The Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food
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103 Carruthers, Servants of Evil, p. 57.
104 Sajer, The Forgotten Soldier, p. 27.
105 Lucas, The War on the Eastern Front, p. 79.
106 Steinhoff et al., Voices, p. 114.
107 Humburg, Das Gesicht des Krieges, p. 161.
108 Sajer, The Forgotten Soldier, p. 85.
109 Bartov, The Eastern Front, p. 24.
110 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, p. 70.
111 Schulte, The German Army, p. 113.
112 Boog et al., Der Angriff, p. 999.
113 Ibid., p. 1000.
114 Bartov, The Eastern Front, p. 25.
115 Herbert Froböse, interviewed January 2007.
116 Rüther, Köln, p. 120.
117 Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, p. 486; Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 561.
118 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 542.
119 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 562.
120 Ibid., p. 563.
121 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 544.
122 Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, pp. 487, 495.
123 Dörr, “Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”, II, p. 20.
124 Ibid., II, p. 21.
125 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 544.
126 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, p. 68.
127 Ibid., p. 297.
128 Ibid., p. 168.
129 Ibid., pp. 131–2.
130 Ibid., p. 168.
131 Bartov, Germany’s War, p. 108.
132 Brzeska, Through a Woman’s Eyes, pp. 26–7, 30.
133 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, pp. 172–3.
134 Klukowski, Diary, p. 189.
135 Roland, Courage under Siege, p. 112.
136 Ibid., p. 99.
137 Ibid., pp. 111–12, 175.
138 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, pp. 176–7.
139 Ibid., p. 186.
140 Ibid., p. 183.
141 Ibid., pp. 198, 200.
142 Klukowski, Diary, p. 188.
143 Ibid., p. 189.
144 Ibid., p. 191.
145 Ibid., p. 196.
146 Ibid., p. 197.
147 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, pp. 209–10.
148 Ibid., p. 246.
149 Laqueur and Breitman, Breaking the Silence, pp. 37, 75; ‘Eduard Schulte’, US Holocaust Memorial Museum, http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModulId=10005682.
150 Laqueur and Breitman, Breaking the Silence, p. 105.
151 Ibid., p. 130; Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, p. 255.
152 Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 397.
153 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 564.
154 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, p. 212.
155 Picker, Hitlers Tischgespräche, p. 432.
156 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, pp. 212–14.
157 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 546.
158 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, pp. 215–16.
159 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, pp. 546–7.
160 Ibid.; Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, p. 217.
161 Klukowski, Diary, p. 210.
162 Ibid.
163 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, pp. 220, 231–2.
164 Ibid., p. 237.
165 Ibid., p. 241.
166 Luczak, ‘Landwirtschaft und Ernährung in Polen’, pp. 126–7. He gives different figures for potatoes: 500,200 tons of potatoes. 50.9% of rye, 28% of barley, 65.6% of oats and 51.8% of potatoes.
167 Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, pp. 248, 227.
168 Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, pp. 176–7.
169 Ibid., p. 184.
170 Ibid.
171 Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, p. 164.
172 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, pp. 55–6.
173 Citizen of Kharkiw, ‘Lest we forget’, p. 79.
174 Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, p. 122.
175 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 564.
176 Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, p. 488.
177 Kay, Exploitation, p. 167; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, p. 147.
178 Boog et al., Der Angriff, p. 1014.
179 Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, p. 176.
180 Boog et al., Der Angriff, pp. 1020–1.
181 Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, p. 134.
182 Ibid., pp. 128–9.
183 Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, p. 488.
184 Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, pp. 130–31.
185 Dallin, German Rule in Russia, pp. 363–4.
186 Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, p. 257.
187 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 48.
188 Schulte, The German Army, p. 88.
189 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 548.
190 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 564.
191 Beck, Under the Bombs, p. 19.
192 Burchardt, ‘The impact of the war economy’, p. 53.
193 McDermott, Women Recall the War Years, p. 240.
10. Soviet Collapse
1 Sakharov, Memoirs, pp. 51–2.
2 Ibid.
3 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, pp. 31, 109–10.
4 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 136.
5 Taugar, ‘Stalin, Soviet agriculture, and collectivisation’, pp. 110–11.
6 Ibid., p. 130.
7 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, pp. 163–4, 181.
8 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 18, Case 344, pp. 5–6.
9 Ibid.
10 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 15, Case 305, pp. 23–4.
11 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, pp. 180–81.
12 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 15, Case 305, p. 48.
13 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, p. 182.
14 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 6.
15 Bordiugov, ‘The popular mood’, p. 59.
16 Volin, A Century, p. 281.
17 Ibid., p. 275; Dunn, The Soviet Economy, p. 43. The Germans occupied about 40 per cent of crop land, 84 per cent of sugar-producing land, and captured about 40 per cent of beef and dairy cattle, and 60 per cent of the Soviet Union’s pigs.
18 Volin, A Century, pp. 276–9; Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 187–8.
19 Miller, ‘Impact and aftermath of World War II’, p. 286.
20 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, p. 286.
21 Nove, ‘Soviet peasantry in World War II’, pp. 82–3.
22 In comparison women made up 40 per cent of the agricultural labour force in 1940. Erickson, ‘Soviet women at war’, p. 56; Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 149.
23 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 382.
24 Volin, A Century, p. 288.
25 Ibid., p. 285.
26 Nove, ‘Soviet peasantry in World War II’, pp. 82–3.
27 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 118.
28 Ibid., p. 126.
29 Braithwaite, Moscow 1941, pp. 123–4.
30 Volin, A Century, p. 285; Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 102.
31 Dunn, The Soviet Economy, p. 43.
32 Linz, ‘World War II and Soviet economic growth’, p. 21; Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 80.
33 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 10.
34 Ibid.
35 Medvedev, Soviet Agriculture, p. 135.
36 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 15, Case 305, p. 17.
37 Sakharov, Memoirs, p. 57.
38 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 85–6.
39 Ibid., pp. 83–4.
40 14 October 1944, J. A. Alexander Papers 1892–1983, NLA, MS2389.
> 41 Nove, ‘Soviet peasantry in World War II’, p. 85.
42 Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, pp. 101, 178.
43 Tuyll, Feeding the Bear, p. 138.
44 Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, p. 276.
11. Japan’s Journey towards Starvation
1 Talib, ‘Memory and its historical context’, p. 131.
2 Dower, Embracing Defeat, p. 91.
3 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 43, 87.
4 Ibid., p. 47; Dower, Embracing Defeat, p. 91.
5 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 42, 89, 160–62.
6 Morris-Suzuki, Showa, pp. 40–41.
7 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 129–30.
8 Ibid., p. 135.
9 Ibid., p. 169.
10 Ibid., pp. 140, 152; Cwiertka, ‘Popularizing a military diet’, pp. 7, 14–15; Cwiertka, Modern Japanese Cuisine, pp. 77, 129.
11 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, p. 175.
12 Milward, War, Economy and Society, pp. 258–9.
13 Soviak, A Diary of Darkness, p. 202.
14 Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, pp. 189–90.
15 Partner, ‘Daily life’, p. 154.
16 Dore, Shinohata, p. 54.
17 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 98–101.
18 Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p. 188.
19 Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 190.
20 Ibid., pp. 185, 191.
21 Lamer, The World Fertilizer Economy, pp. 547–54; Milward, War, Economy and Society, p. 277.
22 Frank, Downfall, p. 81.
23 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 109.
24 Ibid., p. 126.
25 Dore, Shinohata, p. 54.
26 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 126–7.
27 Havens, Valley of Darkness, pp. 100–101.
28 Ibid.
29 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 123.
30 Havens, Valley of Darkness, pp. 99–100.
31 Soviak, Diary of Darkness, p. 338.
32 Johnston states that rice yields fell by only 4 per cent but Martin, the more modern scholar, gives figures of total production in millions of metric tons of rice falling between 1939 and 1945 from 11.5 to 6.6, wheat from 1.7 to 0.9 and barley from 0.8 to 0.5. Martin, ‘Agriculture and food supply’, p. 192; Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 128.
33 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 137.
34 Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 9.
35 Ibid., p. 18.
36 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, pp. 135, 137.
37 Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, pp. 270–71.
38 Peattie, ‘Nanshin’, pp. 239–40.
39 Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 9.
40 Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 275.
41 Kheng, ‘Memory as history’, p. 32.
42 Akashi, ‘Japanese policy towards the Malayan Chinese’, pp. 66–7.
43 Ibid., pp. 67–9.
44 Kheng, ‘Memory as history’, p. 33; Duus, ‘Introduction. Japan’s wartime empire’, pp. xxv–vi.
45 Akashi, ‘Japanese policy towards the Malayan Chinese’, p. 71.
46 Frank, Downfall, p. 161.
47 Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, pp. 18, 22.
48 Kurasawa, ‘Transportation and rice distribution’, p. 33.
49 Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 22.
50 Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 280.
51 Kurasawa, ‘Transportation and rice distribution’, p. 33.
52 Ahmad, ‘The Malay community’, p. 70.
53 Ibid., p. 78.
54 Ibid., p. 73.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid., pp. 48–9, 51.
57 Ibid., pp. 60–61.
58 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, p. 46.
59 Kratoska, The Japanese Occupation, pp. 265–6.
60 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, p. 44.
61 Ibid., p. 35.
62 Ibid., p. 44; Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 275.
63 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, pp. 35, 44; Kratoska, ‘Introduction’, p. 6.
64 Ahmad, ‘The Malay community’, p. 49.
65 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, pp. 48–9.
66 Harper, The End of Empire, p. 43.
67 Kratoska, The Japanese Occupation, p. 262.
68 Ibid., p. 255.
69 Onn, Malaya Upside Down, pp. 176–7.
70 Kratoska, ‘Malayan food shortages’, p. 109.
71 Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, p. 587.
72 Ibid., pp. 589–92.
73 Scott, ‘The problems of food supply’, p. 280.
74 Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, p. 607.
75 Ibid., p. 575.
76 Bose, ‘Starvation amidst plenty’, p. 724.
77 Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, p. 576.
78 Furuta, ‘A survey of village conditions’, p. 237.
79 Dung, ‘Japan’s role in the Vietnamese starvation’, pp. 613–14.
80 Kratoska, ‘The impact of the Second World War’, p. 24.
81 Anh, ‘Japanese food policies’, p. 223.
82 Parillo, The Japanese Merchant Marine, p. 204.
83 Martin, ‘Japans Kriegswirtschaft’, pp. 261–2.
84 Martin, Japan and Germany, pp. 143–4.
85 Parillo, The Japanese Merchant Marine, pp. 9–10.
86 Ibid., p. 15.
87 Ibid., p. 166.
88 Ibid., pp. 88, 204.
89 Ibid., p. 111.
90 Jose, ‘Food production’, p. 75.
91 Kerkvliet, ‘Withdrawal and resistance’, p. 303.
92 Jose, ‘Food production’, pp. 75, 90.
93 Kerkvliet, ‘Withdrawal and resistance’, p. 311.
94 Ibid., p. 308.
95 Ibid., p. 313.
96 Ibid., p. 311.
97 Sato, ‘Oppression and romanticism’, p. 177.
98 Kurasawa, ‘Transportation and rice’, p. 34.
99 Reid, ‘Indonesia’, p. 20; Sato, ‘Oppression and romanticism’, p. 168.
100 Kennett, G.I., p. 187.
101 Jessup, Changi Diary, NLA, MS 3924, p. 52.
102 Frank, Downfall, p. 160.
103 Jessup, Changi Diary, NLA, MS 3924, p. 35.
104 Ibid., p. 51.
105 Ibid., p. 54.
106 Ibid., p. 67.
107 Ibid., pp. 86, 91.
108 Teruko Blair, interviewed March 2006.
109 Shin’ichi, Manchuria, pp. 204–5.
110 Johnston, Japanese Food Management, p. 145.
111 Japanese Pamphlet No. 19, AWM 54 423/5/22 Air Dept. Wellington N.Z. Japanese Pamphlets.
112 Ibid.
113 Ibid.
114 Shin’ichi, Manchuria, p. 205.
115 Ibid.
12. China Divided
1 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 72.
2 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 2.
3 Ibid., p. 295.
4 Mitter, Modern China, pp. 38–9.
5 Ibid., p. 44.
6 Ibid.
7 Ven, War and Nationalism, pp. 15–16.
8 Wang, ‘Urban life in China’s wars’, p. 95.
9 Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 158.
10 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, pp. 60–61.
11 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 275.
12 Shen, ‘Food production’, p. 168; MacKinnon, ‘Refugee flight’, p. 122.
13 Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 159.
14 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 295.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid., pp. 256–7; Ellis, The World War II Databook, p. 229.
17 Shen, ‘Food production’, p. 176; Ven, War and Nationalism, pp. 260–61.
18 Ven, War and Nationalism, pp. 260, 268.
19 White and Jacoby, Thunder
out of China, pp. 74–5.
20 Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, pp. 3, 89.
21 US Army Air Forces Statistical Digest, World War II, Table 211 – ATC Operations from Assam, India, to China (over the Hump): Jan 1943 to Aug 1945, http://www.usaaf.net/digest/t211.htm.
22 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 269.
23 Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 159.
24 Shen, ‘Food production’, p. 182.
25 Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, pp. 154–5.
26 Ronning, A Memoir, p. 146.
27 Wang, ‘Urban life in China’s wars’, p. 104.
28 Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, pp. 155–6.
29 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 276.
30 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 71.
31 Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’, p. 166.
32 Shen, ‘Food production’, pp. 187–8.
33 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 74.
34 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 272.
35 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, pp. 73–4.
36 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 272.
37 Ibid., p. 278.
38 Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, pp. 173–4.
39 Eastman, Seeds of Destruction, p. 67; Pusen, ‘To feed a country at war’,p. 167.
40 Ibid., p. 158.
41 Eastman, Seeds of Destruction, p. 68.
42 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 284.
43 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, pp. 166–7.
44 Rummel, China’s Bloody Century, p. 117.
45 Eastman, Seeds of Destruction, p. 69.
46 Xinran, China Witness, pp. 339–40.
47 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 164.
48 Eastman, Seeds of Destruction, p. 69.
49 Rummel, China’s Bloody Century, p. 116.
50 Ibid., p. 113.
51 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 273.
52 Rummel, China’s Bloody Century, p. 113.
53 Ibid., p. 118.
54 Eastman, ‘Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese war’, p. 174; White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 170.
55 Ven, War and Nationalism, p. 17.
56 Smith, The War’s Long Shadow, p. 48.
57 White and Jacoby, Thunder out of China, p. 169.
58 Ch’en, ‘The communist movement’, p. 114; Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist movement’, p. 200.
59 Tiedemann, ‘Wartime guerrilla economy’, p. 18; Slyke, ‘The Chinese Communist movement’, p. 200.
60 Levich, The Kwangsi Way, p. 227; Chen, Making Revolution, pp. 219–20.
61 Tiedemann, ‘Wartime guerrilla economy’, pp. 19–20.
62 Gatu, Toward Revolution, pp. 219–20.