The Hacking of the American Mind

by Robert H. Lustig

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  43.Greenfield EA et al., “Violence from Parents in Childhood and Obesity in Adulthood: Using Food in Response to Stress as a Mediator of Risk.” Soc. Sci. Med. 68, 791–8 (2009).

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  45.Roemmich JN et al., “Dietary Restraint and Stress-Induced Snacking in Youth.” Obes. Res. 10, 1120–6 (2002).

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  CHAPTER 5. THE DESCENT INTO HADES

  1.Lepousez G et al., “Adult Neurogenesis and the Future of the Rejuvenating Brain Circuits.” Neuron 86, 387–401 (2015).

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  3.De Souza L et al., “Effect of Chronic Sleep Restriction and Aging on Calcium Signaling and Apoptosis in the Hippocampus of Young and Aged Animals.” Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr. 39, 23–30 (2012).

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  6.Volkow ND et al., “Loss of Dopamine Transporters in Methamphetamine Abusers Recovers with Protracted Abstinence.” J. Neurosci. 21, 9414–8 (2001).

  7.Shmulewitz D et al., “Commonalities and Differences Across Substance Use Disorders: Phenomenological and Epidemiological Aspects.” Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 39, 1878–900 (2015).

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  12.Farris SP et al., “Applying the New Genomics to Alcohol Dependence.” Alcohol 49, 825–36 (2015).

  13.Harrell PT et al., “Dopaminergic Genetic Variation Moderates the Effect of Nicotine on Cigarette Reward.” Psychopharmacology 233, 351–60 (2015).

  14.Goldman D et al., “The Genetics of Addictions: Uncovering the Genes.” Nat. Rev. Genet. 6, 521–32 (2005).

  15.Gendreau KE et al., “Detecting Associations Between Behavioral Addictions and Dopamine Agonists
in the Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Database.” J. Behav. Addict. 3, 21–6 (2014).

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  19.Investor Guide, “What Are the Most Commonly Traded Commodities?” http://www.investorguide.com/article/11836/what-are-the-most-commonly-traded-commodities-igu/

  CHAPTER 6. THE PURIFICATION OF ADDICTION

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  8.Statistics and Facts About the Alcoholic Beverage Industry in the U.S. http://www.statista.com/topics/1709/alcoholic-beverages/

  9.Keyes KM et al., “National Multi-Cohort Time Trends in Adolescent Risk Preference and the Relation with Substance Use and Problem Behavior from 1976 to 2011.” Drug Alcohol Depend. 155, 267–74 (2015).

  10.Jardin B et al., “Characteristics of College Students with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Who Misuse Their Medications.” J. Am. Coll. Health 59, 373–7 (2011).

  11.Pharmaceutical Industry Gets High on Fat Profits. http://www.bbc.com/news/business-28212223

  12.Stevens B et al., “Sucrose for Analgesia in Newborn Infants Undergoing Painful Procedures.” Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 7, CD001069 (2016).

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  15.Colantuoni C et al., “Evidence That Intermittent Excessive Sugar Intake Causes Endogenous Opioid Dependence.” Obes. Res. 10, 478–88 (2002).

  16.Stice E et al., “Relative Ability of Fat and Sugar Tastes to Activate Reward, Gustatory, and Somatosensory Regions.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98, 1377–84 (2013).

  17.Lustig RH, “Fructose: It’s Alcohol Without the ‘Buzz.’” Adv. Nutr. 4, 226–35 (2013).

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  23.Pelchat ML et al., “Images of Desire: Food-Craving Activation During fMRI.” Neuroimage 23, 1486–93 (2004).

  24.Lenoir M et al., “Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward.” PLoS One 2, e698 (2007).

  25.Avena NM et al., “Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake.” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 32, 20–39 (2008).

  26.Hebebrand J et al., “‘Eating Addiction,’ Rather Than ‘Food Addiction,’ Better Captures Addictive-Like Eating Behavior.” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 47, 295–300 (2014).

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  29.Whelton PK et al., “Sodium, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease: Further Evidence Supporting the American Heart Association Sodium Reduction Recommendations.” Circulation 126, 2880–9 (2012).

  CHAPTER 7. CONTENTMENT AND SEROTONIN

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  4.Stone K, “The Most Prescribed Medications by Drug Class.” Balance, Oct. 13, 2016. http://pharma.about.com/od/sales_and_marketing/a/the-most-prescribed-medications-by-drug-class.htm

  5.Gu Q et al., “Prescription Drug Use Continues to Increase: U.S. Prescription Drug Data for 2007–2008.” National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control (2010). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db42.pdf

  6.Case BG et al., “Trends in the Inpatient Mental Health Treatment of Children and Adolescents in US Community Hospitals Between 1990 and 2000.” Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64, 89–96 (2007).

  7.Berger M et al., “The Expanded Biology of Serotonin.” Ann. Rev. Med. 60, 355–66 (2009).

  8.Mann JJ et al., “The Neurobiology and Genetics of Suicide and Attempted Suicide: A Focus on the Serotonergic System.” Neuropsychopharmacol. 24, 467–77 (2001).

  9.Heisler LK et al., “Elevated Anxiety and Antidepressant-Like Responses in Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor Mutant Mice.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95, 15049–54 (1998).

  10.Dass JF et al., “Computational Exploration of Polymorphisms in 5-Hydoxytryptamine 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A Receptors Associated with Psychiatric Disease.” Gene 502, 16–26 (2012).

  11.Kishi T et al., “Serotonin 1A Receptor Gene, Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: an Association Study and Meta-Analysis.” Psychiatr. Res. 185, 20–6 (2011).

  12.Köhler S et al., “The Serotonergic System in the Neurobiology of Depression: Relevance for Novel Antidepressants.” J. Psychopharmacol. 30, 13–22 (2015).

  13.Chilmonczyk Z et al., “Functional Selectivity and Antidepressant Activity of Serotonin 1A Receptor Ligands.” Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16, 18474–506 (2015).

  14.Blier P et al., “Serotonin and Beyond: Therapeutics for Major Depression.” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 368, 20120536 (2013).

  15.Clauss JA et al., “The Nature of Individual Differences in Inhibited Temperament and Risk for Psychiatric Disease: A Review and Meta-Analysis.” Prog. Neurobiol. 127–28, 23–45 (2015).

  16.Murphy DL et al., “Targeting the Murine Serotonin Transporter: Insights into Human Biology.” Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 85-96 (2008).

&nbs
p; 17.Karg K et al. “The Serotonin Transporter Promoter Variant (5HTTLPR), Stress, and Depression Meta-Analysis Revisited: Evidence of Genetic Moderation.” Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68, 444–54 (2011).

  18.Barnes DM et al., “Racial Differences in Depression in the United States: How Do Subgroup Analyses Inform a Paradox?” Soc. Psychiatr. Psych. Epidemiol. 48, 1941–9 (2013).

  19.Himle JA et al., “Anxiety Disorders Among African Americans, Blacks of Caribbean Descent, and Non-Hispanic Whites in the United States.” J. Anxiety Dis. 23, 578–90 (2009).

  20.Williams MT et al., “The Role of Ethnic Identity in Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in African Americans.” Psychiatr. Res. 199, 31–6 (2012).

  21.Odgerel Z et al., “Genotyping Serotonin Transporter Polymorphisms 5-HTTLPR and Rs25531 in European- and African-American Subjects from the National Institute of Mental Health’s Collaborative Center for Genomic Studies.” Trans. Psychiatry 3, E307 (2013).

  22.Coccaro EF et al., “Serotonin and Impulsive Aggression.” CNS Spectrum 20, 295–302 (2015).

  23.Iqbal MM et al., “Overview of Serotonin Syndrome.” Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 24, 310–8 (2012).

  24.Young SN, “How to Increase Serotonin in the Brain Without Drugs.” Rev. Psychiatr. Neurosci. 32, 394–9 (2007).

  25.Odgerel Z et al., “Genotyping Serotonin Transporter Polymorphisms 5-HTTLPR and Rs25531 in European- and African-American Subjects from the National Institute of Mental Health’s Collaborative Center for Genomic Studies.” Trans. Psychiatry 3, E307 (2013).

  CHAPTER 8. PICKING THE LOCK TO NIRVANA

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  3.Grof S, Realms of the Human Unconscious: Observations from LSD Research. Viking, New York (1975).

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