001). To view the cover photo, see http://www.dba.dk/danmarksfremtid-dit-land/id-1001114066/.
18. Naser Khader, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 12, 2016.
19. Aydin Soei, Vrede Unge Mænd (Copenhagen: Tiderne Skifter, 2011), 264.
20. Ibid., 16.
21. Ibid., 254.
22. Ibid., 202.
23. Ibid., 220–222, 257.
24. Ibid., 16.
25. Ibid., 39.
26. Jakob Scharf (#1), interview by author, Copenhagen, October 20, 2015; Jakob Scharf (#2), interview by author, Copenhagen, April 14, 2016.
27. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
28. TrygFonden, “Ny Rapport: Lokalmiljøet Helt Afgørende I Indsatsen Mod Radikalisering Og Ekstremisme,” accessed March 27, 2017, https://www.trygfonden.dk/en/viden-og-materialer/Publikationer/CERTA_rapport.
29. He is echoing an idea most famously articulated in Amartya Sen, Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007). Jakob Scharf (#2), interview by author, Copenhagen, April 14, 2016.
30. Jakob Scharf (#2), interview by author, Copenhagen, April 14, 2016.
31. Yildiz Akdogan, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 12, 2016.
32. Jakob Scharf (#2), interview by author, Copenhagen, April 14, 2016.
33. Aydin Soei, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 15, 2016.
34. Soei, Vrede Unge Mænd, 352.
35. Ibid., 279.
36. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
37. Pascal Bruckner, The Tears of the White Man, (New York: Macmillan, 1987), 133, 141–142.
38. Pascal Bruckner, The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism, trans. Steven Rendall (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 164–165.
39. Yildiz Akdogan, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 12, 2016.
40. “Jeg lærte at cykle i Syrien, Bertel Haarder,” Berlingske, July 3, 2016, http://www.b.dk/kommentarer/jeg-laerte-at-cykle-i-syrien-bertel-haarder-0; Daud Aron Ahmad, “Bertel Haarder kan ikke definere, om jeg er dansker eller ej,” Politiken, July 2, 2016, http://politiken.dk/debat/article5628332.ece.
41. Yildiz Akdogan, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 12, 2016.
42. Soei, Vrede Unge Mænd, 140–141.
43. Rasmus Brygger, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 11, 2016.
44. Ibid.
45. Arne Hardis, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 11, 2016.
46. Soei, Vrede Unge Mænd, 156.
47. Rasmus Brygger, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 11, 2016.
5. OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND: EUROPE’S FANTASY OF OFFSHORING
1. Thomas Gyldal Petersen, interview by author, Herlev, April 13, 2016.
2. Espersen does offer one solution to the integration problem. He proposes national service—whether military or some other form. “We only enlist five to six thousand a year. When I was in the navy, they enlisted thirty-six thousand, practically everyone.” He thinks this would bring young immigrant men into a larger institution and “get them out of their isolation.”
3. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
4. Sune Engel Rasmussen, “Tragic Tale of Afghan Brothers Sent Home from Denmark to an Uncertain Fate,” Guardian, October 6, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/oct/06/tragic-tale-afghan-brothers-sent-home-from-denmark-to-an-uncertain-fate.
5. Andreas Kamm, interview by author, Copenhagen, October 20, 2015.
6. Rasmussen, “Tragic Tale of Afghan Brothers Sent Home from Denmark to an Uncertain Fate.”
7. Jakob Scharf (#1), interview by author, Copenhagen, October 20, 2015.
8. Anna Meera Gaonkar, “Jeg Føler Mig Provokeret Af Kvinder Med Tørklæde,” Politiken, July 15, 2014, http://politiken.dk/debat/art5596858/Jeg-f%C3%B8lermig-provokeret-af-kvinder-med-t%C3%B8rkl%C3%A6de.
9. Khaterah Parwani, interview by author, Copenhagen, October 19, 2015.
10. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
11. Kenneth Kristensen Berth, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 4, 2016.
12. Michael Gordon, “Revealed: The Cost of Stopping the Boats Put at $9.6 Billion,” Sydney Morning Herald, September 13, 2016, http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/revealed-the-cost-of-stopping-the-boats-put-at-96-billion-20160912-grea35.html; Save the Children Australia, “At What Cost? The Human, Economic and Strategic Cost of Australia’s Asylum-seeker Policies and the Alternatives,” September 2016, http://www.savethechildren.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/159345/At-What-Cost-Report-Final.pdf.
13. Michael Bachelard, “Vomitous and Terrifying: The Lifeboats Used to Turn Back Asylum-seekers,” Sydney Morning Herald, March 2, 2014, http://www.smh.com.au/national/vomitous-and-terrifying-the-lifeboats-used-to-turn-back-asylum-seekers-20140301–33t6s.html. Australia has also flown some boat arrivals from Sri Lanka and Vietnam d
irectly back to their countries.
14. Nick Miller, “Nigel Farage Says Europe Adopting Australia’s Refugee Policy Could Have Prevented Tragic Deaths,” Sydney Morning Herald, September 5, 2015, http://www.smh.com.au/world/nigel-farage-says-australias-refugee-policy-could-have-prevented-tragic-deaths-20150904-gjfpmb.html. The British far right is not a primary focus of this book. This is because the British electoral system’s first-past-the-post rules suppress UKIP representation. Though the party received nearly 12.6 percent of the national vote (almost four million votes) it received only one seat in parliament. By contrast, the Scottish National Party received less than 5 percent of the national vote but gained more than fifty seats in parliament. Although UKIP is undeniably popular and has forced other parties to adopt some of its anti-immigrant rhetoric, it wields very little legislative power when it comes to determining national policies unlike its xenophobic counterparts in Denmark, Holland, and France.
15. Ibid.
16. Tony Abbott, “Address to the Second Annual Margaret Thatcher Centre Gala Dinner and Banquet,” October 27, 2015, http://tonyabbott.com.au/2015/10/address-to-the-second-annual-margaret-thatcher-centre-gala-dinner-and-banquet/.
17. Ibid.
18. “Tories Wince at Abbott Migrant Speech,” Guido Fawkes blog, October 28, 2015, https://order-order.com/2015/10/28/tories-wince-at-abbott-migrant-speech/.
19. “UKIP’s Farage Praises Abbott’s Asylum Speech as ‘Heroic,’” ABC News, October 28, 2015, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015–10–28/farage-backs-abbotts-asylum-seeker-call-as-heroic/6891188.
20. Rudy Vercucque and Yohann Faviere, interview by author, Calais, June 14, 2016.
21. Frits Bolkestein, interview by author, Amsterdam, July 4, 2016.
22. Peter Mares, “Ten Years after Tampa,” Monthly, August 1, 2011, https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2011/august/1316394350/peter-mares/comment-ten-years-after-tampa.
23. Burnside was trying to force the government to take responsibility for the situation by citing an Australian law requiring the detention—in Australia—of any individual intentionally seeking to arrive illegally in Australia. The goal was to detain the asylum-seekers on Australian territory rather than keep them hostage on open seas or remove them to an offshore location.
24. Mares, “Ten Years after Tampa.”
25. Julian Burnside, interview by author, Melbourne, January 28, 2016.
26. Ben Doherty, interview by author, Sydney, January 13, 2016; Ben Doherty, “Call Me Illegal: The Semantic Struggle over Seeking Asylum in Australia” (Oxford: Oxford Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2015).
27. Ruddock tells the story of the Tampa differently. As he explains, the Howard government was adamant no one would get into Australia—neglecting to mention that there was an election just weeks away in which his party faced a threat from the far-right One Nation Party of Pauline Hanson. “We then negotiated to do a deal with Nauru that people could be taken there. And in the end, we transferred the population from their vessel to one of our naval vessels, and by the time that naval vessel took people back to Nauru, they’d been able to build some accommodation there. From then on, we determined that people would be, if they came unauthorized by boat, taken to Nauru.”
28. Julian Burnside, interview by author, Melbourne, January 28, 2016.
29. Klaus Neumann, Across the Seas: Australia’s Response to Refugees: A History (Collingwood, Australia: Black, 2015); Klaus Neumann, interview by author, Melbourne, January 27, 2016.
30. John Menadue, interview by author, Sydney, January 21, 2016. He may have spoken too soon. A few months after I met Menadue, Hanson returned to politics and shocked the country by winning three seats in the senate in the 2016 election after fifteen years in the political wilderness.
31. Doherty, “Call Me Illegal,” 32, 44, 48–49.
32. Ibid., 37.
33. Ibid., 65.
34. Philip Ruddock, interview by author, Sydney, January 12, 2016.
35. Mohammed Baqiri, interview by author, Melbourne, January 29, 2016.
36. Tropical diseases remain a problem on the island. In early 2017, there was an outbreak of the deadly dengue fever, and some asylum-seekers infected with it had to be transferred to Australia; Paul Ferrell, “Dengue Fever Outbreak on Nauru Threatens Health System,” Guardian, February 24, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/25/dengue-fever-outbreak-on-nauru-threatens-health-system.
37. Paul Farrell, Nick Evershed, and Helen Davidson, “The Nauru Files: Cache of 2,000 Leaked Reports Reveal Scale of Abuse of Children in Australian Offshore Detention,” Guardian, August 10, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/aug/10/the-nauru-files-2000-leaked-reports-reveal-scale-of-abuse-of-children-in-australian-offshore-detention; Mark J. Isaacs, The Undesirables: Inside Nauru (Richmond, Australia: Hardie Grant, 2014).
38. Mohammed Baqiri, interview by author, Melbourne, January 29, 2016. The company is Transfield Services (now BroadSpectrum).
39. Philip Ruddock, interview by author, Sydney, January 12, 2016.
40. Klaus Neumann, interview by author, Melbourne, January 27, 2016.
41. Isaacs, The Undesirables, 324.
42. Madeline Gleeson, interview by author, Sydney, January 15, 2016.
43. Philip Ruddock, interview by author, Sydney, January 12, 2016.
44. Doherty, “Call Me Illegal: The Semantic Struggle over Seeking Asylum in Australia,” 30.
45. Klaus Neumann, interview by author, Melbourne, January 27, 2016.
46. Philip Ruddock, interview by author, Sydney, January 12, 2016.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. As quoted in Doherty, “Call Me Illegal: The Semantic Struggle over Seeking Asylum in Australia,” 42.
50. Chris Kenny, interview by author, Sydney, February 8, 2016.
51. Ibid.
52. Mohammed Baqiri, interview by author, Melbourne, January 29, 2016.
53. Andrew Bolt, interview by author, Sydney, January 21, 2016.
54. Chris Kenny, interview by author, Sydney, February 8, 2016.
55. Ibid.
56. “$55m Cambodia Deal That Resettled Two Refugees a ‘Good Outcome’, Says Dutton,” Guardian, March 8, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/mar/09/55m-cambodia-deal-that-resettled-two-refugees-a-good-out-come-says-dutton. The latest person sent to Cambodia was a Syrian; four of the seven have since left Cambodia.
57. Andrew Wilkie, interview by author, Canberra, February 2, 2016.
58. Welfare expenditure per year is less than the cost of detention, and if asylum-seekers were working, they would be making a contribution to the country’s GDP, not just receiving benefits.
59. Chris Kenny, interview by author, Sydney, February 8, 2016.
60. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
61. Philip Ruddock, interview by author, Sydney, January 12, 2016.
62. Søren Espersen, interview by author, Copenhagen, April 13, 2016.
63. Bent Melchior, interview by author, Copenhagen, March 7, 2016.
6. TERROR AND BACKLASH
1. Ed Payne and Michael Pearson, “A Timeline of the Charlie Hebdo Terror Attack,” CNN, January 8, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/08/europe/charlie-hebdo-attack-timeline/index.html; Angelique Chrisafis, “‘It Looked like a Battlefield’: The Full Story of What Happened in the Bataclan,” Guardian, November 20, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/20/bataclan-witnesses-recount-horror-paris-attacks.
2. “Gard: Un Millier de Personnes Acclament Marine Le Pen À Beaucaire,” MidiLibre, January 11, 2011, http://www.midilibre.fr/2015/01/11/gard-marine-le-pen-accla-mee-lors-d-un-rassemblement-citoyen-a-beaucaire,1109297.php.
3. Marine Le Pen, “France Was Attacked by Islamic Fundamentalism,” New York Times, January 18, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/19/opinion/marine-lepen-france-was-attacked-by-islamic-fundamentalism.html.
4. Andrea Thomas, “Obscure German Tweet Helped Spur Migrant Marc
h From Hungary,” Wall Street Journal, September 10, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/obscure-german-tweet-help-spur-migrant-march-from-hungary-1441901563.
5. Ibid.
6. Helena Smith and Mark Tran, “Germany Says It Could Take 500,000 Refugees a Year,” Guardian, September 8, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/08/germany-500000-refugees-a-year-clashes-lesbos.
7. Robin Alexander, interview by author, Berlin, March 8, 2016.
8. Henryk M. Broder, A Jew in the New Germany, trans. Sander L. Gilman and Lilian M. Friedberg (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 22–23.
9. “Henryk Broder Kritiserer Tyskland Og Merkel: Befolkningen Har Ikke Stemt for Kulturforandring,” YouTube video, 12:18, posted by “Nationalkonservativ,” September 27, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdCSp-jVh3o&app=desktop.
10. Ibid.
11. AFP, “German Politician Stabbed on Campaign Trail Is Elected New Mayor of Cologne,” Telegraph, October 18, 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/europe/germany/11939731/German-politician-stabbed-on-campaign-trail-is-elected-new-mayor-of-Cologne.html.
12. Tim Hume, “Outrage as Charlie Hebdo Depicts Alan Kurdi as Molester,” CNN, January 14, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/14/europe/france-charlie-hebdo-aylan-kurdi/index.html.
13. Mariam Lau, interview by author, Berlin, March 9, 2016.
14. The paragraphs above draw on the account in George Packer, “The Astonishing Rise of Angela Merkel,” New Yorker, December 1, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/01/quiet-german.
15. Robin Alexander, interview by author, Berlin, March 8, 2016.
16. “Who Is Peter Altmaier and Why Does He Matter?,” Economist, April 12, 2017, http://www.economist.com/blogs/kaffeeklatsch/2017/04/most-powerful-man-berlin.
17. Robin Alexander, interview by author, Berlin, March 8, 2016.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Melissa Eddy and Eric Schmitt, “Berlin Attack Sets Off Hunt for a Tunisian in Germany,” New York Times, December 21, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/21/world/europe/attack-sets-off-hunt-for-tunisian-who-had-slipped-ger-manys-grasp.html; Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “Police Pore over Polish Truck Driver’s Final Hours for Clues to Berlin Attack,” Guardian, December 20, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/20/police-pore-over-polish-lorry-driver-lukasz-urban-final-hours-berlin-attack.
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