A Naval History of World War I

by Paul G. Halpern

  Mann, Edler von Tiechler, Vice Admiral Ernst Ritter von, 370, 422

  Marder, Professor Arthur J., 322, 324, 330, 421, 424

  Marinekorps Flandern, 297, 333, 346, 408–9, 422

  Marmara, sea: and Allied operations, 111, 113, 116, 121, 122; and Allied submarine operations, 119

  Maude, Lieutenant General Sir Stanley, 131

  Mauve, Rear Admiral Franz, 315

  Maxwell, General Sir John, 108

  Maynard, Major General Sir Charles, 137

  Mayo, Admiral Henry Thomas, 394, 438

  Mediterranean: and 1912 redeployment, 6–7; naval race in, 11, 13–15; and Japanese destroyers, 18, 393; and Anglo-French convention (1914), 58; appearance of German submarines in, 104, 132, 381; failure to achieve unified command in, 141, 400; favorable opportunities for German submarines in, 302, 305, 309, 335–36, 381–82; declared Sperrgebiet, 340, 390; German submarine campaign in, 383–85, 387–88, 390–91, 397, 399–401, 423; and Paris agreement (December 1915), 386; and Malta conference (March 1916), 386–87; failure of antisubmarine measures in, 389–90; and London conference (January 1917), 390; and Corfu conference (April 1917), 392–93; and London conference (September 1917), 394; convoy system in, 394–97

  Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 112

  Merchant Marine, British: volume of, 65; effects of submarine campaign on, 303, 308–9, 336, 341–42; in Holtzendorff’s memorandum (22 December 1916), 337–38; and convoy system, 364–65, 423

  merchant ships, American: Algonquin, 341; Amphion, 434; Antilles, 437; Carolina, 431; Covington, 437; Cushing, 298; Felix Taussig, 433; Finland, 437; George G. Henry, 434; Great Northern, 435; Gulflight, 298; “Lake” class, 438–39; Leviathan, 435, 436; Lucia, 434; Mount Vernon, 437; Nebraskan, 299; New York, 358; Northern Pacific, 435; Pass of Balmaha, 373; President Lincoln, 437; Saetia, 433; San Saba, 433; Ticonderoga, 434

  merchant ships, Austro-Hungarian: Baron Call, 176; Belgrade, 267; Croatia, 285; Locrum, 169; Martha Washington, 534n. 96; Odessa, 285; Sarajevo, 169; Trinitas, 267; Vaskapu, 274; Wien, 177

  merchant ships, Belgian: Samland, 371

  merchant ships, Brazilian: Uberaba, 433

  merchant ships, British: Alban, 434; Aquitania, 436; Arabia, 335; Arabic, 301, 302; Brussels, 296, 351; Cymric, 308; Denbigh Hall, 427; Dunrobin, 210; Falaba, 298; F. D. Lambert, 210; Glitra, 292; Glyndwr, 193; Hesperian, 302; Hurunui, 427; Julnar, 129, 130; Kashmir, 437; Laconia, 341; Lusitania, 298–302; Malachite, 292; Marina, 335; Mauretania, 298–99, 436; Merion, 118; Minieh, 371; Moorina, 109; Newby Hall, 434; Nicosian, 301; Nirpura, 428; Olympic, 34, 427, 436; Otaki, 371; Patagonia, 235; Penmount, 210; Primo, 292; Queen, 346; Queen Elizabeth, 436; Queen Mary, 436; Queensland, 400; Royal Edward, 118; Saint Theodore, 371; San Andres, 427; Scholar, 427; Teiresias, 108; Thelma, 210; Turritella, 372; Tuscania, 436; Vienna, 134; Yarrowdale, 371, 374

  merchant ships, Canadian: Triumph, 433

  merchant ships, Cuban: Chaparro, 433

  merchant ships, Danish: N. J. Fjord, 317

  merchant ships, Dutch: Batavier V, 307; Katwijk, 298; Mecklenburg, 307; Medea, 298; Palembang, 307; Princess Juliana, 307; Tubantia, 307; Zaanstroom, 307

  merchant ships, French: Amiral Ganteaume, 292; Carthage, 118, 119; Portugal, 242; Sussex, 307, 308

  merchant ships, German: Ahlers, 91; Ayesha, 76, 500n. 38; Baden, 91, 100; Belgravia, 309; Choising, 76, 500n. 38; Cincinnati, 437; Corcovado, 62; Dora Hugo Stinnes, 193; Fortuna, 374; General, 62; Germania, 202, 204; Guben, 310; Hedwig von Wissmann, 84; Holsatia, 91; Koenig, 77; Köln, 434; Kronprinzessin Cecilie, 437; Lissabon, 210; Markomannia, 72, 75; Präsident, 78; President Lincoln, 437; Princess Alice, 534n. 96; Pungo, 309; Rio Negro, 79; Santa Isabel, 100; Seydlitz, 100; Syria, 208; Titania, 71, 72, 88, 96, 97; Vaterland, 435; Wachtenfels, 372; Walküre, 89; Worms, 210

  merchant ships, Greek: Ellispontos, 298; Pontoporos, 75

  merchant ships, Italian: Ancona, 385; Carracio, 500n. 38; Conte Rosso, 442

  merchant ships, Japanese: Fukoku Maru, 71

  merchant ships, Norwegian: Belridge, 297; Bergensfjord, 49

  merchant ships, Romanian: Dacia, 276; Imparatul Traian, 276; Regele Carol I, 276; Rumania, 276

  merchant ships, Russian: Athos, 228; Kornilov, 240; Lazarev, 240; Oleg, 228, 506n. 11; Rjasan, 72, 76; Sloboda, 511n. 26; Sveti Sergi, 510n. 4; Vpered, 508n. 49

  merchant ships, Spanish: Igotz Mendi, 373

  merchant ships, Swedish: Hanna, 297; Nike, 202

  merchant ships, Turkish: Carmen, 237; Irmingard, 237, 238, 248; Rodesto, 248

  Mesopotamia, campaign: origins of, 124; and capture of Kurnah, 125; psychological dimensions of, 125, 126; and advance on Baghdad, 126–29; and siege of Kut, 129–30; War Office assumes control of, 130; and capture of Baghdad, 131–32; cost of, 132; mentioned, 106, 123

  Meurer, Rear Admiral Hugo, 221, 222, 448

  Michelsen, Kapitän zur See Andreas, 346, 369, 407–8, 430

  Miller, Rear Admiral Hugh, 112

  Milne, Vice Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley, 56, 57

  Mischke, Rear Admiral Robert, 183, 184, 200

  Mittelmeerdivision: establishment of, 15; and action on outbreak of war, 51–52, 53; and Turkish fleet, 62; misleading name of, 225; new opportunities for, 256. See also Souchon

  Mola, Rear Admiral, 176

  Monro, General Sir Charles C., 120–23

  Montecuccoli, Vice Admiral Rudolph, Graf, 14

  Montenegro, 61, 153, 157

  Montgelas, Oberleutnant zur See Graf von, 200

  Moon Sound, 181, 191, 196–98, 206; 214–19

  Moore, Rear Admiral Sir Archibald G. H. W., 30, 46

  Moriyama, Captain, 96

  Moroccan crisis (1905), 5

  Mücke, Kapitänleutnant Helmuth von, 76, 513n. 57

  Mudros, 112, 116, 118, 258, 401

  Muhammerah, Sheik of, 125, 126

  Müller, Admiral Georg Alexander von: and Ingenohl, 46, 47; and Baltic command, 182; and Denmark, 183; and submarine warfare, 293, 302, 337; and Tirpitz, 303; and Jutland, 326; mentioned, 303

  Müller, Fregattenkapitän Karl von, 71, 72, 74–76, 489n. 22

  Murmansk, 134–37

  Myres, Lieutenant Commander John L., 133

  Nakhimov, Operation, 254

  Napier, Vice Admiral T. W. D., 377

  Nasmith, Lieutenant Commander Martin E., 119, 188

  NATEKO (Nautisch-Technische Komission für Schwarze Meere), 257

  Naval Air Service, American, 425, 426

  Naval Air Service, British: and Cuxhaven raid, 43; and Zeebrugge and Bruges, 415; and seaplane raids on zeppelin bases, 311–12, 314, 441; and development of carriers, 442, 443

  Naval Air Service, French, 426

  Naval Air Service, German, 42–44, 411, 443–44

  Naval Staff, British, 102. See also Admiralty

  Nelson, Captain Charles P., 399

  Nelson, Vice Admiral, 1st Viscount (Horatio Nelson), 46, 184, 417

  Nemits, Rear Admiral, 254

  Nepenin, Vice Admiral A. J., 211, 212

  Nerger, Korvettenkapitän Karl-August, 372, 373

  Netherlands: and friction with Germany, 298, 302, 307; possible entry into war of, 337; mentioned, 347, 447

  Netherlands, Navy, 18, 74–75, 102, 444

  Netherlands East Indies, 74, 75

  Newbolt, Sir Henry John, 341, 372, 379, 533n. 77

  New Guinea, 83, 85, 88, 89

  New Zealand, 78, 83–85

  Niblack, Rear Admiral Albert Parker, 394, 395, 397

  Nicholas, Grand Duke, 110, 113

  Nicholas II, Tsar, 184, 185

  Nixon, General Sir John, 126–30

  Njegovan, Vice Admiral Maximilian, 168, 169, 171

  Norges Rederforbund, 352

  Northern barrage, 399, 433, 438–41

  Norway: declares neutrality, 28, 179; territorial waters of, used by Allied shipping, 135, 504n. 65; in Wegener’s plans, 289; heavy shipping losses of, 352, 353; British obligated to supply coal to, 378; British proposals to
mine territorial waters of, 439–40

  Nostitz und Jänkendorf, Korvettenkapitän von, 432

  Novorossisk, 256, 257

  Nunn, Captain Wilfred, 127, 129, 131

  Odessa, 63, 231, 256, 285

  Oliver, Rear Admiral Sir Henry F.: opposes mining, 34; and Room 40, 37; and Churchill’s Baltic schemes, 104–5; on Helgoland, 106; and assistance to the Russians, 219; and Jutland, 316; meets with Jellicoe and Beatty, 331–32, 344; and Scandinavian convoy, 352; objections of, to convoys, 353–54

  Ösel, island. See Albion, Operation

  Ostend: Germans develop base at, 35, 105; as outlet for submarines, 297, 346; bombarded by monitors, 350, 411; attempts to block, 411–12, 414–15; as target of U.S. Northern Bombing Group, 426

  Otranto, strait: French blockade of, 61, 62; and British drifters, 159–61, 387, 397, 401; fixed barrage of, 160–61; raided by Austrians, 161, 173; and action of 15 May 1917, 162–66; and U.S. submarine chasers, 171, 399; and Horthy’s planned offensive, 174–75; and Calthorpe’s proposed reorganization, 398; and ineffectiveness of barrage, 399

  Pagano di Melito, Tenente di vascello, 169

  Page, Walter Hines, 359

  Pakenham, Vice Admiral Sir William C., 377

  Palestine, campaign, 106, 392, 395–97

  Palladini, Rear Admiral, 176

  Panama Canal, 94, 357

  Paolucci, Tenente di vascello Raffaele, 177

  Papeete (Tahiti), 85, 89, 92

  Passchendaele, battle of, 350, 421

  Patey, Rear Admiral Sir George E.: and Australian expeditions, 84, 85, 88; and pursuit of Spee, 89, 91, 95, 96

  Peirse, Rear Admiral Richard H.: and Emden, 75; and defense of Egypt, 107, 109; and operations at Smyrna, 113–14

  Pelagosa, island, 147–51

  Pellegrini, Tenente di vascello Mario, 172

  Pelletan, Camille, 11–12

  Persia, 125, 128

  Persian Gulf, 106, 110, 124, 128

  Persian Gulf Expeditionary Force (“Force D”), 124

  Pfundheller, Kapitän zur See Hans, 33

  Piave, river, 169

  Picot, Lieutenant de vaisseau Edouard, 265–66

  Pohl, Admiral Hugo von: as Chief of Admiralstab, 23; strategy of, 39, 40, 287–88, 290; replaces Ingenohl, 47; and Spee’s squadron, 97; and Baltic, 183, 199, 502n. 20; and submarine warfare, 293, 295, 302; and Flanders flotillas, 217; death of, 305; mentioned, 291

  Pola: and German submarines, 116, 118, 145, 382–84, 387, 397; as Austrian base, 140; attacked by Italy, 172–73, 177; as target of air raids, 398, 400; Germans evacuate, 401

  Pollen, Arthur Hungerford, 6, 9, 328

  Poole, Major General Sir Frederick C., 137

  Premuda, island, 174

  Prölss, Kapitänleutnant Eduard, 330

  Püllen, Kapitän zur See, 396

  Pustkuchen, Oberleutnant zur See Herbert, 307

  Q-ships: employed by Germans in Baltic, 204, 208; used by British, 300, 301, 309; decline in effectiveness of, 343; mentioned, 363, 428

  Queenstown, 359, 362, 394, 429

  Rabaul (New Britain), 84, 85

  Rebeur-Paschwitz, Vice Admiral Hubert, 255

  Red Sea, 86

  Regia Marina. See Italy, Navy

  Reichsmarineamt, 2, 339, 423

  Reuter, Rear Admiral Ludwig von, 377, 448, 449

  Revel. See Thaon di Revel

  Richmond, Captain Herbert W.: and Borkum project, 103–4; and proposals for operations on Syrian coast, 133; as liaison officer with Italian fleet, 147, 148, 150; and air attack on German fleet, 441

  Riga, Gulf of: importance of, 188, 191, 194; German attempts to penetrate, 193, 196–99; Russian defenses in, 206–7; and Operation Albion, 213–21. See also Irben, strait

  Risikogedank, 2, 3

  Rizzo, Tenente di vascello Luigi, 170, 174–75

  Robertson, General Sir William, 391

  Rodgers, Rear Admiral Thomas S., 436

  Rodman, Rear Admiral Hugh, 404, 405, 420

  Romania: initial neutrality of, 115, 262–63, 267; enters war (1916), 247, 262, 275; military strength and deficiencies of, 276; campaign in, 279–81, 337; government of, evacuates to Jassy, 283; concludes armistice, 284. See also Danube

  Romania, Navy: strength of, 262, 276–77; operations of, 277–79, 281, 284

  Room 40: establishment of, 37; and Scarborough raid, 40–42; and air raids on Cuxhaven, 43; and Dogger Bank action, 45; warns of U21’s arrival in Mediterranean, 118; and Jutland, 315–16, 325; and operations of 19 August 1916, 330; and German destroyer raids, 347–49, 408; and convoy system, 361; and Scandinavian convoy, 376, 420; and Mediterranean, 400

  Rose, Kapitänleutnant Hans, 336

  Rosenberg, Fregattenkapitän von, 215

  Roskill, Captain Stephen W., 325

  Rossetti, Maggiore del genio navale Raffaele, 177

  Rosyth, 10, 46, 314, 417, 420

  Roussin, Admiral A. I., 201

  Rouyer, Rear Admiral Albert, 25

  Royal Air Force, 415, 416, 425

  Royal Flying Corps, 415

  Royal Indian Marine, 130

  Royal Marines, 111, 412, 413

  Royal Navy. See Great Britain, Navy

  Ruad, island, 132

  Rufigi, river, 78, 86

  Russia: and past rivalry with Great Britain, 2; gives German codes to British, 36; declares war on Turkey, 64; and British naval plans, 103, 106; to receive Constantinople, 112; and Dardanelles campaign, 110, 113; and offensive in Caucasus, 131; receives supplies through northern ports, 134–36; drops out of war, 136, 221, 380, 410; and assistance to Serbia, 263–65, 273; and assistance to Romania, 278–79, 284

  Russia, Army (units): Sixth Army, 184; V Caucasian Corps, 230; 123rd Division, 243; 127th Division, 243; 53rd Caucasian Regiment, 264

  Russia, Baltic Fleet: prewar plans of, 180–81; under C-in-C Sixth Army, 184; operations of, 185, 192, 194–95, 199, 202, 204–5, 209–10; strategy of, in 1915, 190–91; and 1917 revolution, 212–13; and defense of Gulf of Riga, 215; British worries about fate of, 221–22; mentioned, 223

  Russia, Navy: and Russo-Japanese War, 5, 16–17; strength of, 17, 18, 224; and German auxiliary cruisers, 66; and Dardanelles campaign, 113, 229; and operations in North Russia, 135; and operations affected by climate, 179–80; and submarines, 201, 202, 205; and mining offensive, 204–5; mine and coast defenses of, 206–7; prewar Black Sea plans of, 223–24; and Danube, 262–64, 273–74, 278–79, 282, 284, 510n. 4. See also Black Sea Fleet; Essen; Russia, Baltic Fleet

  Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 5, 16, 18, 21, 34, 91, 180

  Ryan, Commander Cyril Percy, 343

  Sabbioncello peninsula, 142, 147, 167, 171–72

  Sablin, Vice Admiral N. P., 256

  Salandra, Antonio, 52

  Salonika: Anglo-French landing at, 120, 152; troop movements to, 146, 154, 389; and German plans, 274; Jellicoe recommends withdrawal from, 360, 391–92; and the French, 385–86, 395; British forces advance toward, 401. See also Macedonia, campaign

  San Giovanni di Medua, 153–55, 157

  Sarrail, General Maurice Paul Emmanuel, 120, 274

  Saseno, island, 153

  Sato, Rear Admiral Kozo, 393

  Save, river, 262–63, 265–66, 272

  Scapa Flow, 10, 24, 29–30, 288, 418, 488

  Scarborough, 40–42

  Scheer, Admiral Reinhard: on British strategy, 27; fails to impede transport of BEF, 28–29; complains of minefields in Belts, 183; favors more offensive strategy, 207, 310–12; and Operation Albion, 213–14; and submarine warfare, 293, 295, 305, 308–10; raids Lowestoft, 313; and Jutland, 314–16, 318–20, 322–28; advocates resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare, 328–29, 332, 336–37; and sortie of 19 August 1916, 329–31; defends use of Moltke to support submarines, 334; and destroyers for Flanders flotillas, 347–49, 408; and submarine construction, 370, 422–23; plans sortie (March 1917), 375–76; and Scandinavian convoy, 376, 378, 418–21; and submarines in American waters, 430; plans Fl
ottenvorstoss (November 1918), 444, 446, 447; mentioned, 288

  Scheidt, Rear Admiral, 192

  Schmidt, Vice Admiral Ehrhard, 185, 192, 195–98, 214, 217

  Schneider, Kapitänleutnant Rudolf, 301

  Schoultz, Captain G. von, 206

  Schröder, Vice Admiral Ludwig von, 297, 346

  Schwerer, Capitaine de vaisseau Zéphirin-Alexandre-Antoine, 58

  Schwieger, Kapitänleutnant Walter, 299, 302, 308

  Scott, Captain Percy, 5

  Sebastopol, 17, 63, 256–58

  Seekriegsleitung (SKL), 422, 430

  Seitz, Linienschiffskapitän Heinrich, 154–57

  Senussi, 109, 128, 388, 389

  Serbia: resists Austrians, 110, 115; is overrun, 120, 152, 271–74; supplies for, 153–54, 263; importance of, for Dardanelles campaign, 232, 236–37, 267; improvised naval forces of, on Danube, 262, 270, 511n. 26; British naval mission to, 270–71

  Serbia, Army, 152, 155, 157–58

  Serbian Relief Committee, 153–54

  Seymour, Lieutenant Commander Ralph F., 41, 46

  Shatt-al-Arab, 124, 125

  Sheikh Syed, bay, 86, 106

  Silver, Captain M. L., 86

  Sims, Vice Admiral William Sowden: and mission to England, 357–59; as advocate of convoy system, 362, 438–39; and submarine chasers, 399; urges concentration in European waters, 429, 431; and Northern barrage, 438; and reputation as Anglophile, 522n. 70; mentioned, 171, 172, 395, 425, 449

  Smart, Lieutenant B. A., 443

  Smyrna, 64, 113, 114

  Sonnino, Baron Sidney, 144, 155

  Souchon, Rear Admiral Wilhelm: at outbreak of war, 51–52, 54–56; becomes chief of Turkish fleet, 57, 58, 62; and defense of Dardanelles, 62–63, 111, 115; attacks Russian fleet, 62–63; opinions of, regarding Turks, 225; and protection of Turkish transports, 226; and Liman von Sanders, 227; conceals damage to Goeben, 228; and operations in 1915, 231; and coal problem, 232–35, 237, 248, 253; and assistance to Caucasus front, 241, 244, 246; returns to Germany, 255

  South Africa, 83, 95

  Southwest Africa, German, 83, 86, 95

  Spain: neutrality of, violated at Rio d’Oro, 81; and German submarines, 118, 400, 448; and Allies’ use of territorial waters, 389, 391, 392

  Spain, Navy, 18

  Spee, Vice Admiral Maximilian Graf von: is based at Tsingtau, 66, 70; plans of, 71, 72; communications cut, 73; and Easter Island, 80, 86, 91, 92; as threat to Allied expeditions, 83, 84; raids Apia, 88; bombards Papeete, 69; and battle off Coronel, 92–93; movements of, after Coronel, 94–96; and Falklands battle, 97–100; mentioned, 38, 40, 74, 75