The Wilderness Warrior

by Douglas Brinkley

  22. Burroughs quoted in Clifton Johnson, “Introduction,” in John Burroughs, In the Catskills (Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), p. xii.

  23. John Burroughs journal entry (March 7, 1889), Berg Collection, New York Public Library.

  24. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 228.

  25. Clara Barrus (ed.), The Heart of Burroughs’s Journal (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), pp. 32–33.

  26. Burroughs, quoted in Foreword, in American Bears: Selections from the Writings of Theodore Roosevelt (Boulder, Col.: Robert Rinehart, 1997), p. ix.

  27. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail (New York: Century, 1888), p. 59.

  28. Brands, T.R., pp. 258–259.

  29. Ibid., pp. 24–48.

  30. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (June 17, 1891).

  31. John Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), p. 168.

  32. “Gen. John W. Noble Is Dead; Secretary of the Interior in Harrison’s Cabinet Dies at 80,” New York Times (March 23, 1912), p. 13. (Special to the Times.)

  33. George Bird Grinnell, “Brief History of the Boone and Crockett Club” (unpublished), Boone and Crockett Club Archive, Missoula, Mont. It had been partially published in Forest and Stream.

  34. Elliot Coues, Birds of the Northwest: A Hand-Book of the Ornithology of the Region Drained by the Missouri River and its Tributaries (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1874); Birds of the Colorado Valley: A Repository of Scientific and Popular Information Concerning North American Ornithology (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1874); Fur-Bearing Animals: A Monograph of North American Mustelidae (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1877).

  35. William T. Hagan, Theodore Roosevelt and Six Friends of the Indian (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), p. 36.

  36. Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Civil Service Commissioner 1890–1895 (U.S. Civil Service Commission, 1958), p. 44.

  37. T.R. to Alice Roosevelt (July 2, 1891).

  38. George B. Utley, “Theodore Roosevelt’s Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 30, No. 4 (March 1944), pp. 495–506.

  39. John Milton Cooper, Jr., “Introduction,” in T.R., The Winning of the West: From the Alleghenies to the Mississippi 1769–1776, Vol. 1 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. x.

  40. Kathleen Dalton, A Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), pp. 131–132.

  41. Ibid.

  42. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 1, p. 133.

  43. Clara Barrus (ed.), The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), p. 32

  44. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Winning of the West,” Dial (August 1889), p. 73.

  45. William Frederick Poole, “Roosevelt’s The Winning of the West,” Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 44 (November 1889), pp. 693–700. Also see Utley, “Theodore Roosevelt’s Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters,” pp. 495–496.

  46. “Pushing Their Way,” New York Times (July 7, 1889), p. 11.

  47. George B. Utley, “Theodore Roosevelt’s Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters,” pp. 495–506.

  48. Cooper, “Introduction” in T.R., The Winning of the West, p. xii.

  49. T.R., Biological Analogies in History (London: Oxford University Press, 1910), p. 6.

  50. James R. Gilmore in New York Sun (September 29 and October 10, 1889). (Included in T.R. Scrapbooks at Harvard.) T.R. was accused of plagiarism but he was considered innocent by most fair-minded scholars.

  51. Parkman quoted in W. R. Jacobs (ed.), Letters of Francis Parkman, Vol. 2 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960), pp. 209–232.

  52. Francis Parkman, “The Forests of the White Mountains,” Garden and Forest, Vol. 1 (February 29, 1888).

  53. Wilbur R. Jacobs, “Francis Parkman: Naturalist-Environmental Savant,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 61, No. 3 (May, 1992), p. 341.

  54. T.R. to Francis Parkman (July 13, 1889).

  55. Dalton, A Strenuous Life, pp. 132—133.

  56. Ibid., p. 134.

  57. T.R. to Gertrude Elizabeth Tyler Carow (October 18, 1890).

  58. Arnold Hague, “The Yellowstone Park,” in Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell (eds.), American Big Game Hunting: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club (New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), p. 259.

  59. Michael L. Collins, That Damned Cowboy: Theodore Roosevelt and the American West 1888–1898 (New York: Peter Lang, 1989), p. 117.

  60. William Frederick Poole to T.R. (November 1889) in George B. Utley, “Theodore Roosevelt and the Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters,” pp. 495–497.

  61. William T. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life (New York: New York Zoological Society, 1913), p. x.

  62. United States Statutes at Large, xvii.32, quoted in Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts: Transactions 1902—1904 (Boston: Published by the Society, 1906), p. 377.

  63. Thomas Wolfe, Of Time and the River: A Legend of Man’s Hunger in His Youth (Garden City, N.Y.: Sun Dial, 1944), p. 155.

  64. George Bird Grinnell to Archibald Rogers (December 24, 1890), quoted in Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, p. 157.

  65. T.R., “Hunting in Cattle Country” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands, pp. 292–293.

  66. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Scribner, 1921), p. 144.

  67. T.R., The Winning of the West, pp. xli–xlii.

  68. Diary quoted in Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, My Brother Theodore Roosevelt, p. 149.

  69. Ibid., pp. 146–147.

  70. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1980), p. 130.

  71. Collins, That Damned Cowboy, p. 122.

  72. T.R. to Gertrude Elizabeth Tyler Carow (October 18, 1890)

  73. Blaine Harden, “In the New West, Do They Want Buffalo to Roam?” Washington Post (July 30, 2006), pp. A 8–9.

  74. “The Treasures of Yosemite,” Century, Vol. 40, No. 4 (August, 1890); “Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park,” Century, Vol. 40, No. 5 (September 1890).

  75. Jeremy Johnston, “Preserving the Beasts of Waste and Desolation: Theodore Roosevelt and the Predator Control in Yellowstone,” Yellowstone Science (Spring 2002), p. 15.

  76. Christine Macy and Sarah Bonnemaison, Architecture and Nature: Creating the American Landscape (New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 51. Also see Donald J. Pisani, “Forest and Conservation in 1865–1890,” in Char Miller (ed.), American Forests: Nature, Culture, and Politics (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), pp. 16–17.

  77. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, pp. 157–158.

  78. “The Rapid Destruction of Our Forests,” Scientific Monthly (December 1887), pp. 225–226.

  79. “The Week in the Club World,” New York Times (January 2, 1898), p. 15.

  80. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, pp. 168–170. Also Compilation of Public Timber Laws and Regulations and Decisions Thereunder (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, January 21, 1897), p. 131. For further data on the history and development of forest reserves in the northwestern United States see E. H. MacDaniels, “Twenty-Five National Forests of North Pacific Region,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 42 (September 1941), pp. 247–255.

  81. George Bird Grinnell, “Secretary Noble’s Monument,” Forest and Stream (March 9, 1893).

  82. Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1947), p. 85. Edward A. Bowers of the General Land Office also deserves credit for his fierce lobbying efforts on behalf of Section 24.

  83. Roger A. Sedjo, “Does the Forest Service Have a Future?” Regulation, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2000), pp. 51–55.

  84. Harold K. Steen, “The Beginning of the National Forest System” in Miller
(ed.), American Forests, pp. 49–50.

  85. Udall quoted in Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, p. 153.

  86. John W. Noble to T.R. (April 16, 1891), Yellowstone National Park Archives (Doc. No. 254), Wyoming. Also see Sarah E. Broadbent, “Sportsmen and the Evolution of the Conservation Idea in Yellowstone: 1882–1894,” MA thesis, Montana State University, 1997.

  87. Francis G. Newlands, “Irrigation Congress,” Irrigation Age, Vol. 1 (October 1891), pp. 195–196.

  88. T.R. and George Bird Grinnell, Hunting in Many Lands: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club (New York: Forest and Stream, 1895), p. 44.

  89. T.R., “The Northwest in the Nation: Biennial Address before the State Historical Society of Wisconsin” (January 24, 1893), T.R. Collection, Harvard University. (Reprint.)

  90. Collins, That Damned Cowboy, pp. 131–137.

  91. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1920), p. 92, 178. Also Patricia Limerick, “The Forest Reserves and the Argument for a Closing Frontier,” in Harold K. Steen (ed.), The Origins of the National Forests: A Centennial Symposium (Durham, N.C.: The Forest History Society, 1992), pp. 10–18.

  92. Walter La Faber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion 1860–1898 reissue (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 64.

  93. T.R. to Frederic Remington (December 28, 1897).

  94. T.R. and George Bird Grinnell, “Our Forest Reservations,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), American Big-Game Hunting (New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), pp. 326–330.

  95. Ibid., pp. 326–330.

  96. Limerick, “The Forest Reserves and the Argument for a Closing Frontier,” p. 13. Limerick notes that this argument about “white people” being “scared” originated with Professor Richard White.

  97. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 1, p. 139.

  98. Limerick, “The Forest Reserves and the Argument for a Closing Frontier,” pp. 13–18.

  99. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 30, 1897).

  100. George Cotkin, Reluctant Modernism (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004), p. 4.

  101. T.R., “Biological Analogies in History,” Outlook, June 11, 1910, Vol. 95, Is. 6.

  102. H. Paul Jeffers, An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (New York: Morrow, 2000), p. 6.

  103. T.R., letter to the editor of Forest and Stream, in “A Standing Menace: Cooke City vs. the National Park” (pamphlet) quoted in Robert Underwood Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays (Kessinger, 1923), p. 309.

  104. H. W. Brands, The Money Men: Capitalism, Democracy, and the Hundred Years’ War over the American Dollar (New York: Norton, 2006), pp. 160–161.

  105. Collins, That Damned Cowboy, p. 127.

  106. “Two Ocean Pass,” National Park Service, National Natural Landmark (October 1965).

  107. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, pp. 182–184.

  10: THE WILDERNESS HUNTER IN THE ELECTRIC AGE

  1. T.R. to Madison Grant (March 3, 1894).

  2. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter (New York and London: Putnam, 1893), p. 351.

  3. Laura Tangley, “Birding in the Texas Tropics,” National Wildlife (February/March 2007), pp. 38–45.

  4. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. 354.

  5. Ibid., pp. 354–359.

  6. T.R. to Cecil Arthur Spring-Rice (May 3, 1892). By 2008 there were still 2 million feral pigs in Texas (half the U.S. total). According to the Dallas Morning News they were mangling the state’s pastures, crops, and waterways.

  7. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (August 26, 1892).

  8. “The Last of Sitting Bull: The Old Chief Killed While Resisting Arrest,” New York Times (December 16, 1890), p. 1.

  9. Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. (ed. in charge), The American Heritage Book of Indians (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961), p. 348.

  10. Dee Alexander Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Thirtieth Anniversary ed. (New York: Macmillan, 2001), pp. 440–445.

  11. Sherman quoted in Brandon (ed.), The American Heritage Book of Indians, p. 366.

  12. T.R. to Charles Collins (January 21, 1891), Indian Rights Association Papers (Microfilm), Reel 6.

  13. William T. Hagan, The Indian Rights Association: The Herbert Welsh Years (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985).

  14. Laurence M. Hauptman, “Theodore Roosevelt and the Indians of New York State,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 119, No. 1 (February 21, 1975), pp. 1–7.

  15. William T. Hagan, Theodore Roosevelt and Six Friends of the Indian (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), p. 32.

  16. George Bird Grinnell, “In Buffalo Days,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), American Big-Game Hunting (New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), p. 159.

  17. Hugh Chisholm (ed.), The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Science, Literature, and General Information 11th ed., Vol. 6 (New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica Company, 1910), p. 502.

  18. The Historical World’s Columbian Exposition and Chicago Guide (St. Louis: James H. Mason, 1892), p. 270.

  19. Norman Bolotin and Christine Lang, The World’s Columbian Exposition: The Chicago’s World Fair of 1893 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2002), p. 106.

  20. Marjorie Warvelle Bear, A Mile Square of Chicago (Oakbrook, Ill.: TIPRAC, 2007), p. 205. See also Lincoln Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1935), pp. 3–4.

  21. Letter published in T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. 425.

  22. Peter Hassrick, Wildlife and Western Heroes (Fort Worth, Tex.: Amon Carter Museum, 2003), pp. 136–137. Proctor had met Pinchot in New York in the 1880s and they became friends.

  23. Jesse Donahue and Erik Trump, Political Animals: Public Art in American Zoos and Aquariums (Lanham, Md.: Lexington, 2007), pp. 20–23.

  24. Trumball White and W. M. Igle-heart, The World’s Columbian Exposition (J. W. Ziegler, 1893), p. 514.

  25. Kenneth Frampton, Modern Architecture: A Critical History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 62.

  26. Paul Andrew Hutton, “Col. Cody, the Rough-Riders, and the Spanish American War,” Points West (1998 Fall Issue), pp. 8–11.

  27. Bobby Bridger, Buffalo Bill and Sitting Bull: Inventing the Wild West (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), p. 442.

  28. John Patrick Barrett, Electricity at the Columbian Exposition (Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, 1894).

  29. T.R. to James Brander Matthews (June 8, 1893).

  30. Theodore Whaley Cart, “The Lacey Act: America’s First Nationwide Wildlife Statute,” Forest History, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Oct. 1973), p. 413.

  31. J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), p. 241.

  32. John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), p. 106.

  33. Alfred Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Lanham, Md.: Roberts Rinehart, 1998), p. 49.

  34. “History of the Boone and Crockett Club Books as Recalled by G. B. Grinnell” (1925), Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.

  35. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 24, 1897), Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.

  36. Matthew Baigell, Albert Bierstadt (New York: Watson-Guptill, 1981), pp. 8–14.

  37. T.R. to Albert Bierstadt (February 7, 1893), Joseph M. Roebling Collection of the American Heritage Center of the University of Wyoming, Laramie.

  38. Albert Bierstadt, “A Moose Hunt” (February–April 1893), Roebling Collection of the American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming. Attached to the original essay is T.R.’s Sagamore Hill calling card.

  39. Eric Nye and Sheri Hoem (eds.), “Big Game on the Editor’s Desk: Roosevelt and Bierstadt’s Tale of the Hunt,” New England Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 3 (September 1987).

  40. T.R. to Albert Bierstadt (Jun
e 8, 1893), Roebling Collection of the American Heritage Center of the University of Wyoming. But by not blowing the whistle on Bierstadt, by allowing his fib to stand, T.R. had protected a friend. More than a decade later, when T.R. was in the White House, Grinnell wrote up the moose story in his American Big Game in Its Haunts, in a way the president would have approved, claiming that the sixty-four-and-a-half-inch antlers were “in the possession” of the late painter.

  41. Grinnell, “In Buffalo Days,” p. 169.

  42. G. Edward White, The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience: The West of Frederic Remington, Theodore Roosevelt and Owen Wister (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968).

  43. “Gen. Anderson Dead at University Club,” New York Times (March 8, 1915), P. 9.

  44. T.R., “Coursing the Prongbuck,” in American Big-Game Hunting, p. 129.

  45. T.R., “Literature of American Big-Game Hunting” in American Big-Game Hunting, p. 325. (Unsigned.)

  46. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, pp. 150–151.

  47.

  Dick Baldwin, “Trapshooting with D. Lee Braum and the Remington Pros,” (Remington Vandalia, Ohio: Trapshooting Hall of Fame and Museum, 1967).

  48. “Trap Shooting in Saratoga,” New York Times (May 10, 1893), p. 3. The New York Times used to promote trapshooting in the 1880s as a way to downplay the mass killing of birds. While the sports page would mention all-day shoots with live birds in places like the League Island Gun Club of Philadelphia, it gave more ink to trapshooting events.

  49. George Bird Grinnell, “Editorial,” Forest and Stream (July 14, 1881). Also see William B. Mershon, The Passenger Pigeon (New York: Outing, 1907), pp. 223–225.

  50. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, pp. 150–151.

  51. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Scribner, 1921), p. 127.

  52. T.R., “Preface,” in The Wilderness Hunter, p. xiii.

  53. T.R., “Preface,” in The Wilderness Hunter, p. xiv. (The preface was written in June 1893 at Sagamore Hill.)

  54. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. 174.

  55. “Mr. Roosevelt’s Americanism, New York Times (August 6, 1893), p. 19.

  56. “New Publications: The Wilderness Hunter,” Forest and Stream, Vol. 41, No. 4 (July 29, 1893).