The Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food
Page 65
52 Gann and Duigan, ‘Introduction’, pp. 19–20.
53 Anderson and Throup, ‘Africans and agricultural production’, p. 345.
54 Spencer, ‘Settler dominance’, p. 504.
55 Ibid., p. 499; Lonsdale, ‘The depression’, p. 120.
56 Spencer, ‘Settler dominance’, p. 502; Lonsdale, ‘The depression’, p. 121.
57 Ibid., p. 123; Holland, ‘Mobilization’, p. 189.
58 Spencer, ‘Settler dominance’, p. 504.
59 Johnson, ‘Settler farmers’, pp. 116–17.
60 Ibid., p. 120.
61 Ibid., p. 122.
62 Vickery, ‘The Second World War’, pp. 433–5.
63 Johnson, ‘Settler farmers’, pp. 122–3.
64 Anderson and Throup, ‘Africans and agricultural production’, p. 337.
65 Spencer, ‘Settler dominance’, pp. 507–8, 512.
66 Vaughan and Moore, Cutting Down Trees, p. 87.
67 Ibid., pp. 95–6.
68 Iliffe, A Modern History of Tanganyika, p. 371.
69 Ibid., pp. 351–2.
70 Anderson and Throup, ‘Africans and agricultural production’, pp. 337–8.
71 Vaughan and Moore, Cutting Down Trees, pp. 106–7.
72 Lonsdale, ‘The depression’, p. 125.
73 Vaughan and Moore, Cutting Down Trees, p. 96.
74 Lonsdale, ‘The depression’, p. 125.
75 Anderson and Throup, ‘Africans and agricultural production’, p. 340.
76 Ibid., pp. 343–4.
77 Bennett, ‘British settlers’, p. 70.
78 Anderson and Throup, ‘Africans and agricultural production’, pp. 343–4.
79 Bennett, ‘British settlers’, p. 86.
80 Johnson, ‘Settler farmers’, p. 128.
81 Wickizer, Coffee, Tea and Cocoa, pp. 328–39.
82 Jackson, The British Empire, p. 7.
83 Swinton, I Remember, p. 192.
84 Pearce, ‘The colonial economy’, pp. 269–71.
85 Swinton, I Remember, p. 207.
86 Gardiner, The 1940s House, p. 125.
87 Swinton, I Remember, p. 206.
88 Pearce, ‘The colonial economy’, p. 271.
89 Ibid., p. 272.
90 Meredith, ‘State controlled marketing’, p. 82.
91 Westcott, ‘The slippery slope’, p. 8.
92 Wright, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa, pp. 201–2.
93 Tracy, Government and Agriculture, pp. 230, 238.
94 Gann and Duigan, ‘Introduction’, pp. 22–3.
95 Fieldhouse, ‘War and the Gold Coast Cocoa Marketing Board’, pp. 178–9.
96 Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, pp. 74, 269.
97 Greenough, Prosperity and Misery, p. 140.
98 Keay, India, p. 504.
99 Tunzelmann, Indian Summer, p. 391.
100 Stevenson, Bengal Tiger, p. 136.
101 Stephens, Monsoon Morning, p. 179.
102 Kamtekar, ‘A different war dance’, p. 207.
103 Knight, Food Administration in India, pp. 27, 47; Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, p. 252.
104 Voigt, India, p. 205.
105 Rothermund, An Economic History, p. 120.
106 Chopra, Evolution of Food Policy, p. 24.
107 Kamtekar, ‘A different war dance’, p. 215.
108 Chopra, Evolution of Food Policy, p. 22; Knight, Food Administration in India, p. 24; Tomlinson, ‘The historical roots’, p. 132.
109 Voigt, India, p. 205.
110 Knight, Food Administration in India, p. 37.
111 Kamtekar, ‘A different war dance’, p. 209.
112 Greenough, Prosperity and Misery, pp. 90–2; Sarkar, Modern India, pp. 395–6.
113 Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, p. 251.
114 Knight, Food Administration in India, p. 28.
115 Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, p. 253; Sen, Poverty and Famines, p. 83.
116 Smith, Conflict over Convoys, p. 159.
117 ‘The things we forgot to remember’, BBC Radio 4, 7 January 2008, http://www.opennet/thingsweforgot/bengalfamine_programme.html.
118 Smith, Conflict over Convoys, p. 159.
119 Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, p. 163.
120 Greenough, Poverty and Misery, p. 94.
121 Bose, ‘Starvation amidst plenty’, p. 716.
122 Greenough, Poverty and Misery, p. 105.
123 Ibid., p. 164.
124 The most notable exponent of this view is Amartya Sen. See Poverty and Famines.
125 Tauger, ‘Entitlement’, pp. 65–6.
126 Greenough, Poverty and Misery, pp. 109–11.
127 Ibid., p. 168.
128 Ibid.
129 Sen, Poverty and Famines, pp. 71–2.
130 Greenough, Poverty and Misery, pp. 173–4.
131 Ibid., pp. 118–19.
132 Ibid., pp. 109–12.
133 Voigt, India, p. 206.
134 Knight, Food Administration in India, p. 63.
135 Greenough, Poverty and Misery, p. 186.
136 Stephens, Monsoon Morning, pp. 194–5.
137 Ibid., p. 184.
138 Ibid., p. 170.
139 Ibid., pp. 185–7, 193.
140 Stevenson, Bengal Tiger, p. 149.
141 Barkawi, Globalization and War, pp. 84–5; Hastings, Nemesis, pp. 64–5, 15.
142 Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, p. 305.
143 Knight, Food Administration in India, p. 101; Greenough, Poverty and Misery, pp. 136–7.
144 Stevenson, Bengal Tiger, pp. 153–4.
145 Voigt, India, p. 207; Rothermund, An Economic History, p. 122; Knight, Food Administration in India, pp. 187–8, 190.
146 Stevenson, Bengal Tiger, p. 150.
147 Tunzelmann, Indian Summer, p. 391.
148 ‘The things we forgot to remember’, BBC Radio 4, 7 January 2008.
149 Voigt, India, p. 207; Amrith, ‘The United Nations’, p. 61.
150 Ibid.
151 Voigt, India, p. 208.
152 Ibid. p. 209.
153 Cited by Sarkar, Modern India, p. 406.
154 Kamtekar, ‘A different war dance’, pp. 215, 217.
155 Ibid., p. 218.
156 Lloyd, Food and Inflation, pp. 66–7.
157 Milward, War, Economy and Society, p. 281.
158 Amrith, ‘The United Nations’, pp. 62–3.
159 Stevenson, Bengal Tiger, p. 157.
8. Feeding Germany
1 Dörr, “Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”, II, p. 22.
2 Simon, Memoirs, NLA MS7514, I, p. 75.
3 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 547.
4 Neumann, ‘Nutritional physiology’, p. 52; Heim, Kalorien, Kautschuk, Karrieren, pp. 27, 32, 39.
5 Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 261.
6 Farquharson, The Plough, p. 227.
7 Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, p. 43.
8 Kutz, ‘Kriegserfahrung und Kriegsvorbereitung’, pp. 146–7.
9 Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, p. 44.
10 The British ate thirty times more mutton than the Germans. Von der Decken, ‘Die Ernährung in England und Deutschland’, p. 179.
11 Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, p. 46.
12 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 558.
13 Farquharson, The Plough, pp. 224–5; Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 561.
14 Ibid., p. 572.
15 Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, pp. 308–9.
16 Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, p. 45.
17 Rüther, Köln, pp. 118–19.
18 Corni, Hitler and the Peasants, pp. 237–8.
19 Lehman, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, pp. 39–40; Huegel, Kriegs-ernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 300.
20 Van Creveld, Supplying War, p. 144.
21 Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, p.
40.
22 Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 302.
23 Ibid., p. 303.
24 Stephenson, Hitler’s Home Front, p. 198.
25 Farquharson, The Plough, p. 238.
26 Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, pp. 36–8.
27 Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, p. 62.
28 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, pp. 362, 364; Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 340.
29 Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, p. 1.
30 Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 313.
31 Burchardt, ‘The impact of the war economy’, p. 53.
32 Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, pp. 64, 385.
33 Ibid., p. 65.
34 Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 315.
35 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 364.
36 Beer, The Nazi Officer’s Wife, pp. 84–5.
37 Ibid., p. 92.
38 Dörr, “Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”, III, p. 273.
39 Stephenson, ‘Nazism, modern war and rural society’, p. 352.
40 Stephenson, Hitler’s Home Front, p. 286.
41 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 167; Corni, Hitler and the Peasants, p. xv.
42 Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 399.
43 Dörr, “Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”, II, p. 19.
44 Vassiltchikov, The Berlin Diaries, pp. 153, 240.
45 Erker, Ernährungskrise und Nachkriegsgesellschaft, p. 29.
46 Stephenson, ‘Nazism, modern war and rural society’, p. 354.
47 Farquharson, The Plough, p. 229.
48 Emilia Olivier, interviewed September 2006.
49 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 562.
50 Erker, Ernährungskrise und Nachkriegsgesellschaft, p. 24.
51 Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, p. 18.
52 Brandt, Management of Agriculture, pp. 611–12.
53 Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, pp. 23–4.
54 Black, A Cause for Our Times, p. 6.
55 Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, p. 23.
56 Black, A Cause for Our Times, p. 6; Hionidou, ‘“Send us either food or coffins”’, p. 182.
57 Beaumont, ‘Starving for democracy’, p. 66.
58 Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, p. 27.
59 Hionidou, ‘“Send us either food or coffins”’, pp. 183–4.
60 Ibid., p. 189.
61 Collier, ‘Logistics’, p. 137.
62 Kennedy, ‘Herbert Hoover’, p. 91.
63 Beaumont, ‘Starving for democracy’, p. 67.
64 Black, A Cause for Our Times, p. 7.
65 Ibid., pp. 7–8; Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, pp. 36–7.
66 Black, A Cause for Our Times, pp. 11, 17.
67 Davies, Europe at War, p. 71.
68 Gillingham, ‘How Belgium survived’, p. 74.
69 Ibid., p. 70.
70 About 10 per cent of the total food available was smuggled. Ibid., p. 84.
71 Ibid., p. 76.
72 Ibid., p. 83.
73 Ibid., p. 73.
74 Vassiltchikov, The Berlin Diaries, p. 73.
75 Ousby, Occupation, pp. 137–8.
76 Alois Kleinemas, interviewed February 2004.
77 Gildea, Marianne in Chains, p. 71.
78 Barral, ‘Agriculture and food supply in France’, pp. 90–91. Grain from 7.3 million tons in 1939 to 5.1 million tons in 1940, meat from 1.5 million to 1 million tons. Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, p. 21.
79 Barral, ‘Agriculture and food supply in France’, p. 93.
80 Ibid., p. 94.
81 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 547.
82 Brandt, Management of Agriculture, pp. 562–3; Barral, ‘Agriculture and food supply in France’, p. 94.
83 Ibid., pp. 99–100.
84 Ousby, Occupation, p. 119.
85 Gillingham, ‘How Belgium survived’, p. 85; Ousby, Occupation, pp. 124–5; Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, pp. 28, 31; Black, A Cause for Our Times, p. 17.
86 Kershaw, Fateful Choices, pp. 129–30.
87 Nützenadel, ‘Dictating food’, pp. 88–9.
88 Ibid., pp. 92–4; Corner, ‘Fascist agrarian policy’, p. 253.
89 Helstosky, Garlic and Oil, p. 105.
90 Ibid., p. 106.
91 Ibid., p. 122.
92 Pitkin, The House that Giacomo Built, p. 51.
93 Ibid., p. 57.
94 Ibid., pp. 59–60.
95 Kennett, G.I., p. 204.
96 Nissen, ‘Danish food production’, pp. 173–4.
97 Brandt, Management of Agriculture, pp. 396, 423.
98 Nissen, ‘Danish food production’, p. 177.
99 Ibid., pp. 184–5.
100 Futselaar, ‘The mystery of the dying Dutch’, pp. 195–6.
101 Ibid., p. 201.
102 Ibid., p. 212.
103 Moore, ‘The western Allies’, pp. 94–5.
104 Fuykschot, Hunger in Holland, p. 129.
105 Ibid., p. 130.
106 Moore, ‘The western Allies’, p. 102.
107 Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, p. 22.
108 Moore, ‘The western Allies’, p. 105.
109 Zee, The Hunger Winter, pp. 252–7.
110 Fuykschot, Hunger in Holland, p. 153.
111 Nissen, ‘Danish food production’, p. 185.
112 Kutz, ‘Kriegserfahrung und Kriegsvorbereitung’, p. 154.
9. Germany Exports Hunger to the East
1 Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, p. 183.
2 Ellis, The World War II Databook, p. 227.
3 Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, p. 490.
4 Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, p. 46.
5 Stephenson, Hitler’s Home Front, pp. 167, 171.
6 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, pp. 560–61.
7 Rüther, Köln, p. 120.
8 Neumann, ‘Nutritional physiology’, p. 55.
9 Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 402.
10 Heim, Kalorien, Kautschuk, Karrieren, pp. 108–10.
11 Werner, “Bleib übrig!”, p. 56.
12 Ibid., p. 210.
13 Bartov, Hitler’s Army, p. 74.
14 Kay, Exploitation, p. 35.
15 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 458.
16 Kay, Exploitation, p. 35.
17 Fulbrook, ‘Hitler’s willing robbers’, p. 205.
18 Kitchen, Nazi Germany, pp. 49–50.
19 Haffner, Anmerkungen zu Hitler, p. 158.
20 Dunn, The Soviet Economy, p. 209.
21 Kay, Exploitation, pp. 131–2.
22 Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, pp. 255–6.
23 Humburg, Das Gesicht des Krieges, p. 163.
24 Kay, Exploitation, pp. 131–2.
25 Gerlach, ‘Militärische “Versorgungszwänge”’, pp. 184–5; Bartov, Germany’s War, pp. 5–6.
26 Bartov, Hitler’s Army, p. 61.
27 Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, pp. 262–4.
28 Bartov, Hitler’s Army, pp. 77–8.
29 Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, p. 256.
30 Ibid., p. 259.
31 Ibid., pp. 259–60.
32 Ibid., p. 257.
33 Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, pp. 114, 119.
34 Dlugoborski, ‘Die Landwirtschaft in der Sowjetunion’, pp. 150–51.
35 Boog et al., Der Angriff, p. 995; Dallin, German Rule in Russia, p. 324.
36 Ibid., pp. 322–5.
37 Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, p. 119.
38 Boog et al., Der Angriff, p. 1000.
39 Ibid., p. 991.
40 Ibid., p. 1001.
41 Ibid.; Gerlach, ‘Militärische “Versorgungszwänge”’, pp. 189–90.
42 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, p. 38.
43 Kay, Exploitation, p. 108.
44 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, pp. 26–7; Boog
et al., Der Angriff, p. 991.
45 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, p. 70.
46 Ibid., p. 72.
47 Ibid., p. 68.
48 Kay, Exploitation, p. 207.
49 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, p. 29.
50 Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, p. 49.
51 Boog et al., Der Angriff, pp. 1010–11.
52 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 483.
53 Boog et al., Der Angriff, p. 1003.
54 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, pp. 31–2.
55 Boog et al., Der Angriff, p. 1004.
56 Ibid., p. 1006.
57 Ibid., p. 1007.
58 Ibid., p. 1009.
59 Ibid., p. 1015.
60 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 482.
61 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, p. 34.
62 Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, p. 2.
63 Boog et al., Der Angriff, p. 996.
64 Ibid., pp. 1018–19.
65 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, p. 39.
66 Ibid., pp. 33–4.
67 Ibid., p. 42.
68 Fritz, Frontsoldaten, pp. 51–2.
69 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, pp. 46–7.
70 Boog et al., Der Angriff, p. 1019.
71 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 47.
72 Bidlack, ‘Survival strategies in Leningrad’, p. 99.
73 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 205.
74 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 40–41.
75 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 193.
76 Simmons and Perlina, Writing the Siege of Leningrad, p. 59.
77 Kay, Exploitation, p. 186.
78 Gerlach, ‘Militärische “Versorgungszwänge”’, p. 197.
79 Vassilieva, A Hostage to War, pp. 13–15.
80 Boog et al., Der Angriff, pp. 1010–11.
81 Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, p. 165.
82 Ibid., p. 169.
83 Ibid., p. 172.
84 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 55.
85 Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, pp. 171–2.
86 Ibid., p. 144.
87 Ibid., p. 173.
88 Ibid., p. 172.
89 Ibid., p. 173.
90 Citizen of Kharkiw, ‘Lest we forget’, pp. 74–5.
91 Ibid., p. 72.
92 Ibid., p. 73.
93 Ibid., p. 73.
94 Ibid., p. 76.
95 Bartov, Hitler’s Army, p. 17.
96 Ibid., pp. 15–18, 25.
97 Sajer, The Forgotten Soldier, p. 27.
98 Carruthers, Servants of Evil, p. 43.
99 Ibid., p. 53.
100 Dunn, The Soviet Economy, p. 198.
101 Bartov, Hitler’s Army, pp. 15, 25.
102 Ibid., pp. 17–18.