The Hacking of the American Mind

by Robert H. Lustig

  11.Kasser T et al., “Materialistic Values and Wellbeing in Business Students.” Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 32, 137–46 (2002).

  12.Dittmar H et al., “The Relationship Between Materialism and Personal Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis.” J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 107, 879–924 (2013).

  13.Martos T et al., “Life Goals and Well-Being: Does Financial Status Matter? Evidence from a Representative Hungarian Sample.” Soc. Indic. Res. 105, 561–8 (2012).

  14.Kasser T et al., “Changes in Materialism, Changes in Psychological Well-Being: Evidence from Three Longitudinal Studies and an Intervention Experiment.” Motiv. Emot. 38, 1–22 (2014).

  15.Lastovicka JL et al., “Truly, Madly, Deeply: Consumers in the Throes of Material Possession Love.” J. Consumer Res. 38, 323–42 (2011).

  16.Bauer MA et al., “Cuing Consumerism: Situational Materialism Undermines Personal and Social Well-Being.” Psychol. Sci. 23, 517–23 (2012).

  17.Kasser T et al., “Changes in Materialism, Changes in Psychological Well-Being: Evidence from Three Longitudinal Studies and an Intervention Experiment.” Motiv. Emot. 38, 1–22 (2014).

  18.Bailey C et al., “What Makes Work Meaningful—or Meaningless.” MIT Sloan Management Review, Sept. 2016. http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/what-makes-work-meaningful-or-meaningless/

  19.Adams S, “Most Americans Are Unhappy at Work.” Forbes, June 20, 2014. https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2014/06/20/most-americans-are-unhappy-at-work/#73499876341a

  20.Koenigs M et al., “Irrational Economic Decision-Making After Ventromedial Prefrontal Damage: Evidence from the Ultimatum Game.” J. Neurosci. 27, 951–6 (2007).

  21.Zhu L et al., “Damage to Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Affects Tradeoffs Between Honesty and Self-Interest.” Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1319–21 (2014).

  22.Crockett MJ et al., “Impulsive Choice and Altruistic Punishment Are Correlated and Increase in Tandem with Serotonin Depletion.” Emotion 10, 855–62 (2010).

  23.Aan Het Rot M et al., “Social Behaviour and Mood in Everyday Life: Effects of Tryptophan in Quarrelsome Individuals.” J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 31, 253–62 (2006).

  24.Crockett MJ et al., “Dissociable Effects of Serotonin and Dopamine on the Valuation of Harm in Moral Decision Making.” Curr. Biol. 25, 1852–9 (2015).

  25.Talhelm T et al., “Large-Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained by Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture.” Science 344, 603–8 (2014).

  26.George DR et al., “Intergenerational Volunteering and Quality of Life for Persons with Mild to Moderate Dementia: Results from a 5-Month Intervention Study in the United States.” Am. J. Geriatr. Psych. 19, 392–6 (2011).

  27.Jenkinson CE et al., “Is Volunteering a Public Health Intervention? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Health and Survival of Volunteers.” BMC Public Health 13, 773 (2013).

  28.Tabassum F et al., “Association of Volunteering with Mental Well-Being: A Lifecourse Analysis of a National Population-Based Longitudinal Study in the UK.” BMJ Open 6, e011327, doi: 10.1136/BMJopen-2016-011327 (2016).

  29.Schreier HM et al., “Effect of Volunteering on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” JAMA Pediatr. 167, 327–32 (2013).

  30.Dunn EW et al., “Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness.” Science 319, 1687–8 (2008).

  31.Harbaugh WT et al., “Neural Responses to Taxation and Voluntary Giving Reveal Motives for Charitable Donations.” Science 316, 1622–5 (2007).

  32.Moll J et al., “Human Fronto-Mesolimbic Networks Guide Decisions About Charitable Donation.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103, 15623–8 (2006).

  33.Steenbergen L et al., “Tryptophan Promotes Charitable Donating.” Front. Psychol. 5, 1451 (2014).

  CHAPTER 18. COPE (SLEEP, MINDFULNESS, EXERCISE)

  1.Blanding M, “Workplace Stress Responsible for up to $190B in Annual U.S. Healthcare Costs.” Forbes, Jan. 26, 2015. https://www.forbes.com/sites/hbsworkingknowledge/2015/01/26/workplace-stress-responsible-for-up-to-190-billion-in-annual-u-s-heathcare-costs/#65f40db6235a

  2.Ferenczi EA et al., “Prefrontal Cortical Regulation of Brainwide Circuit Dynamics and Reward-Related Behavior.” Science 351, aac9698 (2016).

  3.Goldstein AN et al., “The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function.” Ann. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 10, 679–708 (2014).

  4.Campos-Rodriguez F et al., “Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Improves Quality of Life in Women with OSA. A Randomized-Controlled Trial.” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 194, 1286–94 (2016).

  5.Goel N et al., “Cognitive Workload and Sleep Restriction Interact to Influence Sleep Homeostatic Responses.” Sleep 37, 1745–56 (2014).

  6.Prather AA et al., “Behaviorally Assessed Sleep and Susceptibility to the Common Cold.” Sleep 38, 1353–9 (2015).

  7.Kessler RC et al., “Insomnia and the Performance of US Workers: Results from the America Insomnia Survey.” Sleep 34, 1161–71 (2011).

  8.Palmer CA et al., “Sleep and Emotion Regulation: An Organizing, Integrative Review.” Sleep Med. Rev. 31, 6–16, doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.12.006 (2016).

  9.Kessler RC et al., “Insomnia and the Performance of US Workers: Results from the America Insomnia Survey.” Sleep 34, 1161–71 (2011).

  10.Morris DZ, “New French Law Bars Work Email After Hours.” Fortune, Jan. 1, 2017. http://fortune.com/2017/01/01/french-right-to-disconnect-law/

  11.Criss D, “Texas Day Care’s Message to Parents: ‘Get off Your Phone!’” CNN, Feb. 2, 2017. http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/02/us/phone-message-day-care-trnd/

  12.Dinges DF et al., “The Benefits of a Nap During Prolonged Work and Wakefulness.” Work and Stress 2, 138–53 (1988).

  13.Kelley AM et al., “Cognition Enhancement by Modafinil: A Meta-Analysis.” Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 83, 685–90 (2012).

  14.Ferini-Strambi L et al., “Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Cognitition and Neuroimaging Data in Sleep Apnea.” Int. J. Psychophysiol. 89, 203–12 (2013).

  15.Campos-Rodriguez F et al., “Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Improves Quality of Life in Women with OSA. A Randomized-Controlled Trial.” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 194, 1286–94 (2016).

  16.Bei B et al., “Chronotype and Improved Sleep Efficiency Independently Predict Depressive Symptom Reduction After Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia.” J. Clin. Sleep Med. 11, 1021–7 (2015).

  17.West KE et al., “Blue Light from Light-Emitting Diodes Elicits a Dose-Dependent Suppression of Melatonin in Humans.” J. Appl. Physiol. 110, 619–26 (2011).

  18.Wang J et al., “Perfusion Functional MRI Reveals Cerebral Blood Flow Pattern Under Psychological Stress.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102, 17804–9 (2005).

  19.Shields GS et al., “The Effects of Acute Stress on Core Executive Functions: A Meta-Analysis and Comparison with Cortisol.” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 68, 651–68 (2016).

  20.Rideout V et al., “Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8- to 18-Year-Olds.” Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2010). https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/8010.pdf

  21.Watson JM et al., “Supertaskers: Profiles in Extraordinary Multi-Tasking Ability.” Psychon. Bull. Rev. 17, 479–85 (2010).

  22.Medeiros-Ward N et al., “On Supertaskers and the Neural Basis of Efficient Multitasking.” Psychon. Bull. Rev. 22, 876–83 (2015).

  23.Ophir E et al., “Cognitive Control in Media Multitaskers.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 15583–7 (2009).

  24.Loh KK et al., “Higher Media Multi-Tasking Activity Is Associated with Smaller Gray-Matter Density in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex.” PLoS One 9, e106698 (2014).

  25.Loh KK et al., “Higher Media Multi-Tasking Activity Is Associated with Smaller Gray-Matter Density in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex.” PLoS O
ne 9, e106698 (2014).

  26.Becker MW et al., “Media Multitasking Is Associated with Symptoms of Depression and Social Anxiety.” Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 16, 132–5 (2013).

  27.Chadick JZ et al., “Structural and Functional Differences in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Underlie Distractibility and Suppression Deficits in Ageing.” Nat. Commun. 5, 4223 (2014).

  28.Sullivan A, “I Used to Be a Human Being.” New York magazine, New York (Sept. 18, 2016). http://nymag.com/selectall/2016/09/andrew-sullivan-technology-almost-killed-me.html

  29.Weng HY et al., “Compassion Training Alters Altruism and Neural Responses to Suffering.” Psychol. Sci. 24, 1171–80 (2013).

  30.Kabat-Zinn J, Full Catastrophe Living. Bantam, New York (1990).

  31.Gelles D, “Mediation in Real Life,” New York Times (2016). http://www.nytimes.com/column/meditation-for-real-life

  32.Tang YY et al., “The Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation.” Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 213–25 (2015).

  33.Fox KC et al., “Is Meditation Associated with Altered Brain Structure? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Morphometric Neuroimaging in Meditation Practitioners.” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 43, 48–73 (2014).

  34.Cole MA et al., “Simultaneous Treatment of Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Symptoms in Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction.” Mil. Med. 180, 956–63 (2015).

  35.Oishi K et al., “Critical Role of the Right Uncinate Fasciculus in Emotional Empathy.” Ann. Neurol. 77, 68–74 (2015).

  36.Daubenmier J et al., “Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Weight Loss Intervention in Adults with Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” Obesity 24, 794–804 (2016).

  37.Daubenmier J et al., “Mindfulness Intervention for Stress Eating to Reduce Cortisol and Abdominal Fat Among Overweight and Obese Women: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Study.” J. Obes. 10.1155/2011/651936, 651936 (2011).

  38.Daubenmier J et al., “Mindfulness Intervention for Stress Eating to Reduce Cortisol and Abdominal Fat Among Overweight and Obese Women: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Study.” J. Obes. 10.1155/2011/651936, 651936 (2011).

  39.Coryell WH et al., “Fat Distribution and Major Depressive Disorder in Late Adolescence.” J. Clin. Psychiatry 77, 84–9 (2016).

  40.Thakore J et al., “Increased Intraabdominal Fat in Major Depression.” Biol. Psychiatry 41, 1140–2 (1997).

  41.Daubenmier J et al., “Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Weight Loss Intervention in Adults with Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” Obesity 24, 794–804 (2016).

  42.Rottensteiner M et al., “Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Intra-Abdominal Fat in Young Adulthood: A Monozygotic Co-Twin Control Study.” Obesity 24, 1185–91 (2016).

  43.Goedecke JH et al., “The Effect of Exercise on Obesity, Body Fat Distribution and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes.” Med. Sport. Sci. 60, 82–93 (2014).

  44.Cooney GM et al., “Exercise for Depression.” Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9, CD004366 (2013).

  45.Santarelli L et al., “Requirement of Hippocampal Neurogenesis for the Behavioral Effects of Antidepressants.” Science 301, 805–9 (2003).

  46.Boecker H et al., “The Runner’s High: Opioidergic Mechanisms in the Human Brain.” Cereb. Cortex 18, 2523–31 (2008).

  47.Raichlen DA et al., “Wired to Run: Exercise-Induced Endocannabinoid Signaling in Humans and Cursorial Mammals with Implications for the ‘Runner’s High.’” J. Exp. Biol. 215, 1331–6 (2012).

  48.Fox KR, “The Influence of Physical Activity on Mental Well-Being.” Public Health Nutr. 2, 411–8 (1999).

  49.Helgadóttir B et al., “Training Fast or Slow? Exercise for Depression: a Randomized Controlled Trial.” Prev. Med. 91, 123–31 (2016).

  50.Carter T et al., “The Effect of Exercise on Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 55, 580–90 (2016).

  51.Catalan-Matamoros D et al., “Exercise Improves Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.” Psychiatry Res. 244, 202–9 (2016).

  52.Peng YF et al., “Analyzing Personal Happiness from Global Survey and Weather Data: A Geospatial Approach.” PLoS One 11, e0153638 (2016).

  53.Alderman BL et al., “MAP Training: Combining Meditation and Aerobic Exercise Reduces Depression and Rumination While Enhancing Synchronized Brain Activity.” Trans. Psychiatry 6, e726 (2016).

  54.Dicarlo LA et al., “Patient-Centered Home Care Using Digital Medicine and Telemetric Data for Hypertension: Feasibility and Acceptability of Objective Ambulatory Assessment.” J. Clin. Hypertens (Greenwich) 18, 901–6 (2016).

  55.Rickard N et al., “Development of a Mobile Phone App to Support Self-Monitoring of Emotional Well-Being: A Mental Health Digital Innovation.” JMIR Ment. Health 3, e49 (2016).

  56.Edwards EA et al., “Gamification for Health Promotion: Systematic Review of Behaviour Change Techniques in Smartphone Apps.” BMJ Open 6, e012447 (2016).

  57.Schoeppe S et al., “Efficacy of Interventions That Use Apps to Improve Diet, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: A Systematic Review.” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 13, 127 (2016).

  58.Guertler D et al., “Engagement and Nonusage Attrition with a Free Physical Activity Promotion Program: The Case of 10,000 Steps Australia.” J. Med. Internet Res. 17, E176 (2015).

  59.Gualtieri L et al., “Can a Free Wearable Activity Tracker Change Behavior? The Impact of Trackers on Adults in a Physician-Led Wellness Group.” JMIR Res Protoc. 5(4), Nov 30, 2016; E237.

  CHAPTER 19. COOK (FOR YOURSELF, YOUR FRIENDS, YOUR FAMILY)

  1.Lustig RH et al., “The Toxic Truth About Sugar.” Nature 487, 27–9 (2012).

  2.Johnson RK et al., “Dietary Sugars Intake and Cardiovascular Health. A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Circulation,” Circulation 1201011–20 (2009).

  3.Vos MB et al., “Added Sugars and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Children: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association.” Circulation, Aug. 22, 2016, pii: CIR.0000000000000439.

  4.Ervin RB et al., “Consumption of Added Sugar Among U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2005–2008.” National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCHS Data Brief no. 87, Feb. 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db87.htm

  5.Mager DR et al., “The Effect of a Low Fructose and Low Glycemic Index/Load (FRAGILE) Dietary Intervention on Indices of Liverfunction, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD).” J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 39, 73–84 (2015).

  6.Kalia HS et al., “The Prevalence and Pathobiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients of Different Races or Ethnicities.” Clin. Liver Dis. 20, 215–24 (2016).

  7.Carliner H et al., “Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities with Schizophrenia Spectrum and Bipolar Disorders: A Critical Literature Review.” Compr. Psychiatry 55, 233–47 (2014).

  8.Imamura F et al., “Consumption of Sugar Sweetened Beverages, Artificially Sweetened Beverages, and Fruit Juice and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Estimation of Population Attributable Fraction.” BMJ 351, h3576 doi: 10.1136/BMJ.H3576 (2015).

  9.Calvo-Ochoa E et al., “Short-Term High-Fat-and-Fructose Feeding Produces Insulin Signaling Alterations Accompanied by Neurite and Synaptic Reduction and Astroglial Activation in the Rat Hippocampus.” J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 34, 1001–8 (2014).

  10.Kruger HS et al., “Neonatal Hippocampal Lesion Alters the Functional Maturation of the Prefrontal Cortex and the Early Cognitive Development in Pre-Juvenile Rats.” Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 97, 470–81
(2012).

  11.Singh GM et al., “Estimated Global, Regional, and National Disease Burdens Related to Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in 2010.” Circulation 132, 639–66 (2015).

  12.Singh GM et al., “Estimated Global, Regional, and National Disease Burdens Related to Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in 2010.” Circulation 132, 639–66 (2015).

  13.Gangwisch JE et al., “High Glycemic Index Diet as a Risk Factor for Depression: Analyses from the Women’s Health Initiative.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 102, 454–63 (2015).

  14.Lustig RH et al., “Isocaloric Fructose Restriction and Metabolic Improvement in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.” Obesity 24, 453–60 (2016).

  15.Schwarz JM et al., “Impact of Dietary Fructose Restriction on Liver Fat, De Novo Lipogenesis and Insulin Kinetics in Children with Obesity.” Gastroenterology (in press).

  16.Gugliucci A et al., “Short-term Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Lowers ApoC-III Levels and Yields Less Atherogenic Lipoprotein Profiles in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.” Atherosclerosis 253, 171–7 (2016).

  17.Suglia SF et al., “Soft Drinks Consumption Is Associated with Behavior Problems in 5-Year-Olds.” J. Pediatr. 163, 1323–8 (2013).

  18.Solnick SJ et al., “Soft Drinks, Aggression and Suicidal Behaviour in US High School Students.” Int. J. Inj. Contr. Saf. Promot. 21, 266–73 (2014).

  19.Shi Z et al., “Soft Drink Consumption and Mental Health Problems Among Adults in Australia.” Public Health Nutr. 13, 1073–9 (2010).

  20.Yu B et al., “Soft Drink Consumption Is Associated with Depressive Symptoms Among Adults in China.” J. Affect. Disord. 172, 322–427 (2015).

  21.Henriksen RE et al., “Loneliness, Social Integration and Consumption of Sugar-Containing Beverages: Testing the Social Baseline Theory.” PLoS One 9, e104421 (2014).

  22.Mietus-Snyder ML et al., “Childhood Obesity: Adrift in the ‘Limbic Triangle.’” Ann. Rev. Med. 59, 119–34 (2008).