by Adam Winkler
71. Mattathias Schwartz, “Map: How Occupy Wall Street Chose Zuccotti Park,” New Yorker, November 18, 2011, available at http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/map-how-occupy-wall-street-chose-zuccotti-park.
72. See John Nichols, “America’s Most Dynamic (Yet Under-Covered) Movement: Overturning ‘Citizens United,’ ” The Nation, July 5, 2013; Allegra Pocinki, “16 States Call to Overturn ‘Citizens United,’ ” July 8, 2013, available at http://www.publicampaign.org/blog/2013/07/08/16-states-call-overturn-%E2%80%98citizens-united%E2%80%99.
73. Author Interview of Jim Bopp, June 19, 2014.
CONCLUSION: CORPORATE RIGHTS AND WRONGS
1. Ashley Parker, “ ‘Corporations Are People,’ Romney Tells Iowa Hecklers Angry Over His Tax Policy,” New York Times, August 11, 2011, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/12/us/politics/12romney.html.
2. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519 (2012).
3. Verified Complaint, Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. v. Sebelius, 2012 WL 4009450 (W.D.Okla. September 12, 2012) (No. CIV-12-1000-HE).
4. See 42 U.S.C. §2000bb(a)(2)–(4).
5. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2751 (2014).
6. On the religious liberty rights of corporations, see Micah Schwartzman et al., The Rise of Corporate Religious Liberty (2016); David Gans and Ilya Shapiro, Religious Liberties for Corporations? Hobby Lobby, the Affordable Care Act, and the Constitution (2014). On Hobby Lobby’s piercing-the-corporate-veil reasoning, see Schwartzman et al., “Introduction,” in The Rise of Corporate Religious Liberty, iii; Elizabeth Pollman, “Corporate Law and Theory in Hobby Lobby,” in The Rise of Corporate Religious Liberty, 149. On a corporate law defense of piercing the veil in corporate religious liberty cases, see Stephen M. Bainbridge, “Using Reverse Veil Piercing to Vindicate the Free Exercise Rights of Incorporated Employers,” 16 The Green Bag 2d 235 (2013).
7. Leo Strine Jr., chief justice of the Delaware Supreme Court, delivered the 2015–2016 Judge Ralph K. Winter Lecture on Corporate Law and Governance on October 13, 2015. Chief Justice Strine’s lecture was entitled “Corporate Power Ratchet: The Courts’ Role in Eroding ‘We the People’s’ Ability to Constrain Our Corporate Creations,” and is available for viewing at https://www.law.yale.edu/yls-today/yale-law-school-videos/leo-strine-corporate-power-ratchet.
8. On Strine, see Len Costa, “Boss of the Bosses,” Legal Affairs, July/August 2005, available at https://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/July-August-2005/feature_costa_julaug05.msp.
9. Liz Hoffman, “Leo Strine Nominated to Head Delaware Supreme Court,” Wall Street Journal, January 8, 2014, available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304347904579308432948927494.
10. Leo E. Strine Jr. and Nicholas Walter, “Conservative Collision Course?: The Tension between Conservative Corporate Law Theory and Citizens United,” 100 Cornell Law Review 335 (2015).
11. See Burnet v. Clark, 287 U.S. 410 (1932).
12. See Amicus Curiae Brief of Corporate and Criminal Law Professors In Support of Petitioners, Sebelius v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., available at http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v3/13-354-13-356_amcu_cclp.authcheckdam.pdf.
13. For an argument in a similar vein, see Daniel J. H. Greenwood, “Essential Speech: Why Corporate Speech Is Not Free,” 83 Iowa Law Review 995 (1998).
14. For Olivas’s interview, see “US Region Bans Oil and Gas Drilling,” Al Jazeera English, May 27, 2013, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuqpSzNxLDE. On Olivas and the fracking ban, see Ernie Atencio, “The Man Behind a New Mexico County’s Fracking Ban,” High Country News, June 24, 2014, available at http://www.hcn.org/issues/46.11/the-man-behind-a-new-mexico-countys-fracking-ban; Staci Matlock, “Federal Judge Overturns Mora County’s Drilling Ordinance,” The Santa Fe New Mexican, January 20, 2015, available at http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/federal-judge-overturns-mora-county-s-drilling-ordinance/article_dddd444a-6ae8-56ea-b8a7-999c562a77b8.html; Statement of County Commissioner John Olivas, Chairman, Mora County, New Mexico Board of Commissioners, March 20, 2014, available at http://celdf.org/2014/03/statement-of-county-commissioner-john-olivas-chairman-mora-county-new-mexico-board-of-commissioners/; Nina Bunker Ruiz, “How Residents of a Rural New Mexico County Fought the Fracking Barons and Won—For Now,” Yes! Magazine, September 15, 2014, available at http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/the-end-of-poverty/how-residents-of-a-rural-new-mexico-county-fought-fracking-barons-and-won.
15. On Browning, see Kyle Marksteiner, “From Sacks to Sentencing: Federal Judge Jim Browning,” Focus New Mexico, October 9, 2015, available at http://focusnm.com/articles/2015/10/9/from-sacks-to-sentencing-federal-judge-jim-browning.htm.
16. See Swepi, LP v. Mora County, 81 F.Supp.3d 1075 (D. N.M. 2015).
CREDITS
Frontspiece: “We the Corporate Personhood,” by Brian Corr. Originally for The Subjective Theatre Company.
Page xii: Courtesy of New York City Parks Photo / Art & Antiquities.
Page 1: Private Collection © at Look and Learn / Bridgeman Images.
Page 8: Courtesy of Library of Virginia.
Page 12: Courtesy of National Park Service and Colonial National Historical Park.
Page 20: Courtesy of Salem Athenæum.
Page 33: Courtesy of Ed Uthman.
Page 46: Courtesy of Historical & Special Collections, Harvard Law School Library.
Page 52: Courtesy of National Gallery of Art, Washington.
Page 58: John Quincy Adams, by Pieter Van Huffel, 1815, oil on canvas, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of Mary Louisa Adams Clement in memory of her mother, Louisa Catherine Adams Clement, 1950.
Page 65: Courtesy of Historical & Special Collections, Harvard Law School Library.
Page 72: Daniel Webster, by Francis Alexander, 1835, oil on canvas, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; bequest of Mrs. John Hay Whitney.
Page 80: Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire: gift of the Estate of Henry N. Teague, Class of 1900.
Page 89: Courtesy of the Bruce C. Cooper Collection of Historic US Documents.
Page 91: Courtesy of US Senate Collection.
Page 96: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-cwpbh-00789.
Page 98: Daniel Webster, by Francis D’Avignon, copy after Mathew B. Brady, 1850, lithograph on paper, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.
Page 111: Courtesy of Donald Duke, Security Pacific National Bank Collection / Los Angeles Public Library.
Page 116: (top right) Justice Stephen J. Field, photography by Mathew Brady Studio, c. 1870, collection of the Supreme Court of the United States. (bottom left) Reporter of Decisions J. C. Bancroft Davis, by Robert C. Hinckley, c. 1900, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States. (bottom right) Courtesy of California State University, Chico, Meriam Library Special Collections, sc#14034.
Page 126: Associate Justice John A. Campbell, photograph by Mathew Brady, c. 1857, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Page 141: Courtesy of the California History Room, California State Library, Sacramento, California.
Page 147: Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite, photograph by Mathew Brady, c. 1877, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Page 162: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ggbain-03468.
Page 166: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ggbain-05808.
Page 169: “The trust giant’s point of view. What a funny little government?,” illustration by Horace Taylor, The Verdict (New York), vol. 3, no. 7, January 22, 1900, pp. 8–9. Collection of Original Works of Art on Paper (Collection Original 99), UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.
Page 171: “Reidsville Plant of the American Tobacco Company, Reidsville, N.C.,” Rockingham County, North Carolina Po
stcard Collection (P052), North Carolina Collection Photographic Archives, Wilson Library, UNC–Chapel Hill.
Page 178: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-55730.
Page 182: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-56711.
Page 186: Associate Justice Henry B. Brown, photograph by Parker Studio, 1906, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Page 193: (left) Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ggbain-06150. (right) Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ggbain-00632.
Page 196: Courtesy of US Senate Collection.
Page 218: Theodore Roosevelt, by Adrian Lamb, oil on canvas, 1967, copy after 1908 original, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of the Theodore Roosevelt Association.
Page 225: Courtesy of Forest Parke Library and Archives, Capital Area District Libraries, Lansing, Michigan.
Page 229: Photograph by Josh Howell.
Page 233: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-137254.
Page 235: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-111008.
Page 239: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-47817.
Page 246: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, HAER, HAER MICH,82-HAMT,1--313.
Page 252: Photograph by Harris & Ewing, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Page 258: Courtesy of Alabama Department of Archives and History.
Page 266: Portrait by John Pelham Black after Yousuf Karsh, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Page 268: Marx-19003-Ben_Franklin, Julius E. Marx Collection, The Doy Leale McCall Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of South Alabama.
Page 273: Justice John M. Harlan II authored the Supreme Court’s opinion in NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson. Associate Justice John M. Harlan, photograph by Harris & Ewing, c. 1956, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Page 284: Associate Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr., photograph by Chase Studios, c. 1972, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Page 287: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-U9- 31644-24.
Page 288: Photo by Bettman / Contributor via Getty Images.
Page 301: “Economic Education on TV, The Competitive Enterprise System, detail. Courtesy of Hagley Museum and Library, from the Chamber of Commerce of the US Records (Acc. 1960), Box 93, Vol. Chamber Publications, 1973, A-H. Hagley Museum & Library, Wilmington, DE, 19807.
Page 303: The Powell Papers, Lewis F. Powell Jr. Archives.
Page 306: Photo by William Ryerson / The Boston Globe, via Getty Images.
Page 313: Robert S. Oakes, National Geographic, courtesy of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Page 328: Photo by Gage Skidmore.
Page 331: Courtesy of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Page 337: AP Photo / J. Scott Applewhite.
Page 342: Courtesy of Citizens United.
Page 345: Courtesy of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP.
Page 363: Courtesy of Steve Petteway, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Page 371: Courtesy of Reuters / Jonathan Ernst.
Page 378: Associated Press / Charlie Neibergall.
Page 384: Photograph by Harold Shapiro.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abernathy, Ralph, 257
abolitionism, 109
abortion, xvi–xvii, xxiv, 159, 182, 296, 310, 314, 325, 337–38, 374, 379
Abrams, Floyd, 358, 360–61
Abrams, Jacob, 239–40, 242, 256
Abrams v. United States, 239–40, 242
accounting methods, 208–9, 248
Adams, John, 43
Adams, John Quincy, 57–59, 58, 61, 62, 64, 66
Adams, Samuel, 27, 29–30
Adarand Constructors, Inc., 277–78
ad campaigns, 300, 301
Ad Council, 300, 301
advertising, xxiii, 167, 236–37, 242–55, 256, 289–300, 301, 301, 309–11, 321, 341, 342, 350–51, 392
Aetna Life Insurance Co., 347
affidavits, 202, 209
affirmative action, 276, 277–78
African Americans, xiii, xiv, xv, 14, 17, 35, 41, 42, 58, 63–64, 74, 108–10, 113, 114–15, 117, 121, 126, 127, 128–29, 132–33, 144, 159, 185, 217–18, 232, 233–34, 257, 256–78, 283, 322, 344, 350, 376, 395
see also civil rights movement
Age of Enterprise, 140–41
agrarian societies, 40, 106
airline industry, 298
Alabama, 99–103, 125, 158, 257–59, 262–64, 265, 268–75, 392
Alcoa Corp., 304
alcohol, 189, 223–26, 299–300
alcohol tax, 223
Aldermanic Chamber, 191–92
Alito, Samuel, 337, 338, 348–50, 354–56, 363, 371, 380–82
American Bar Association (ABA), 281, 283
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 308, 311, 336–37, 361
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 330–31
American Federation of Radio Artists (AFRA), 330–32
American Newspaper Publishers Association, 242, 249
American Press Co., 250
American Revolution, 1, 3, 23, 25, 31, 38, 41, 47, 59, 85–86, 87, 133, 139, 238
American Tobacco Co., 161–69, 171, 173–74, 185, 202, 213
amicus (friend-of-the-court) briefs, 310–11, 322
Amistad, 58
amusement parks, 260–62, 275, 276
Anderson, Jack, 300–302
Anderson, Stan, 350
angioplasty, 322–23
animal rights, 47–48
anticorporate bias, 107, 285
antidiscrimination rules, 97–103
antitrust regulations, 162, 171, 177, 179, 189, 202, 282, 298, 320
ARC America Corp., 347
ARCO, 275–76
aristocracy, 14
Armed Forces, US, 367
arms, right to bear, xvi, 20–21, 48, 177
Armstrong Committee, 192, 193, 204
arrest warrants, 176, 189–90
Arthur, Chester A., xiii, 129
Articles of Confederation, 5
Ashcroft, John, 344
assembly, freedom of, 220, 221–22, 256, 258, 259, 273–75, 359, 369, 388, 401, 402
Associated Industries of Massachusetts, 310
Atlantic, 171–72
“Attack on American Free Enterprise System” (Powell Memorandum), 281, 283–89, 300–305, 303, 314, 321, 322, 333, 335, 350, 402
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, 335–36, 341, 353, 356, 357, 358, 360, 364, 366, 368, 371, 402–3
auto industry, 245–48, 285–86
automobile safety, 285–86
Bacon, Francis, 8
bail, 24
bailouts, financial, 27, 359–60
Bailyn, Bernard, 17
bakeries, 154, 180–81
ballot machines, 338–40
ballot propositions, 197–98, 305–23, 335
Baltimore, Md., 106, 385
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 103–8, 105, 109
banking industry, 26–27, 88, 93, 201, 212–13, 298, 305–8, 305, 359–60
see also specific banks
bank notes, 40–41, 90
Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 88, 90, 97–103, 115, 132, 145–46, 181, 400
Bank of England, 26–27
Bank of North America, 5, 39
Bank of the United States, First, xxi, xxiii, 31, 33, 35–44, 52–70, 52, 79, 87, 90, 107, 110, 180, 359, 392
Bank of the United States, Second, 70, 88–
93, 89, 97–103, 132, 181
Bank of the United States v. Deveaux, 36–70, 65, 74, 79, 83–87, 90, 97, 100, 101, 103, 106, 108, 125, 273, 274, 364, 392, 400
Barron’s, 285
baseball umpires, 356
Baton Rouge, La., 235
Baton Rouge Morning Advocate, 234–36, 237
Beard, Charles A., 134–36
Beard, Mary, 134–35
beer companies, 223–26, 225, 238, 335
Bellotti, Francis X., 310
Berea College v. Kentucky, 221–22, 259, 272, 401
Berkeley Hundred, 17
Berle, Adolf A., Jr., xviii, 205, 270–71
Bible, 47, 121, 260
Biddle, Nelson, 93, 100
Bill of Rights, 23, 164, 177, 240–41
Bingham, John A., 134, 135
Binney, Horace, xxii, 52–53, 52, 55–58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 70, 74, 145, 167–68, 187, 262, 273, 344, 359, 364, 386, 392, 400
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002), 219, 328–29, 334, 336, 337–38, 340, 341, 342, 344, 349–58, 361, 364, 365, 366, 371
Birmingham, Ala., 257–58
birth control, xvi–xvii, 379–82, 387
Bishop, Joel Prentiss, 179
Black, Hugo, 259, 265–73, 266, 275, 360
Black, Jeremiah Sullivan, 149
blackmail, 235–36
Blackmun, Harry, 296–98, 313, 317, 318, 319
Blackstone, William, 46–52, 46, 55, 56, 63, 64, 70, 78, 86, 115, 164, 166, 179, 188, 245, 369, 378, 399–400
Blaine, James G., 123
Blair, Margaret, 66
Bluman v. Federal Election Commission, 368
Body of Liberties (1641), 23–24, 25
Boehner, John, 372
book banning, 354–55
Bopp, Jim, Jr., 325, 326, 336–44, 337, 347–52, 355, 357, 370, 375–76, 398, 438–41, 443
Bork, Robert, 94
“Bosses of the Senate, The,” (Keppler), 196–97, 196, 212
Bossie, David, 327–30, 328, 334–35, 341–43, 348, 349, 351, 362, 363, 370, 438
Boston, 77, 95–97, 211–12
Boston Edison, 305
Boston Tea Party (1773), 1, 25–31, 359–60, 400