by Adam Winkler
racial identity of, 259–62, 274–78
reform movement for, xxiii, 51, 95, 107, 234, 280–81, 282, 283, 285–86, 287, 289–300, 301, 302, 304, 305, 308, 318, 321, 322, 329, 352, 365, 402
state regulation of, 72–73, 77–79, 103–8, 131–32, 140, 145–48, 209–10, 238, 244–55, 264, 265–67, 272, 275–76, 305–23, 324
stockholders of, 4–7, 13–15, 21–22, 26, 35, 38–39, 51, 53–54, 55, 56, 67, 78, 92, 100, 101–2, 108, 130, 145, 155, 160, 168–69, 205–9, 217, 224, 245–48, 316, 329, 335–37, 353, 364, 366, 384–88, 399, 402
subsidiaries of, 391–94
taxation of, xv, 118–19, 130–31, 133, 142–43, 144, 148, 158, 234–37, 242–55, 265–66, 293, 305–23, 321, 339, 360, 365, 377, 392
transparency of, 54–56, 57, 59–60, 62, 66, 67–68, 74, 75, 383–84
trustees of, 77–79, 84, 89, 168
in trusts, 157, 161–62, 169, 171, 177, 179, 185, 189, 196–97, 197, 202–3, 218, 282, 298, 320, 382; see also monopolies
voting rights in, 92, 336–37, 384–85
see also specific corporations
“Corporation’s Lawyer,” 121, 278, 305
Corvair, 285
cotton oil trust, 168
counsel, right of, xvi, 24, 164, 359, 369, 400
covenants, housing, 260–62
Craig v. Boren, 314
credit, 38–39, 69, 93, 130, 261
crime rate, 176–77
criminal trespass, 268–72
Cromwell, Oliver, 25
Cronkite, Walter, 279, 282–83
cruel and unusual punishment, 23, 164
Crusades, 168
Culberson, Charles A., 202
Cullman, Joe, 279–83, 287–89, 288, 321
customer liability, 387
customs, 26–27, 30, 178
Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 200
DaimlerChrysler Corp., 347
dairy industry, 300
Daniel, Peter, 109–10
“dark money” groups, 372–73
Darrow, Clarence, 161
Dartmouth (ship), 29–30
Dartmouth, Earl of, 76
Dartmouth College, xxi, 4, 75–80, 80, 81, 90, 91, 95, 96, 222
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 66, 75–80, 80, 81, 87, 90, 91, 95, 96, 184, 221–22, 245, 270, 305, 374, 393, 400
Davis, J. C. Bancroft, 116, 117, 149–53, 160, 401
Davis, Joseph Stancliffe, 3–4, 43
death penalty, 314
Debs, Eugene, 238
debts, 88
decentralization agenda, 214
Declaration of Independence, US, 5, 28, 360
deed restriction, 260–62
Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010), 248
defendants, criminal, 282, 283
“Defender of the Constitution,” 71
Delaware, 9, 124, 170, 382–83, 388
Delaware Court of Chancery, 382–83
Delaware Supreme Court, 382–83
DeMille, Cecil B., 330–32, 331
Democratic Party, xvi, 124, 158, 198–202, 208–9, 217–18, 227, 251, 257, 309, 321–22, 326–27, 330, 344, 347, 371–74
Democratic-Republican Party, 40
Depew, Chauncey, 204–5
deposits, bank, 88, 93
depressions, economic, 100, 198, 235, 256, 344
deregulation ideology, 281, 298, 321–22, 352–53
Detroit, Mich., 246
Deutsch, Eberhard P., 242, 248, 249
Deveaux, Peter, 41, 42, 54, 56, 59, 67
Dewey, John, 179
Dexter, Wirt, 139
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 257
Dictionary Act, 380–81
Digital Equipment Corp., 307
direct democracy, 320
Direct Legislation by the Citizenship (Sullivan), 320–21
disability rights, 64
Discovery, 9
dissent, political, 232–33, 238, 242, 250, 253, 256, 259, 264–65, 269, 272, 278, 297–98, 341
diversity jurisdiction, 43, 61, 67
dividends, 7, 38–39, 206, 245–46
Dixiecrat Revolt (1948), 158
Dodd, Samuel, 167–68, 169
Dodge, James and Horace, 245–48, 246, 388, 402
Dodge Brothers v. Ford Motor Company, 245–48, 402
“dollar drives,” 332
double jeopardy, xvi, 23, 359
Douglas, William O., 228, 296
Dow Chemical, 302, 372
Dred Scott v. Sandford, xix, 35, 42, 74, 108–9, 110, 130, 150
drinking water, 126–27
drought, 9–10
Drucker, Peter, 270
Dryden, John, 210
Duane, William, 93
DuBois, W. E. B., 257
Dukakis, Michael, 327
Duke, James “Buck,” 167, 169, 170, 173, 189, 321
Dunne, Finley Peter, 208
duties, import, 26–27
E. Allgeyer & Company v. Louisiana, 181–82, 183
Earle, Joseph B., 99–103
East India Company, 1, 5, 25–31, 43, 359–60, 382, 400
East River, 292
Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, An (Beard), 134
Edison, Thomas, 122
Editor & Publisher, 249
Edmonds, George, 120
Edmund Pettus Bridge, 257
education, xxiv, xxvi, 63–64, 86, 118, 135, 151, 221–22, 231, 234, 237, 259, 260, 263, 264, 272, 277–78, 281, 284, 286, 300, 340–41, 367
educational corporations, xxin, 45, 66, 75–80, 80, 81, 90, 91, 95, 96, 184, 221–22, 245, 270, 305, 374, 393, 399, 400-401
Eighth Amendment, 164
eight-hour work week, 320
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 314
election campaigns, xvi, 22–23, 197–98, 243, 304, 308–10, 321–22, 332, 359, 367, 373–74, 401
“electioneering communications,” 328–29, 336, 353–55, 403
elections, US:
of 1800, 40
of 1828, 90–91
of 1836, 94
of 1876, 128, 148
of 1896, 172, 198–202, 209
of 1900, 172, 198, 209
of 1904, 202, 204–5, 209
of 1908, 219
of 1912, 227, 228
of 1914, 224
of 1916, 227–28
of 1928, 234
of 1936, 330, 331
of 1940, 228
of 1944, 228
of 1946, 308–9
of 1948, 158
of 1968, 277
of 1972, 333–34
of 1980, 281
of 1988, 327
of 2000, 324, 326, 338–40
of 2008, 327–28
of 2012, 372
of 2016, 327, 373–74
Electoral College, US, 109, 338–40
electoral reforms, 197–98
eleemosynary institutions, 76, 246
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 8, 11
Ellsberg, Daniel, 255
Ellsworth, Oliver, 5
Elson, Charles, 383
embezzlement, 165, 173
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 133
eminent domain, 123
emperors, 45
employment rate, 118, 344
Enron Corp., 248
entertainment industry, 118, 330–32
entrepreneurship, 92, 213, 292–93
environmental issues, xxii, 45, 49, 280, 304, 322, 347, 389–94
Epstein, Lee, 350
equal time provisions, 309–10
Equitable Life Insurance Co., 194–95
Erie Canal, 104
Espionage Act (1917), 238
Evangelical Christianity, 379
evidence, 172–73
executive compensation, 17–18, 206–7, 208
extortion, 90
Face the Nation (TV show), 288
Fahrenheit 9/11 (documentary), 328
farmers, 40, 198
Faubus, Oral, 272
federal bank not
es, 90
federal banks, 38, 90, 93
federal courts, 41–42, 53, 59, 64, 67, 90, 103, 104–6, 107, 109, 110, 119–20, 137, 142, 149–50, 180, 222, 225, 256, 272, 277–78, 343, 392–94, 402
Federal Election Campaign Acts (1971, 1974), 219, 333–34
Federal Election Commission (FEC), 325, 329, 334, 337–38, 341, 342, 344, 351, 354, 368
Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, 337–38, 341, 347, 351
Federalist No. 78, 63
Federalist Papers, 3, 63
Federalists, 3, 42, 71, 93, 218
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 298
fees, legal, 122, 290, 346
felony, 51, 164
Field, Cyrus, 139
Field, David, 139
Field, George, 51
Field, Henry, 139
Field, Stephen J., xix, 116, 117, 136–39, 140, 141, 144–49, 151, 152, 153–59, 160, 181, 187, 222, 266, 392, 401
Fifteenth Amendment, 159
Fifth Amendment, 162, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176–80, 185, 187–88, 189, 391, 401
Fighting Monster, 292–93
Filene, Edward, 211
financial bubbles, 14, 43
financial crisis (2008), 25, 26, 344, 359–60
fines, 259
First Amendment, xix, xxiii–xxiv, 224–26, 234, 239, 248–55, 256, 282, 292–300, 305, 313–23, 325, 326, 333, 336, 354–57, 358, 360, 363–64, 367–68, 379–80, 391, 393, 402, 403
see also speech, freedom of
First National Bank of Boston, 305–23, 306
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 310–23, 313, 324, 329, 335, 336, 337, 359, 365, 393, 402–3
501(c)(3) and (4) organizations, 367–68, 372
“527 committees,” 372
fixed assets, 12
flat income tax, 305
Flintstones, The (TV show), 303–4
Florida, 214, 338–40
Florida Supreme Court, 338–40
Flowers, B. O., 209–10
Flying B (trucking company), 275–76
Food and Drug Act (1907), 177
food safety, 177, 280, 320–21
Ford, Gerald R., 336
Ford, Henry, 245–48, 246, 388
Ford Motor Co., xxi, 245–48
foreign nationals, 368
Fort Sumter, 125
Fortune, 122, 170, 285, 304, 308, 382
Fortune 500, 170, 304, 382
Foster, Vince, 327
Founding Fathers, 3–5, 19, 31, 36, 38, 134, 164, 250, 267
“Four Horsemen of Reaction,” 251, 252
401(k) fund, 385
Fourteenth Amendment, xii, xiii, xiv, xvii, xxiv, 113–15, 116, 117, 119, 120–36, 131, 141, 143–46, 149, 151–60, 180, 181, 183, 184, 240, 243, 244, 254, 266–67, 271, 339–40, 369, 388, 392, 400–401
Fourth Amendment, xxiv, 162, 164, 171, 175, 176–80, 185, 187, 188, 189–90, 401
Fox, Francis H., 310
fracking, 389–94
franchises, 22
“Frankenstein monster,” 214
Frankfurter, Felix, 308–9
Franklin, Benjamin, 5
fraud, 55, 67–68, 115, 243, 248
freedmen, xiii, xiv, 35, 74, 108–10, 113, 114–15, 121, 128, 132–33, 144
Freedom Riders, 257–58
free enterprise, xix, 87, 88, 140, 163, 170–71, 251, 252–55, 281, 286, 288, 300, 301, 302, 316, 321, 352–53, 360–61, 383–84
Free Speech for People, 375
freight railroads, 142
Frick, Henry C., 202
Friedman, Milton, 247–48
Fuller, Melville, 139, 155, 182
Fundamental Orders (1639), 24
Furman v. Georgia, 314
gambling, 165, 166, 176, 299
Gansley, Jacob, 224
Garfield, James, 129
gas industry, 389–94
gay and lesbian rights, xvii, xxiv, 64, 182, 296, 347, 356, 362, 381
General Assembly (Jamestown), 16, 18–19, 18
General Electric (GE), 302, 304, 347, 386
“general incorporation,” 92, 104
General Motors (GM), xxi, 53, 270, 285–86
genetically modified organisms, 320–21
Georgia, 36–42, 53, 54, 59, 62, 67, 69, 125, 314
Georgia, University of, 41, 125
Gerry, Elbridge, 5
Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher (Gibson Dunn), 325, 344, 346, 348, 370
Gilbert, Cass, 57, 246, 323
Gilded Age, 118, 122, 140–41, 177, 179, 196–97, 223, 339, 355
Gillen, Vincent, 285–86
Gillette, 307
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, xxii, 73, 346, 358, 360, 363, 363, 366n, 381
Gitlow, Benjamin, 240–41, 242
Gitlow v. New York, 204–41, 242, 244, 254
glass manufacturing, 178
Godspeed, 9
Golden Spike, 142
Goodrich, Chauncey Allen, 79–80, 82, 84–85
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 333
Gore, Al, 338–40
Gould, Jay, 121–22, 181
“government affairs” lobbyists, 302
government employees, 367
government limitations, 267–68, 321, 352–53
governors, 11–13, 19–20, 21, 25, 31, 76, 77
Graham, Howard Jay, 120, 135–36, 152
grain warehouses, 148
grand juries, 161, 166, 167, 170, 172–73, 175, 191
Grant, Ulysses S., 121, 146, 147, 197
grassroots organizations, 281, 303–4, 359–60
Gray, Horace, 182
Great Britain, 5, 6–7, 15, 17–18, 22–23, 25 27–28, 29, 30–31, 43, 62, 63, 85–86, 87, 88, 238, 253
Great Depression, 235, 256, 344
Greatest Show on Earth, The (film), 330
Great Merger Movement, 163
Great Migration, 260–61
Great Recession (2008), 25, 26, 344, 359–60
Great Wall Street Scandal (1905), 191–93, 205–6, 208, 210, 211, 213, 215–17, 219, 222, 226–28, 251, 286, 306, 314, 368–69, 385, 401
Green, David and Barbara, 379, 381, 387
Greenberg, Hyman, 220–21
Greenfield, Kent, 247, 248
Greenland, 45
Grenville, George, 22–23
Grosjean, Alice, 243–44
Grosjean v. American Press Company, 250–55, 264, 269, 319–20, 360, 402
guilds, 45
Gulf Shipbuilding Corp., 268–72
gun control, 189, 318
Hadley, Arthur Twining, 158
Hale, Edwin F., 161–66, 170, 173–76, 185–92, 226
Hale v. Henkel, 185–88, 192, 401
see also MacAndrews & Forbes Licorice Co.
Hamilton, Alexander, xxi, xxiii, 3, 35, 36, 38–39, 42, 44, 52, 62, 63, 64, 68, 71, 90
Hamilton, Walton H., 134–35
handbills, 292–93
Handlin, Oscar and Mary, 78
hanging chads, 338–40
Hanna, Marcus Alonzo, 198–202, 199, 204, 208, 227–28, 320, 401
Hanna-Barbera Studios, 303–4
Hanson, Elisha, 249
Harlan, John Marshall, 151, 182, 273
Harlan, John Marshall, II, 272–75, 273
Harlow, Bryce, 304
Hart, Alfred Bushnell, 134
Harvard College, 4, 29, 38, 52–53, 399
Harvard Law Review, 211
Harvard Law School, 211, 285, 290, 347, 358
Hasty Pudding Club, 38, 52–53
Hayes, Rutherford B., 148
headnotes, 150–53, 157, 177–78
health care issues, xvi–xvii, 289–300, 304, 310, 318, 322–23, 378–82
Henkel, William, 175
Henry, Patrick, 27, 29
Heritage Foundation, 302
highways, 99
Hill, James J., 200–201
Hill, Richard, 305–10, 306, 311, 316
Hill, Sarah Althea, 137
Hillary: The Movie,
327–29, 334, 337–38, 341–42, 342, 351–54, 355, 362, 370
“hired guns,” 347, 361
Hispanic Americans, 276
Hitler, Adolf, 249, 253
Hobbes, Thomas, 8
Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., xvi–xvii, 76, 379–82, 383, 384, 387, 395, 403
Hogan & Hartson, 346
Hollywood, 330–32
Holmes, John, 80
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 238–41, 239
Home Insurance Building, 141
Hoover, Herbert, 251
Hope Insurance v. Boardman, 58–59, 61–62, 64
horse racing, 220–21, 259
Horton, Willie, 327
Horwitz, Morton, 145
Hotel Earlington, 166
House of Commons, British, 23, 28
House of Representatives, US, 109, 114, 121, 327
housing prices, 344
Houston, Charles Hamilton, 262
Howard Law School, 262
Hudson River Palisades, 194
Hudson’s Bay Company, 19
Hughes, Charles Evans, 192–96, 193, 203, 204, 204, 206–11, 217, 219, 226–28, 251, 252, 286, 306, 315, 320, 329, 368–69, 385
human trafficking, 17
Huntington, Collis P., 119
Hurricane Katrina, 127
Hutchinson, Thomas, 29
Hyde, James Hazen, 194–95
hysterectomies, 290–91
identity-based distinctions, 367–68
identity politics, 277–78
impeachment, 59, 242
imprisonment, 51, 179
income levels, 349
income tax, 305–23, 359–60, 385
indentured servants, 9, 21
Independent, 210
“independent expenditures,” 309
India, 26
Indiana, 347
individual mandate, 379
individual rights, xx, 5, 19–21, 24, 28, 31, 47–48, 62, 92, 184, 187–90, 192, 213–14, 231, 252–53, 256, 274–75, 360
Ingersoll, Charles, 101
Ingersoll, Jared, 59, 101
Ingham County, Mich., 224
In re Neagle, 138
inspections, government, 189–90
insurance industry, 131–32, 183
Internal Revenue Code, US, 367–68
interracial marriage, 64, 159, 260
interstate commerce, 97–103, 107, 115, 146, 155, 177, 181, 189
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 177
Iowa, 156, 200, 377–78, 378
Iowa State Fair, 377–78, 378
“issue-oriented” speech, 343
Jackson, Andrew, 89–95, 91, 103, 104, 119, 142, 163, 164, 234, 265, 298, 398
Jackson, Robert, 298
J. A. Croson Co., 277–78
James I, King of England, 6, 7, 8, 15, 18
James River, 12, 17, 281
Jamestown, 9–19, 12, 18, 22, 391, 393, 399
Jamestown Church, 16
Jay, John, 3
Jefferson, John, 16
Jefferson, Thomas, xxiii, 4, 16, 36, 40, 43, 44, 47, 53, 62, 68, 69, 90, 92, 119, 142, 163, 164, 198, 213, 214, 234, 265, 390