A Naval History of World War I

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A Naval History of World War I Page 92

by Paul G. Halpern


  Grand Fleet: strength of, 6–9, 25–26, 38; rigid battle orders of, 10; prewar strategy of, 22; deployment of, 24, 27, 47–48; and Scarborough raid, 40–42; and Canadian convoy, 86–87; is reinforced, 95; and assistance to Russians, 199, 206, 219–20, 312; strategy of, 287, 311, 332–33, 403–4; and German raid on Lowestoft, 313; moves base to Rosyth, 314, 317; and Jutland, 315–27; changes in, after Jutland, 327–28; and operations of 19 August 1916, 330–31; destroyer requirements of, 347, 356, 363, 385; fuel stocks of, 362; submarine hunting operations of, 366–68; and Scandinavian convoy, 376, 379, 403, 417, 420; and action of 17 November 1917, 377; is joined by U.S. battleships, 404–5; morale in, 445; and aviation, 441, 443; in Scheer’s plans, 445–46. See also Beatty; Jellicoe

  Grant, Rear Admiral Heathcote S., 395

  Grasset, Rear Admiral Maurice-Ferdinand-Albert, 358, 449

  Grasshoff, Kapitän zur See Kurt, 337, 400

  Great Britain, Air Ministry, 415

  Great Britain, Army (units): Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry, 70–71; Third Army, 120; 29th Division, 111, 116

  Great Britain, Board of Trade, 352

  Great Britain, Foreign Office: and Mediterranean, 7; opposes mining, 34; and blockade, 49; vetoes Limpus’s appointment, 63; and Churchill’s North Sea plans, 101; opposes Alexandretta landing, 107; and Scandinavian convoys, 352

  Great Britain, Ministry of Shipping, 355, 360, 361

  Great Britain, Navy: nineteenth-century supremacy of, 1; and German challenge, 2–4, 7–9; gunnery of, 6, 9, 328; bases of, 9–10; prewar strategy of, 21–22, 101; and transport of BEF, 28; use of submarines by, 30; and mine warfare, 34, 344–45; expeditions by, against German colonies, 82, 83; and Dardanelles, 116; and Persian Gulf, 124; and operations on Tigris-Euphrates, 125–29, 130–31; and Anatolia cattle raids, 132–33; and supplies to North Russia, 133–37; and convention with Italians, 143–44; and assistance to Italy, 145–46, 151; and Strait of Otranto, 158–61, 165–66, 387; ineffective antisubmarine measures of, 296; employs Q-ships, 300; seaplane raids on zeppelin bases by, 311–12, 314, 441; and problems with cordite and shells, 327–28, 404; and Mediterranean, 384, 386, 389–90, 392–95; and large liners, 436; and Northern barrage, 438–41; and aviation, 441; carrier operations of (1918), 442–43. See also Admiralty; convoys; Grand Fleet

  Great Britain, Navy (formations): First Battle Squadron, 377, 443; Second Battle Squadron, 40, 324; Third Battle Squadron, 39, 45, 313–14, 417; Fourth Battle Squadron, 347; Fifth Battle Squadron, 315, 319, 321; Sixth Battle Squadron (U.S. battleships with Grand Fleet), 404, 420, 449; Seventh Battle Squadron, 87; Second Battle Cruiser Squadron, 419; Third Battle Cruiser Squadron, 315, 320–21; First Cruiser Squadron, 321; Second Cruiser Squadron, 393; Third Cruiser Squadron, 45, 313; Sixth Cruiser Squadron, 24; Ninth Cruiser Squadron, 95, 363; Tenth Cruiser Squadron, 24, 48–50, 363, 371, 374; Cruiser Force “C,” 24; Cruiser Force “E” (11th Cruiser Squadron), 24; Cruiser Force “G,” 24; First Light Cruiser Squadron, 30, 314, 443; Second Light Cruiser Squadron, 319, 330; Third Light Cruiser Squadron, 379; Fourth Light Cruiser Squadron, 323; Seventh Light Cruiser Squadron, 419, 443; First Destroyer Flotilla, 30, 314; Second Destroyer Flotilla, 30; Third Destroyer Flotilla, 27, 32; Sixth Destroyer Flotilla, 35; Eighth Destroyer Flotilla, 33; Sixth Submarine Flotilla, 24; Eighth (Overseas) Submarine Flotilla, 24; Tenth Minesweeping Flotilla, 311. See also Battle Cruiser Fleet; Channel Fleet; Grand Fleet; Harwich Force

  Great Britain, War Cabinet, 360

  Great Britain, War Committee, 206, 268, 353

  Great Britain, War Council: and Borkum project, 103; and Belgian coast, 105; and Dardanelles campaign, 110, 111, 123; and Constantinople, 112; and Alexandretta, 113; and Mesopotamia, 128; and proposed Danube operations, 268

  Great Britain, War Office: and Mediterranean, 7; and continental commitment, 22; fears German invasion, 39; and Churchill’s North Sea schemes, 101; and defense of Suez Canal, 107; and Mesopotamia, 130; and operations on Syrian coast, 134; and proposed Danube operations, 269; and troop movements to Salonika and Egypt, 389

  Greece, 133, 384, 529n. 53

  Greece, Navy, 16, 529n. 53

  Grenfell, Commander Harold G., 199, 200

  Gribble, Bernard, 359

  Grigorovitch, Vice Admiral Ivan K., 17

  Guépratte, Rear Admiral Emile-Paul-Aimable, 64, 110, 115, 116

  Hague Convention (1907), 34, 67

  Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas, 350, 415

  Halahan, Lieutenant Commander R. C., 201

  Haldane, 1st Viscount (Richard Burdon Haldane), 7

  Hall, Commodore Sidney Stewart, 200

  Hall, Captain William Reginald, 10, 37, 114, 428. See also Room 40

  Hamilton, General Sir Ian, 112, 120

  Hankey, Colonel Maurice P. A., 111, 268–69, 360

  Hartlepool, 40, 41

  Hartog, Kapitän zur See, 323

  Harwich Force: deployment of, 24; opening moves of, 27; and Scarborough raid, 40–41; and Dogger Bank action, 45; operations of, against German sorties, 311; and raid on Lowestoft, 313; and Jutland, 316; and operations of 19 August 1916, 330; and German destroyer raids, 347–48; and Dutch convoys, 351; use of aircraft by, 443; and German evacuation of Flanders, 444; receives surrender of U-boats, 448; mentioned, 376, 417. See also Tyrwhitt

  Haun, Fregattenkapitän, 80

  Haus, Admiral Anton: meets Revel, 15, 140; and Constantinople, 53; and assistance to Goeben, 54, 57; is suspicious of Italy, 60; justifies defensive strategy, 61; strikes first blow at Italians, 144–45; and Serbian campaign, 154–56, 159; and action of 29 December 1915, 157; and Conrad, 167–68; death of, 168; and submarine construction, 382–83; supports German submarine warfare, 385; mentioned, 151, 175

  Hayes-Sadler, Captain Arthur, 124, 255, 256

  Heimburg, Oberleutnant zur See Heino von, 118, 119, 148

  Heinecke, Korvettenkapitän, 378–79, 408–9

  Heinrich, Admiral Prince of Prussia: given Baltic command, 26, 182–83; and Mischke, 184; and operations in Baltic, 185, 190, 192, 198, 211–12; and Libau, 193, 502n. 20; and British submarines, 203–4, 207; and Gulf of Riga, 207; and Operation Albion, 214; mentioned, 447, 502n. 7

  Heinrich, Kapitän zur See Paul, 182, 214, 216, 219

  Helgoland, action (1914), 30–32

  Helgoland, action (1917), 377–78, 403

  Helgoland, island, 10, 101, 102, 106

  Helsingfors, 180, 181, 221–22

  Henderson, Commander Reginald Guy, 355, 360

  Hentsch, Lieutenant Colonel Richard, 267

  Herbert, Lieutenant Commander Godfrey, 301

  Hersing, Kapitänleutnant Otto, 33, 118, 292, 381

  Herwig, Professor Holger, 337

  Hezlet, Vice Admiral Sir Arthur, 296, 303, 324, 336, 365

  High Sea Fleet: strength of, 5, 7, 9, 25–26, 39; bases of, 10; strategy of, 23, 27; and Scarborough raid, 40–42; morale in, 47, 375, 421; and Baltic, 203, 214–15; operations of (1916), 304, 311–13; and Jutland, 315–27; and sortie of 19 August 1916, 330–31; and support of submarine operations, 333, 421; weight of, as “fleet-in-being,” 356, 417; operations of (1917), 375–77; and assistance to Flanders flotillas, 408, 410, 416; and Scandinavian convoy, 418–21; attacked by British carrier aircraft, 441–42, 444; and plans for Flottenvorstoss (1918), 444–46; mutiny in, 447; arrives for internment, 448–49. See also Germany, Navy; Ingenohl; Pohl; Scheer

  Hindenburg und Benckendorff, Field Marshal Paul von: and Operation Albion, 214; and submarine construction, 339; and submarine warfare, 368, 430; mentioned, 326, 337, 422

  Hipper, Rear Admiral Franz: commands scouting group, 26, 38; and Helgoland action, 32; bombards Yarmouth, 39; and plans for Atlantic sortie, 40, 87; raids Scarborough and Hartlepool, 40–42; and Dogger Bank action, 44–45; in Baltic, 196–98; and Jutland, 315, 317–21, 323; and Scandinavian convoy, 418–19; assumes command of High Sea Fleet, 422; and plans for Flottenvorstoss (1918), 445, 447; and internment of High Sea Fleet, 448–49; mentioned, 313

  Hoffm
an, Colonel Max, 198

  Holbrook, Lieutenant Norman D., 119

  Holtzendorff, Admiral Henning von: and North Russia, 136; becomes chief of Admiralstab, 302; and submarine warfare, 304–6, 308, 329, 335, 368, 430; and memorandum of 22 December 1916, 337–38; retirement of, 422; mentioned, 303, 322

  Hood, Rear Admiral Hon. Horace L. A., 35, 315, 320, 321

  Hope, Rear Admiral George P. W., 397

  Hopman, Rear Admiral Albert: and Baltic operations, 191, 193, 195, 212; and Operation Albion, 214, 217, 219; as head of NATEKO (Black Sea), 257

  Hornby, Rear Admiral R. S. Phipps, 86, 87, 94

  Horthy de Nagybánya, Linienschiffskapitän Nikolaus: raids drifters (July 1916), 161; and action of 15 May 1917, 162–66, 166; becomes Flottenkommandant, 171; and plans for offensive against Otranto barrage, 174–75; mentioned, 173, 177

  Horton, Lieutenant Commander Max K., 33, 188, 192, 195, 203

  Howard, Esme, 210

  Howe, Admiral of the Fleet Richard, Earl, 326

  Huguet, Rear Admiral A. L. M., 70

  Hungary, 382, 383

  Hutier, Lieutenant General Oskar von, 214

  hydrophones: as antisubmarine device, 343–44, 367, 424, 440; in Strait of Otranto, 397, 398; and U.S. Navy, 399, 432

  India, Army, 86, 106

  India, Army (units): 6th Division, 124, 127; Fortieth Pathans, 71

  India, Government of, 124, 125, 130

  Indian Ocean: and German cruisers, 72, 75–78, 373; and Japanese navy, 90, 373

  Ingenohl, Admiral Friedrich von: strategy and deployment of, 23, 26, 39; and raids on British coast, 40–42; and Dogger Bank action, 44; is relieved, 47; and submarine warfare, 293; mentioned, 287, 288

  insurance, marine, 68, 303

  Irben, strait, 195, 197, 199, 206, 213–17

  Irish Sea, 424

  Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912), 15, 109, 388

  Italy: and Triple Alliance, 11, 140; declares neutrality, 52, 73; negotiates with Entente, 61, 62; and Libya, 109, 388; moves toward war, 116; and naval command in Adriatic, 139–40, 400; enters war, 140, 144; ambitions of, in Albania, 153; and Germany, 382, 385, 388; and coal shortage, 394

  Italy, Navy: and decision to build dreadnoughts 7, 11, 13; strength of, 13–14; and Triple Alliance, 15, 51; and Adriatic geography, 140; and division of fleet, 150, 153, 166; stalemate causes friction in, 151–52; and Albania, 153; and evacuation of Serbian army, 158; and British drifters, 161, 165–66; losses of, 166–67; and plans for landing in Istria, 167; and guerrilla war in Adriatic, 172–73; sinks Viribus Unitis, 177; movements of, after armistice, 178; reluctance of, to pool escorts, 394; and Brazilian naval force, 395; and Otranto fixed barrage, 398. See also Abruzzi; Adriatic; Thaon di Revel

  Jackson, Admiral Sir Henry Bradwardine: and German colonies, 82; becomes First Sea Lord, 117; and Dardanelles, 121; and Danube, 269; and Rosyth, 314; and mines, 345; objections of, to convoys, 353–54; and French request for destroyers, 385

  Jackson, Rt. Hon. Huth, 58

  Jackson, Captain Thomas, 316

  James, Captain William M., 420

  Jane’s Fighting Ships, 66, 298

  Japan: attitude of, alarms Germans 71, 72; declares war on Germany, 73, 88; and expedition to Tsingtau, 74; sends naval force to Mediterranean, 393

  Japan, Navy: and Mediterranean, 18, 393; strength of, 19; and Emden, 75; and coast of Mexico, 80; and assistance to British, 82, 90, 91; and pursuit of Spee, 85, 95, 96; and agreement with Admiralty, 90–91; and search for raider Wolf in Indian Ocean, 372–73

  Japan, Navy (formations): First Fleet, 74; Second Fleet, 74; First South Sea Squadron, 89, 90, 96; Second South Sea Squadron, 90, 96; Third Squadron, 74; Tenth Destroyer Flotilla, 393; Eleventh Destroyer Flotilla, 393; Fifteenth Destroyer Flotilla, 393

  Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John Rushworth: named C-in-C Grand Fleet, 10, 23; strategy of, 23–24, 37–38, 311–12, 314, 331–32; and estimates of strength, 26–27, 38, 39, 94; and Norway, 28; and lack of a secure base, 29, 33; and Helgoland action, 30; and Scarborough raid, 40–42; and Dogger Bank action, 45; and Canadian convoy, 87; relief of, after Falklands success, 100; opposes North Sea projects, 102, 103; and Zeebrugge, 105; and drifters for Otranto, 160; and preliminaries to Jutland, 314–17; and Jutland, 318–26, 348; and operations of 19 August 1916, 330–31; becomes First Sea Lord, 343; and mine warfare, 344–45; and Flanders campaign (1917), 350; and convoy system, 355, 360; and Sims, 357–58; recommends withdrawal from Salonika, 360, 391–92; on importance of destroyers, 363; and Grand Fleet submarine hunts, 367; dismissed as First Sea Lord, 379, 403; and Mediterranean, 385, 400; and Bacon, 406–7; and Northern barrage, 438; mentioned, 313, 329

  Jerram, Vice Admiral Sir Thomas Henry Martyn, 70, 72–75, 85, 91, 321

  Jeune École, 1, 11

  Joffre, General Joseph-Jacques-Césaire, 35, 60, 105, 111, 120

  Jonquières, Vice Admiral Marie-Pierre-Eugène de Fauque de, 201, 202

  Jutland, battle of: German destroyer strength at, 27; preliminaries to, 314–17; battle cruiser action at, 318–19; main and night action at, 320–25; losses at, 325–26; aftermath of, 326–28; mentioned, 9, 312, 314, 329, 340, 348, 404–5, 417

  Kahle, Fregattenkapitän, 349

  Kanin, Vice Admiral B. A., 193, 208, 211

  Karl I, Kaiser, 171, 177, 286

  Karpf, Commodore Hans von, 194, 195

  Kathen, Lieutenant General von, 214

  Keal, Loch na, 29, 33

  Kelly, Captain William A. Howard, 56

  Kemp, Commodore Thomas W., 135

  Kerber, Vice Admiral L. F., 186, 193, 204

  Kerillis, Rear Admiral Henri de, 70

  Kerr, Lieutenant Commander Charles L., 266, 271

  Kerr, Rear Admiral Mark, 160, 161

  Keyes, Commodore Roger John Brownlow: as Commodore (S), 24, 29, 188; and Helgoland action, 30, 32; warns of patrol by Bacchante, 33; on Fisher, 36; and Scarborough raid, 41–42; and Cuxhaven raid, 43; and Dogger Bank action, 45, 46; at Dardanelles, 112, 115–17, 120–22; opposes evacuation, 121–23; criticizes Allied Mediterranean agreement, 386; and Channel Barrage Committee, 406–7; and Dover Patrol, 408–10; and Zeebrugge raid, 411–15; and control of naval aircraft, 415–16

  Khomenko, Rear Admiral, 243

  Kiel: visited by British squadron, 10–11; and project for British attack, 102, 103

  Kiel Canal, 10, 101, 179

  King-Hall, Rear Admiral Herbert G., 77, 95

  King-Hall, Commander Stephen, 47, 48

  Kitchener, Field Marshal 1st Earl (Horatio Herbert Kitchener): and Borkum project, 103; and Belgian coast landing, 105; favors Alexandretta scheme, 107, 113, 122; and defense of Egypt, 108; and Dardanelles campaign, 111, 117, 121–23; and Danube, 268; death of, 329

  Knorr, Korvettenkapitän Wolfram von, 97, 241, 246

  Koch, Vice Admiral Reinhard, 375

  Kogrund Channel, 211

  Köhler, Fregattenkapitän Erich, 78, 79

  Kolbe, Kapitänleutnant Constantin, 428

  Kolbe, Kapitänleutnant Hans, 378, 409

  Kolchak, Rear Admiral Alexander V., 183, 209, 245–47, 251–52

  Kophamel, Korvettenkapitän Waldemar: commands Mediterranean U-boat flotilla, 305, 384, 388, 396; commands U35, 382; commands U140, 433

  Kövess von Kövessháza, General Hermann Baron, 271

  Kress von Kressenstein, Colonel Friedrich, 107

  KuK Kriegsmarine. See Austria-Hungary, Navy

  Kungsbacka Fjord, Sweden, 101

  Kurosch, Vice Admiral A. P., 209

  Kut, 128–31

  Lacaze, Rear Admiral Marie-John-Lucien, 121, 155

  Laeso Channel, 101

  Lagosta, island, 141, 147–49, 167

  Lake, Lieutenant General Sir Percy H. N., 130

  Langemak, Rear Admiral, 211, 212

  Lans, Vice Admiral Wilhelm von, 288, 289

  Lansing, Robert, 305

  Lapeyrère. See Boué de Lapeyrère

  Larken, Captain Frank, 107

  Laurence,
Lieutenant Commander Noel F., 188, 192, 198, 200, 208, 333

  Layton, Lieutenant Commander G., 200, 201

  Lazistan, 238–46

  Lemnos, 111, 112

  Leonhardi, Fregattenkapitän Max, 376

  Leslie, Norman A., 360

  Lettow-Vorbeck, Lieutenant Colonel Paul von, 83

  Leveson, Rear Admiral Arthur C., 101

  Levetzow, Kapitän zur See Magnus von, 214, 288, 310, 337, 422, 445

  Levy, Professor Hermann, 337

  Libau, 180, 184, 188, 191–93

  Libya, 109, 388–89. See also Cyrenaica; Tripolitania

  Liechtenstein, Fregattenkapitän Johannes Prince von und zu, 162

  Liman von Sanders, Lieutenant General Otto, 227

  Limpus, Admiral Sir Arthur Henry, 62, 63, 122, 389

  Lissa, battle of (1866), 14, 139, 150

  Liverpool and London War Risks Association, 68, 386

  Lloyd George, David, 268, 350, 357, 360, 401

  London, Declaration of (1909), 202, 291

  London, Treaty of (1915), 143

  Looff, Fregattenkapitän Max, 77

  Lossow, Colonel Otto von, 241

  Lovčen, Mount: Cattaro dominated by batteries on, 53; French artillery on, 60; in Italian plans, 142, 151; captured by Austrians, 157

  Lowestoft, 313, 314

  Luce, Captain John, 100

  Lucich, Linienschiffskapitän Karl, 261

  Luckner, Kapitänleutnant Felix Graf von, 373–74, 524n. 119

  Ludendorff, General Erich: major offensive of (1918), 172, 410, 414, 417, 422; and Operation Albion, 214; and coal for Turkey, 255; and Black Sea Fleet, 257; and submarine war, 268, 430; and labor for submarine construction, 370, 422

  Lukin, Vice Admiral, 252

  Lyakhov, General, 239

  Maas, Rear Admiral Leberecht, 31, 32

  Macedonia, campaign, 106, 109, 120. See also Salonika

  Mackensen, Field Marshal August von: and offensive against Serbia, 152, 271; and Romanian campaign, 247, 275–76, 278–79, 281, 283; and Donauflottille, 285

  MacMunn, Brigadier Sir George Fletcher, 130

  Malta: and 1912 redeployment, 6–7; is used by French, 58, 59; supports Dardanelles campaign, 62; Allies establish Direction Général for antisubmarine warfare at, 392

  Malta Conference (March 1916), 386–87, 392

  Manisty, Fleet Paymaster Henry Wilfred Eldon, 361

 

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