The Wilderness Warrior

by Douglas Brinkley

  57. “Dangers of Moose Hunting,” Youth’s Companion (November 23, 1893).

  58. T.R. to Hoke Smith (April 7, 1894).

  59. Denis Tilden Lynch, Grover Cleveland: A Man Four-Square (New York: Van Rees, 1932), p. 191.

  60. “Hoke Smith’s Appointment,” New York Times (February 16, 1893), p. 5.

  61. G. Michael McCarthy, “The Forest Reserve: Colorado under Cleveland and McKinley,” Journal of Forest History (April 1976), p. 80.

  62. U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report, 1893 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1894), p. 555.

  63. Captain George S. Anderson to Secretary of Interior Hoke Smith (March 17, 1894), Vol. V (Letters Sent) National Archives, pp. 1–9, Yellowstone National Park. Quoted in H. Duane Hampton, “U.S. Army and the National Parks,” Forest History (October 1966), p. 14.

  64. “Save the Buffalo,” Forest and Stream, Vol. 42, No. 15 (1894). (Editorial.)

  65. “The Lacey Act of 1894,” U.S., Statutes at Large, Vol. 28, p. 73.

  66. Mary Annette Gallager, “John F. Lacey: A Study in Organizational Politics,” PhD dissertation, University of Arizona, 1970.

  67. Samuel Johnson Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties (Chicago, Ill.: A. C. McClurg, 1911), p. 146.

  68. “John F. Lacey: Champion of Birds and Wildlife,” Iowa National History Foundation, Des Moines.

  69. Michael L. Tate, The Frontier Army in the Settlement of the West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), p. 233.

  70. George S. Anderson, “Protection of the Yellowstone National Park” in T.R. and George Bird Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands (New York: Forest and Stream, 1895), p. 388.

  71. Alice Wondrak Biel, Do (Not) Feed the Bears: The Fitful History of Wildlife and Tourists in Yellowstone (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), p. 7.

  72. T.R. and George Bird Grinnell, “Preface,” in Hunting in Many Lands, pp. 11–12. Although the preface had a shared byline it almost certainly was written by T.R.

  73. Runte, Trains of Discovery, pp. 1–12.

  74. Muir quoted in Alfred Runte, “Foreword,” in John Muir, Our National Parks (San Francisco, Calif.: Sierra Club Books, 1991), p. x. (Muir originally published the book in 1901.)

  75. John Burroughs, The Last Harvest (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1922), p. 220.

  76. W. Hallett Phillips to George A. Anderson (March 31, 1894), 6, LR, No. 1217-A, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Wyo.

  77. T.R. to George S. Anderson (January 21, 1895), Letter Box 6, Doc. No. 1282, Yellowstone National Park Archives.

  78. Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Story: A History of Our First National Park, Vol. 2 (Yellowstone: Yellowstone Library and Museums Association, 1977), pp. 68–69.

  79. T.R., “Wilderness Reserves,” Forest and Stream, September 3, 1904, Vol. LXIII, Issue No. 10, p. 1. This is one of the chapters in the Boone and Crockett Club Book American Big-Game in its Haunts.

  80. Quoted in H. W. Brands’ T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 259.

  81. T.R., “Hunting in the Cattle Country,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands, p. 297.

  82. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (September 30, 1894).

  83. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 3 (New York: Putnam, 1905), pp. 44–45.

  84. William T. Hagan, Theodore Roosevelt and Six Friends of the Indian, pp. 22–23.

  11: THE BRONX ZOO FOUNDER

  1. “Madison Grant, 71, Zoologist, Is Dead,” New York Times (May 31, 1937), p. 15. In 1993 the New York Zoological Society changed its name to the Wildlife Conservation Society. Its mission is to “advance the study of zoology, protect wildlife, and educate the public.” As of 2009 it operated the following public attractions in the New York area: the Bronx Zoo, New York Aquarium, Central Park Zoo, Queens Zoo, and Prospect Park Zoo.

  2. Madison Grant, The Vanishing Moose and Their Extermination in the Adirondacks (New York: Century, 1894).

  3. “Killing of the Buffalo,” New York Times (July 26, 1896), p. 20.

  4. George Bird Grinnell and T.R. (ed.), Trail and Camp-fire (New York: Forest and Stream, 1897), p. 313.

  5. George Bird Grinnell, “In Buffalo Days,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), American Big-Game Hunting (New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), p. 171.

  6. Richard Manning, Grassland: The History, Biology, Politics, and Promise of the American Prairie (New York: Viking, 1995); Tom McHugh, The Time of the Buffalo (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), p. 39; and Christopher Ketcham, “They Shoot Buffalo, Don’t They,” Harper’s Magazine (June 2008), p. 74.

  7. T.R. to Madison Grant (March 3, 1894).

  8. “Zoo Plans Are Approved,” New York Times (November 23, 1897), p. 12.

  9. Boone and Crockett Club Report, “Past and Present Roles of the Boone and Crockett Club 1887–1992,” Missoula, Mont. (Unpublished.)

  10. “Zoo Plans Are Approved,” New York Times (November 23, 1897), p. 12. Also see William T. Hornaday, Popular Official Guide to the New York Zoological Society, 11th ed. (New York: New York Zoological Society, June 1, 1911), p. 136.

  11. Lincoln Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt (Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott, 1926), pp. 360–365.

  12. Lowell E. Baier, “The Boone and Crockett Club: A 106-Year Retrospective,” (Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.), p. 9.

  13. “Black Mesa Reserve,” Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.

  14. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), p. 32.

  15. “William Temple Hornaday” (1996), University of Iowa Museum of Natural History Archive, Iowa City.

  16. William T. Hornaday, Two Years in the Jungle: The Experiences of a Hunter Naturalist (London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Co., 1885), p. 1.

  17. William T. Hornaday, The Extermination of the American Bison (Washington, D.C.: National Museum Report, 1889).

  18. “History of the Wildlife Conservation Society,” Wilderness Conservation Fund Archives, New York.

  19. William T. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life (New York: New York Zoological Society, 1913), p. 92.

  20. Paul Verner Bradford and Harvey Blume, Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo (New York: Dell, 1992), p. 173.

  21. “History of the Wildlife Conservation Society.”

  22. “Zoo Plans Are Approved: Park Board, after Long Study of the Proposed Zoological Park, Commends It,” New York Times (November 23, 1897), p. 12.

  23. T.R. quoted in Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 73.

  24. T.R. to James Brander Matthews (December 21, 1893).

  25. T.R. to Madison Grant (March 3, 1894).

  26. Casper W. Whitney, “The Cougar,” in T.R. and George Bird Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands (New York: Forest and Stream, 1895), p. 253.

  27. T.R. and Grinnell, “Preface,” in Hunting in Many Lands, p. 12.

  28. Charles E. Whitehead, “Game Laws,” in Hunting in Many Lands, pp. 370–372.

  29. T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands, pp. 424–432.

  30. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 25.

  31. T.R. quoted in Van Wyck Brooks, John Sloan: A Painter’s Life (New York: Dutton, 1955), p. 55.

  32. H. Paul Jeffers, Roosevelt the Explorer (Lanham, Md.: Taylor Trade, 2003), p. 8.

  33. William Harbaugh, Power and Responsibility: The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1961), pp. 82–83.

  34. Jeffers, Roosevelt the Explorer, p. 84.

  35. Owen Wister, Roosevelt: The Story of a Friendship, 1880–1919 (New York: Macmillan, 1930), p. 51.

  36. Jeffers, Roosevelt the Explorer, pp. 82–84.

  37. “The Summer Plans of Authors,” New York Times (June 21, 1896), p. 27.

  38. T.R. quoted in H. Paul Jeffers, Colonel Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt Goes to War (New York: Wiley, 1996), p. 20.

  39. “Electoral Vote
Counted; McKinley and Hobart Formally Declared to Have Been Chosen as President and Vice President,” New York Times (February 11, 1897), p. 4.

  40. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 4th ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 136.

  41. George R. Leighton, Five Cities: The Story of Their Youth and Old Age (New York: Harper, 1939), p. 269.

  42. George Bird Grinnell and T.R., “Preface,” in Trail and Camp-Fire (New York: Forest and Stream, 1897), pp. 7–8.

  43. Gerald W. Williams, The Forest Service: Fighting for Public Lands (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2006), pp. 404–405. Williams documented the total acreage saved by the Washington Birthday Reserves: San Jacinto, California, 737,280 acres; Stanislaus, California, 691,200 acres; Washington, Washington, 3,594,240 acres; Mount Rainier, Washington, 1,267,200 acres; Olympic, Washington, 2,188,800 acres; Priest River, Idaho and Washington, 645,120 acres; Bitterroot, Idaho and Montana, 4,147,200 acres; Lewis and Clark, Montana, 2,926,080 acres; Flathead, Montana, 1,382,400 acres; Big Horn, Wyoming, 1,198,080 acres; Teton, Wyoming, 829,440 acres; Uinta, Utah, 705,120 acres; Black Hills, South Dakota, 967,680 acres.

  44. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 24, 1897).

  45. Char Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (Washington, D.C.: Island, 2001), p. 120.

  46. Leighton, Five Cities, p. 269.

  47. “After Us, the Deluge,” New York Times (May 8, 1897), p. 6.

  48. John Muir, “The American Forests,” Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 80 (August 1897).

  49. Grover Cleveland, Fishing and Shooting Sketches (Philadelphia, Pa.: Curtis, 1901), pp. 3–6.

  50. John Muir, Our National Parks (Boston, Mass. and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1901), p. 1.

  51. Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Agriculture and Industry of the State of Montana for the Year Ending November 30, 1898 (Helena, Mont.: Independent, 1898), p. 51.

  52. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 24, 1897), Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.

  53. “The Cabinet Confirmed,” New York Times (March 6, 1897), p. 3.

  54. Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1947), p. 123.

  55. “The Big Federal Domain,” New York Times (November 19, 1897), p. 3.

  56. Gretel Ehrlich, John Muir: Nature’s Visionary (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2000).

  57. Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Agriculture and Industry of the State of Montana for the Year Ending November 30, 1898, p. 52.

  58. Rexroth quoted in David Taylor, A Soul of a People (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2009), p. 133.

  59. Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1898–1899; Part V—Forest Reserves (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900), p. 143.

  60. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 554.

  61. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt Cowles (November 13, 1896).

  62. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: William Morrow, 1992), p. 246.

  63. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 548–563.

  64. Keir B. Sterling, Last of the Naturalists: The Career of C. Hart Merriam, rev. ed. (New York: Arno, 1977), p. ix.

  65. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge in Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 80.

  66. Sterling, Last of the Naturalists.

  67. “North American Bears,” New York Times (April 22, 1896), p. 14.

  68. T.R. to Henry Fairfield Osborn (May 18, 1897).

  69. Ibid.

  70. T.R., “Social Evolution,” in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Memorial ed. (New York, 1923–1926), Vol. 14, pp. 109–128.

  71. T.R., “A Layman’s Views on Specific Nomenclature,” Science (April 30, 1897), pp. 685–688.

  72. Sterling, Last of the Naturalists, p. 242.

  73. Ibid. Also see Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1985), pp. 192–196.

  74. Sterling, Last of the Naturalists, p. 176.

  75. T.R. to Charles Addison Boutelle (June 22, 1897).

  76. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 2, 1897), Boone and Crockett Club Archive, Missoula, Mont.

  77. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 24, 1897).

  78. Ibid.

  79. T.R. to Henry Fairfield Osborn (September 14, 1897).

  80. Merriam quoted in Science (May 14, 1897).

  81. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, pp. 80–88. Also see C. Hart Merriam, “Natural History: Roosevelt’s Wapiti,” Forest and Stream, January 1, 1898, Vol. L, Issue No. 9, p. 5.

  82. Dr. C. Hart Merriam, “Cervus roosevelti,” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (December 17, 1897).

  83. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 85.

  84. T.R., “Wapiti,” in Hedley Peek and Frederick George Aflalo, The Encyclopaedia of Sport Vol. II (London: Lawrence and Bullen, 1898), p. 530.

  85. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 85.

  86. T.R. to C. Hart Merriam (February 22, 1899).

  87. T.R., “List of Books,” in Trail and Camp-Fire, p. 339.

  88. Burnham quoted in Frank Graham, Jr., The Adirondacks: A Political History (New York: Knopf, 1978), p. 148.

  89. Grinnell and T.R., Trail and Camp-Fire (New York: Forest and Stream, 1897) p. 153.

  90. T.R., “On the Little Missouri,” in Trail and Camp-Fire, pp. 219–220.

  91. George Bird Grinnell, “Introduction,” Works, Memorial Edition, Vol. 1, p. xix.

  92. T.R. to John A. Merritt (December 23, 1897).

  12: THE ROUGH RIDER

  1. Richard H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt, Culture, Diplomacy, and Expansion: A New View of American Imperialism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), p. 123.

  2. Ibid, p. 120.

  3. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (August 10, 1886). See also Henry Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1931), pp. 166–167.

  4. T.R., American Naval Policy as Outlined in the Messages of the Presidents of the United States, from 1790 to Present Day (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1897).

  5. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 598.

  6. “The Maine at Havana,” New York Times (January 25, 1898), p. 6.

  7. T.R. to William Sheffield Cowles (March 29, 1898).

  8. Henry Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Harcourt, 2003), p. 124.

  9. T.R. to William Sturgis Bigelow (March 29, 1898).

  10. T.R. to Robert Bacon (April 8, 1898).

  11. Daniel Henderson, “Great-Heart”: The Life Story of Theodore Roosevelt, 3rd ed. (New York: Knopf, 1919), p. 62.

  12. Akiko Murakata, “Theodore Roosevelt and William Sturgis Bigelow: The Story of a Friendship,” Harvard Literary Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 1 (January 1975), p. 93.

  13. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 612.

  14. Mrs. Winthrop Chanler, Roman Spring (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1934), p. 285.

  15. Robert Lee, Fort Meade and the Black Hills (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991), pp. 160–161.

  16. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 613–620. Also see Leonard Wood, “Roosevelt: Soldier, Statesman, and Friend” in The Rough Riders and Men of Action (New York: Scribner’s, 1926), pp. xv–xvi.

  17. Marilyn Bennett, It Happened in San Antonio (Guilford, Conn.: Twodot, 2006), pp. 53–56.

  18. Buckhorn Saloon Museum Archive, San Antonio, Tex.

  19. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (May 25, 1898).

  20. Sarah Lyons Watts, Rough Rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2003), p. 163.

  21. G. Edward White, The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience: The West of Frederic Remington, Theodore Roosevelt, and Owen Wister (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968), pp. 149–153.
/>   22. Harbaugh, Power and Responsibility, p. 104.

  23. Michael L. Collins, That Damned

  Cowboy: Theodore Roosevelt and the American West, 1883–1898 (New York: Peter Lang, 1989), p. 146.

  24. “The Rough Riders Land at Montauk,” New York Times, (August 16, 1898), p. 1.

  25. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 344.

  26. Owen Wister, “Balaam and Pedro,” Harper’s Monthly (January 1894).

  27. Peggy Samuels and Harold Samuels, Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan, (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1997), p. 58.

  28. Lydia Kingsmill Commander, The American Idea (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1907), p. 75.

  29. Henry Castor, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders (New York: Random House, 1954), p. 45.

  30. Samuels and Samuels, Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan, pp. 58–59.

  31. Jack [John] Willis, Roosevelt in the Rough (New York: Ives Washburn, 1931), pp. 36–37. Reprint.

  32. David H. Burton, “Theodore Roosevelt’s Social Darwinism and Views on Imperialism,” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 26, No. 1 (January–March 1965), pp. 103–118.

  33. T.R., “Social Evolution,” North American Review (July 1895). Republished in American Ideals, and Other Essays (New York: Putnam, 1897), pp. 293–317.

  34. Ibid., p. 296. Also see Patrick Sharp, Savage Perils: Racial Frontiers and Nuclear Apocalypse (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007); and John Morton Blum, “Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Decision,” The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), Vol. 2, p. 1486.

  35. John Burroughs, “The Biological Origin of the Ruling Class,” cited in Renehan Jr., John Burroughs (Post Mills, Vt.: Chelsea Green, 1992), p. 199.

  36. Edward J. Renehan Jr., John Burroughs (Post Mills, Vt.: Chelsea Green, 1992), pp. 198–200.

  37. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 630. Also see “The War: Expected Naval Battle, Firing at Cabanas,” The Observer, May 1, 1898, p. A5.

  38. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (June 12, 1898).

  39. “Colt Machineguns in the Spanish American War,” (2008), Fort Sam Houston Museum, San Antonio, Tex.

  40. William McKinley Executive Order (March 28, 1898) from the Executive Mansion; William McKinley Proclamation (May 27, 1898); William McKinley Proclamation (June 29, 1898); McKinley’s third State of the Union address, in James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789–1907, Vol. 10 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1908), pp. 343, 253, 121.