12. “Washington Correspondence,” Christian Recorder, August 30, 1862.
13. “Black Soldiers in the Civil War,” National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war, accessed August 18, 2016.
14. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 122.
15. “Black New York and the Draft Riots,” New York Times, July 26, 2013, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/26/black-new-york-and-the-draft-riots/?_r=0, accessed June 10, 2016.
16. Linda Wheeler, “The New York Draft Riots of 1863,” Washington Post, April 29, 2013.;“Black New York and the Draft Riots”; “Draft Riot of 1863,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Draft-Riot-of-1863, accessed June 10, 2016.
17. “Mayor Wood’s Recommendation of the Secession of New York City,” January 6, 1861, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/mayor-woods-recommendation-of-the-secession-of-new-york-city/, accessed June 20, 2016.
18. “Freedmen of Port Royal,” Evening Post (New York, NY), September 15, 1862.
19. “A Serenade to the President; He Makes a Brief Speech,” New York Times, September 25, 1862.
20. Foner, Fiery Trial, 232.
21. “Gen. Saxton on the Proclamation,” Salem (MA) Register, October 6, 1862.
22. “African American Migration,” The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/african-american-migration/, accessed July 1, 2016.
23. Anthony Waskie, Philadelphia and the Civil War: Arsenal of the Union (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011); Richard A. Sauers, Guide to Civil War Philadelphia (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2003).
24. Russell Frank Weigley, Philadelphia: A 300-Year History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 386.
25. “Important Meeting—Port Royal,” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 27, 1862; “Lionizing a Negro,” Macon Telegraph, November 1, 1862.
26. Samuel Francis Du Pont, The Blockade: 1862–1863, vol. 2 of Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters, ed. John D. Hayes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969), 263.
27. “Complimentary,” The Liberator, October 24, 1862; “The Hero of the Planter,” New York Times, October 3, 1862.
28. “The Hero of the Planter.”
29. “The Running Off of the Steamer Planter from Charleston,” Charleston Mercury, September 30, 1862; “Lionizing a Negro,” Macon (GA) Telegraph, November 1, 1862.
30. “An Attempt to Capture Robert Small,” Douglass’ Monthly, November 1862.
31. “Department of the South: Important Orders Issued by Gen. Hunter,” New York Times, April 15, 1862.
32. Du Pont, Blockade, 269–70.
33. ORN, 1:13, 321–22.
34. “Interesting Letter from Miss Charlotte Forten,” The Liberator, December 19, 1862.
35. Ibid.
36. ORA, 1:14, 190. The First South Carolina Volunteers were not the first black regiment to see action. That distinction belonged to the First Kansas Volunteers. A detachment of about 225 men fought 500 Confederates at Island Mound in Bates County, Missouri, on October 28, 1862; 10 of the First Kansas Volunteers were killed and another 12 wounded. “First to Serve,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/fosc/learn/historyculture/firsttoserve.htm, accessed August 18, 2016; “First Kansas Colored Infantry,” Kansas Historical Society, https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/first-kansas-colored-infantry/12052, accessed August 18, 2016.
Chapter 7: The Keokuk
1. “Rejoicing over the Proclamation,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/primarysources/rejoicing-over-the.html, accessed August 8, 2016.
2. “Emancipation Proclamation,” National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation, accessed October 10, 2016.
3. Stephen R. Wise and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861–1893, vol. 2 of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 165–69; Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2002), 227.
4. The Virginia attacked the Union squadron blockading Hampton Roads, Virginia, on March 8, 1862. The wooden ships patrolling the waters had been no match for the iron beast who quickly left blood and destruction in her wake. First it destroyed the U.S.S. Cumberland by ripping a hole in her hull using a 1,500-pound iron ram and sinking it. It then pounded the grounded U.S.S. Congress with its broadsides. In a matter of hours, the Virginia had destroyed two Union ships and killed 241 Union men while losing only two of her own. In response, the Union had sent the ironclad U.S.S. Monitor. The following day the first battle of ironclads in the world took place when the Monitor and Virginia fought for several hours. The two ships fired into each other repeatedly but with little effect; their iron skins deflected one cannon ball after another. Despite the close combat, neither could cause significant damage to the other, and the battle ended in a truce.
5. Douglas W. Bostick, Charleston Under Siege: The Impregnable City (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2010), 57.
6. Samuel F. Du Pont to Gustavus V. Fox, October 8, 1862, in Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus Vasa Fox: Assistant Secretary of the Navy, ed. Robert Means Thompson and Richard Wainwright (New York: De Vinne Press, 1918), 1:160.
7. Gideon Welles, Civil War Diary of Giddeon Welles (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2014), 158.
8. Kevin J. Weddle, Lincoln’s Tragic Admiral: The Life of Samuel Francis Du Pont (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005), 154–86.
9. “Sixteen Thousand Blacks in the Rebel Service at Charleston and Savannah,” The Liberator, March 27, 1863.
10. Spencer Tucker, A Short History of the Civil War at Sea (Lanham, MD: SR Books, 2005), 4.
11. “General Affidavit,” Case Files of Approved Pension Applications of Civil War and Later Navy Veterans, Robert Smalls, NARA, Fold3.com.
12. Report of the Secretary of the Navy in Relation to Armored Vessels (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864), 55–75.
13. Weddle, Lincoln’s Tragic Admiral, 154–86; Devin Poore, “Disunion: Raiding the Keokuk,” Opinionator (blog), New York Times, May 24, 2013, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/raiding-the-keokuk/, accessed September 14, 2016.
14. “Died,” Pacific Appeal, San Francisco, CA, August 1, 1863.
15. “Smallpox Disease Overview,” U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.asp, accessed October 25, 2016.
16. “Our Hilton Head Correspondence,” New York Herald, February 27, 1863.
17. “Report from War Department, Quartermaster General’s Office, Washington, D.C., June 21, 1895,” Case Files of Approved Pension Applications of Civil War and Later Navy Veterans Survivors Certificates, Robert Smalls, NARA, Fold3.com. “Military Pay,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/warfare-and-logistics/logistics/pay.html, accessed December 21, 2016.
18. “Military Pay,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/warfare-and-logistics/logistics/pay.html, accessed December 21, 2016.
19. American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission, 1862–64, Harvard University Library, http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou00201, accessed May 10, 2016; John W. Blassingame, ed., Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977), 370–71.
20. Blassingame, Slave Testimony, 370–71.
21. Ibid., 373–79.
22. Frederick Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Hartford, CT: Park, 1882), 415.
23. Blassingame, Slave Testimony, 373�
��79.
24. Junius P. Rodriguez, ed., Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political and Historical Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007).
25. The Union called this battery Fort Wagner, but it did not have a real rear wall. The Confederates referred to it as Battery Wagner.
26. Donald Yacovone, ed. A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters of George E. Stephens (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 245.
27. “Fort Wagner,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/battery-wagner.html, accessed June 16, 2016.
28. “Sgt. William H. Carney,” U.S. Army, https://www.army.mil/africanamericans/profiles/carney.html, accessed June 17, 2016; “William H. Carney,” Congressional Medal of Honor Society, http://www.cmohs.org/recipient-detail/224/carney-william-h.php, accessed June 17, 2016.
29. “Proclamation by Confederate President,” Freedmen & Southern Society Project, http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/pow.htm, accessed June 17, 2016.
30. “The President’s Order No. 252,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/0815.html, accessed June 17, 2016.
Chapter 8: Captain Smalls
1. “Siege of Charleston,” South Carolina Encyclopedia, http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/charleston-siege-of-1863-1865/, accessed June 17, 2016.
2. Rossiter Johnson, ed., Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans (Boston: Biographical Society, 1904), Robert Smalls.
3. “Robert Small Commanding His Own Vessel,” Evening Post (New York, NY), December 14, 1863.
4. “The Deed of a Slave,” Plaindealer (Topeka, KS), October 23, 1903.
5. Dr. Stephen Wise interviews.
6. “Robert Small Commanding His Own Vessel.”
7. History, Art and Archives: House of Representatives, http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Black-Americans-in-Congress/, accessed February 10, 2015. Wise interviews.
8. “Promotion of Robert Small,” New York Tribune, December 14, 1863.
9. “Robert Small,” Edgefield Advertiser (SC), December 30, 1863; “Northern News,” Augusta Chronicle (GA), December 27, 1863.
10. “Black Officers,” NPS.gov, http://npshistory.com/publications/civil_war_series/2/sec14.htm, accessed October 1, 2016.
11. “Letter from Capt. Daniel Foster,” The Liberator, January 22, 1864.
12. “Report from War Department, Quartermaster General’s Office, Washington, D.C., June 21, 1895,” Case Files of Approved Pension Applications of Civil War and Later Navy Veterans Survivors Certificates, Robert Smalls, NARA, Fold3.com.
13. “Military Pay,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/warfare-and-logistics/logistics/pay.html, accessed December 21, 2016.
14. Wise interviews; “Black Soldiers in the Civil War,” National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war, accessed August 18, 2016. “United States Colored Troops,” Encyclopedia of Virginia, http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/United_States_Colored_Troops_The, accessed October 4, 2016.
15. New London (CT) Daily Chronicle, December 22, 1863.
16. “Robert Small, The Colored Pilot,” Philadelphia Inquirer, December 28, 1863 (originally published in the Baltimore American).
17. “Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction,” December 8, 1863, Freedmen & Southern Society Project, http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/procamn.htm, accessed December 4, 2015.
18. “Civil War Timeline,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/gett/learn/historyculture/civil-war-timeline.htm, accessed December 4, 2015.
19. “‘The President’s Amnesty Proclamation’: Lecture by Wendell Phillips,” Boston Post, January 4, 1864.
20. “Reconstruction and the New South,” EncyclopaediaBritannica.com, https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States/Reconstruction-and-the-New-South-1865-1900#ref612843, accessed December 3, 2016; “Landmark Legislation: The Wade-Davis Bill,” U.S. Senate, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Wade-DavisBill.htm, accessed December 3, 2016.
21. DeTreville v. Smalls, 98 U.S. 517 (1878); Stephen R. Wise and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861–1893 vol. 2 of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 267.
22. U.S. Senate, The Revenue Act of 1861, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/civil_war/RevenueAct_FeaturedDoc.htm, accessed January 10, 2016; “The First Income Tax,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/warfare-and-logistics/logistics/tax.html, accessed January 10, 2016.
23. Alexia Jones Helsley, Beaufort, South Carolina: A History (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2005), 118.
24. DeTreville v. Smalls; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 267.
25. Speech of the Rev. Wm. H. Brisbane, Lately a Slaveholder in South Carolina; Containing an Account of the Change in His Views on the Subject of Slavery (Hartford, CT: S. S. Cowles, 1840), 3.
26. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 157, 182–89. Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1964), 272–296.
27. “Sale of Lands,” Free South (Beaufort, SC), January 17, 1863.
28. “A Bill for the Relief of Henry McKee, or His Heirs, of Beaufort, in the State of South Carolina,” Accompanying Paper Files, 44th Congress, box 27, folder: Henry McKee, House Resolution 2487, Record Group 233, NARA.
29. “William Joyner DeTreville,” Findagrave.com, http://findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=105765985, accessed May 10, 2016; “Richard DeTreville,” Findagrave.com, http://findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52655754, accessed May 10, 2016; Lawrence Rowland, Alexander Moore, and George C. Rodgers, Jr., The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Volume 1: 1514–1861 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 425.
30. “From the South,” New York Times, January 25, 1864.
31. DeTreville v. Smalls; “Sale of Lots and Blocks in Beaufort, South Carolina,” Free South, January 30, 1864; “Stole a Whole Vessel: Daring Feat of Gen. Robert Smalls,” Boston Daily Globe, October 8, 1903.
32. DeTreville v. Smalls, 98 U.S. 517 (1878).
33. Alexia Jones Helsley, A Guide to Historic Beaufort, South Carolina (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006), 66; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 266–67.
34. “Married,” Free South, April 9, 1864.
35. “Hero of the Planter Refutes Slanders Published by the Evening Post,” Colored American (Washington, D.C.), January 3, 1903. “Says He Is Not a Hero,” News and Courier (Charleston, SC), February 7, 1903.
36. “The Freedmen of South Carolina,” Evening Post, (New York, NY), April 25, 1863.
37. Glenn David Bradsher, “Confusion and Courage at Olustee,” Opinionator (blog), New York Times, February 29, 2014, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/confusion-and-courage-at-olustee/, accessed February 24, 2016.
38. “Olustee,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/olustee.html, accessed February 13, 2016; Jayne E. Blair, The Essential Civil War: A Handbook to the Battles, Armies, Navies and Commanders (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), 143.
39. Bradsher, “Confusion and Courage at Olustee.”
40. Henry F. W. Little, The Seventh Regiment New Hampshire Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion (Concord: Seventh New Hampshire Veteran Association, 1896), 225.
41. Bradsher, “Confusion and Courage at Olustee.” The misspellings in this quote have been changed for clarity.
42. “General Seymour and the Battle of Olustee,” Evening Post, February 29, 1864.
43. “Personal Defense o
f General Seymour,” Press (Philadelphia), April 21, 1864.
44. Ibid.
45. “The Doctrine of Military Imputation,” Daily National Intelligencer (Washington, D.C.), April 22, 1864.
46. The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives, Made During the Third Session of the Fortieth Congress (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1869), 241.
47. “Fort Pillow,” EncyclopaediaBritannica.com, https://www.britannica.com/event/Fort-Pillow-Massacre, accessed February 24, 2016; Will Hickox, “Remember Fort Pillow!” Opinionator (blog), New York Times, November 4, 2011, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/11/remember-fort-pillow/, accessed February 24, 2016.
Be Free or Die--The Amazing Story of Robert Smalls' Escape from Slavery to Union Hero Page 25