31. Richard Dwight Porcher and Sarah Fick, The Story of Sea Island Cotton (Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith, 2010), 322–23.
32. Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1964), 106–108; Rowland, Moore, and Rodgers, History of Beaufort County, 1:456–57.
33. Rowland, Moore, and Rodgers, History of Beaufort County, 1:457.
34. Samuel Francis Du Pont, This Mission: 1861–1862, vol. 1 of Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters, ed. John D. Hayes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969), 248; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 24.
35. “The War for the Union,” New York Tribune, November 20, 1861; “From Port Royal,” World, (New York, NY), November 20, 1861; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 22–23.
36. “The War for the Union”; “From Port Royal”; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 22–23.
37. Du Pont, This Mission: 1861–1862, 254.
38. “The Burning of Charleston,” Harper’s Weekly, December 28, 1861; Philip Bowman, “Charleston at War: Charleston Beaten Down by Great Fire,” Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), January 29, 2012.
39. “Home Made Soap and Starch,” Charleston Mercury, May 6, 1862; “Cologne,” Charleston Mercury, May 10, 1862.
40. ORA, 1, 5: 39.
41. “Battle of New Orleans,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-New-Orleans-American-Civil-War-1862, accessed February 18, 2016; “Martial Law in South Carolina,” New York Times, May 21, 1862; “Martial Law,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 13, 1862; “By the President of the Confederate States of America,” Richmond Dispatch, February 28, 1862; “Richmond Under Martial Law,” New York Times, March 8, 1862.
42. Du Pont, The Blockade: 1862–1863, vol. 2 of Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters, 54.
43. Edward A. Miller, Lincoln’s Abolitionist General (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 50–54; “General David Hunter,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/fopu/learn/historyculture/david-hunter.htm, accessed August 13, 2016; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 103.
44. Miller, Lincoln’s Abolitionist General, 92–101; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 103.
45. “Black Soldiers in the Civil War,” National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war, accessed August 18, 2016.
46. Edward A. Miller, Lincoln’s Abolitionist General (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 92–101; Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1964), 143–50; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 104–17.
Chapter 4: Union Hero
1. ORN, 1, 12: 822; James M. Guthrie, Camp-Fires of the Afro-American (Philadelphia: Afro-American, 1899), 313.
2. Guthrie, Camp-Fires of the Afro-American, 313.
3. ORN, 1, 12: 821.
4. “Report to Accompany S.1313,” April 18, 1898, in “Committee on Claims Report,” NARA, Microfiche Publication M1469, Navy Survivors’ Pension Files (Approved), 1861–1910, Abram H. Allstone.
5. “The Signal Corps,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/anti/learn/historyculture/signal.htm, accessed September 5, 2016.
6. Most Confederate works in Charleston Harbor eventually would be connected by telegram wires. Dr. Stephen Wise interviews.
7. “The Steamer Planter,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 14, 1862.
8. Marty Davis, e-mail to author, September 16, 2016.
9. ORA, 1, 14: 14–15.
10. Percy Nagel to his mother, May 14, 1862, Percy Nagel Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
11. Samuel Francis Du Pont, The Blockade: 1862–1863, vol. 2 of Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters ed. John D. Hayes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969), 23.
12. Stephen Wise, Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbor (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 12–13.
13. ORA, 1, 14: 13, 506.
14. “Special Order No. 354,” Charleston Mercury, May 15, 1862; “Special Order No. 354,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 15, 1862.
15. ORN, 1, 12: 822.
16. Du Pont, This Mission: 1861–1862, vol. 1 of Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters, 294.
17. ORN, 1, 12: 821–22.
18. Du Pont, Blockade, 49.
19. ORN, 1, 12: 821.
20. Michael J. Bennett, Union Jacks: Yankee Sailors in the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 64–65.
21. ORN, 1, 12: 821.
22. “Interesting Narrative by a Late Resident of Charleston,” San Francisco Bulletin, August 22, 1862.
23. ORA, 1, 14: 14.
24. “The Escape of the Steamer Planter to the Enemy’s Fleet,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 14, 1862.
25. “By Telegraph,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 16, 1862.
26. “Charleston’s Historic, Religious, and Community Buildings: Old Jail,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/charleston/old.htm, accessed February 24, 2016; Dr. Nic Butler, e-mail to author, February 14, 2016; Michael Trouche, e-mail to author, October 12, 2016; Robert Stockton, e-mail to author, October 13, 2016.
27. “Charleston’s … Old Jail.”
28. “A Card,” Charleston Mercury, May 15, 1862.
29. Wise interviews.
30. “General Orders, Head-quarters, Department So. Ca. and Georgia,” NARA, RG 109, Entry 3, Chapter 2, Volume 43, 16–17.
31. “The Steamer Planter,” Charleston Daily Courier, July 31, 1862.
32. “Charleston,” Charleston Daily Courier, August 1, 1862.
33. “The Steamer Planter,” New York Times, August 15, 1862.
34. Stephen Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running during the Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), 277; Robert Gissell, e-mail to author, October 21, 2015.
35. “The Steamer Planter,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 20, 1862.
36. “Claims of Samuel Kingman for Hannah, Clara, Elizabeth, and Beauregard Smalls, the wife and children of Robert Smalls,” November 1862 and April 1862, Claims of Property Loss Due to the Enemy, 1862–1864, S 126189, State Auditor, Office of the Comptroller General, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia.
37. Frances Wallace Taylor, Catherine Taylor Matthews, and J. Tracy Power, eds., The Leverett Letters: Correspondence of a South Carolina Family, 1851–1868 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2000), 143. McKee had at least ten children, six girls and four boys. One of the children who died of scarlet fever was his seven-year-old daughter, Harriet. Wallace Taylor, Matthews, and Power, Leverett Letters, 125.
38. “Scarlet Fever,” Mayo Clinic, http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scarlet-fever/basics/definition/con-20030976, accessed October 10, 2016.
39. Wise interviews.
40. Taylor, Matthews, and Power, Leverett Letters, 129.
41. “Heroism of Nine Colored Men,” New York Herald, May 18, 1862.
42. “Robert Small,” New York Tribune, May 20, 1862; “Robert Smalls, the Negro Pilot,” New York Tribune, September 10, 1862.
43. “How to End the War,” Douglass’ Monthly, May 1861.
44. “Department of the South,” New York Times, May 19, 1862; “A Rebel Steamer Run Away With,” Philadelphia Inquirer, May 19, 1862.
45. “The Captors of the Rebel Steamer Planter,” New York Her
ald, May 20, 1862.
46. “The Prize Planter,” New York Tribune, May 27, 1862.
47. ORN, 1, 12: 824.
48. “Thirty-seventh Congress,” World (New York, NY), June 3, 1862; “XXXVIITH Congress—First Session,” Pittsburgh Gazette, June 3, 1862; “Owen Lovejoy,” PBS.org, http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/owen-lovejoy/, accessed May 4, 2016.
49. ORN, 1, 12: 823, 824.
50. “Report to Accompany S.1313.”
51. ORN, 1, 12: 824–25; “A Rebel Steamer Run Away With.”
52. House Committee on Naval Affairs, Authorizing the President to Place Robert Smalls on the Retired List of the Navy, 47th Cong., 2nd sess., 1883, H. Rep. 1887.
53. Marty Davis, e-mail to author, September 14, 2016.
54. ORN, 1, 12: 823–25.
Chapter 5: Our Country Calls
1. “Heroism of Nine Colored Men,” New York Herald, May 18, 1862.
2. “Report from War Department, Quartermaster General’s Office, Washington, D.C., June 21, 1895,” Case Files of Approved Pension Applications of Civil War and Later Navy Veterans Survivors Certificates, Robert Smalls, NARA, Fold3.com.
3. “General Affidavit,” Case Files of Approved Pension Applications of Civil War and Later Navy Veterans Survivors Certificates, Robert Smalls, NARA, Fold3.com. “Military Pay,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/warfare-and-logistics/logistics/pay.html, accessed December 21, 2016.
4. Joseph P. Reidy, “Black Men in Navy Blue during the Civil War,” Prologue Magazine 33, no. 3 (fall 2001), https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/fall/black-sailors-1.html, accessed June 20, 2016.
5. ORN, 1, 16: 689.
6. Gideon Welles, The Civil War Diary of Giddeon Welles (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2014), 121.
7. Stephen R. Wise and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861–1893, vol. 2 of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 63–65.
8. “Salmon P. Chase,” Biography.com, http://www.biography.com/people/salmon-p-chase-38185, accessed March 4, 2016.
9. Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1964), 67–68.
10. Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 67–78; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 60–82.
11. “Letter from Beaufort, S.C.,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 17, 1862.
12. Samuel Francis Du Pont, The Blockade: 1862–1863, vol. 2 of Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters, ed. John D. Hayes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969), 81.
13. “Amusements,” New York Times, August 4, 1861; “The Case of the Colored Steward William Tillman,” New York Times, December 25, 1861; “The Lion of the Day,” Opinionator (blog), New York Times, August 4, 2011, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/04/the-lion-of-the-day, accessed March 10, 2016; “Theatrical and Musical Matters,” New York Herald, July 29, 1861.
14. Du Pont, The Blockade: 1862–1863, 81.
15. Du Pont, Blockade, 92–93.
16. “Letter to Rickie,” May 14, 1862, Theodore Augustus Honour Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
17. “Correspondence of the Courier,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 22, 1862.
18. “The Battle of Secessionville,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/secessionville/secessionville-history-articles/the-battle-of-secessionville.html, accessed February 15, 2016; “Secessionville,” NPS.org, https://www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/sc002.htm, accessed February 15, 2016.
19. “Complimentary,” The Liberator, October 24, 1862; “An Attempt to Capture Robert Small,” Douglass’ Monthly, November 1862.
20. Dr. Stephen Wise interviews.
21. ORN, 1, 13: 125–26.
22. “New Photographs,” Boston Evening Transcript, July 3, 1862; “Photographs,” Press (Philadelphia), June 23, 1862.
23. Daily News (London), August 18, 1862.
24. “Landmark Legislation: The District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act,” U.S. Senate, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/DCEmancipationAct.htm, accessed February 17, 2016; “The Road to Emancipation,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/emancipation-150/the-road-to-emancipation.html, accessed February 18, 2016.
25. Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 215; “The Road to Emancipation.”
26. Du Pont, Blockade, 263–64.
27. “Interesting from Port Royal, S.C.,” New York Herald, August 26, 1862.
28. Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 211; “Brig. Maj. Gen. Rufus Saxton,” Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Online Catalog, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/cwp2003003508/PP/, accessed February 2, 2016; “Rufus Saxton,” Arlington Cemetery, http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rsaxton.htm, accessed February 2, 2016.
29. ORA, 1, 14: 374–76; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 120–23.
30. Hunter to Stanton, January 29, 1862, Edwin M. Stanton Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
31. Edward A. Miller, Lincoln’s Abolitionist General (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 104–106. “The Negro as Soldier,” Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/civilwar/aasoldrs/nsoldier.html, accessed June 15, 2016; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 115–19.
32. ORN, 1, 14: 599.
33. “Congressional Confiscation Acts,” Emancipation Digital Classroom, http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/sites/emancipation/2012/07/14/congressional-confiscation-acts/, accessed February 2, 2016.
34. Edward A. Miller, Lincoln’s Abolitionist General (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 109–13. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 115–21.
Chapter 6: North and South
1. “Former Slave Elizabeth Keckley and the ‘Contraband’ of Washington, D.C., 1862,” History Matters, http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6223/, accessed March 3, 2016, from Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House (New York: G. W. Carleton, 1868), 111–16; 139–43.
2. Ronald D. Reitveld, “The Lincoln White House Community,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, summer 1999; “Wood Engraving of Office Seekers,” White House Historical Association, https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/wood-engraving-of-office-seekers, accessed August 12, 2016.
3. Newport Mercury, August 30, 1862.
4. Mansfield French to George Whipple, August 23 and August 28, 1862, American Missionary Association Archives, nos. HL 4517 and 15901, Amistad Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans.
5. ORA, 1, 14: 377–78; Stephen R. Wise and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861–1893, vol. 2 of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 121–22.
6. “Executive Order, August 14, 1862,” The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=69820, accessed December 14, 2015.
7. “Emancipation Proclamation,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/150th-anniversary/emancipation-proclamation-150.html, accessed December 14, 2015.
8. Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 221–26.
9. “Numerous Applications,” Daily National Republican, August 27, 1862.
10.�
�� “Letter of Robert Small,” Massachusetts Spy, September 3, 1862; “Letter of Robert Smalls,” Hartford Daily Courant, September 4, 1862; “Letter of Robert Smalls,” Salem Observer, September 6, 1862; “Letter of the Negro Robert Smalls,” The Liberator, September 12, 1862.
11. “Henry McNeal Turner,” Documenting the American South, http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/turneral/bio.html, accessed July 1, 2016; “Henry McNeal Turner,” Georgia Public Broadcasting, http://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/people/henry_mcneal_turner.html, accessed June 14, 2016.
Be Free or Die--The Amazing Story of Robert Smalls' Escape from Slavery to Union Hero Page 24