Child to Soldier: Stories from Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army
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moo yaa (shea butter), 86–9, 139–40
Mozambique, 66, 172
narratives of girl soldiers in, 30
Mucwini Massacre, 60, 168
munu (white man), 26
Museveni, Yoweri: as carrier of opoko (gourd), 59, 179n6
command of UPDF, 6
formation of NRM/A, 39–40
HIV/AIDS extermination program, 49
peace talks (1993–4), 114–15
regime, 68
rise to power (1986), 40–1, 45, 177n1
use of child soldiers (kadogos), 61, 177n6
Mutesa, Sir Edward, II, 4
Mutesa I, 179n3
Mwanga, King, 36
Namukora killings, 47
narratives: Derrida on, 32
fiction and non-fiction in, 34
of girl soldiers in Mozambique, 30
of victimization, 154
National Resistance Movement/Army (NRM/A): civilian killings, 47–9, 168
control of Acholi region, 46–7, 57, 60
expansion, 40
formation of, 39–40, 46
Holy Spirit Movement (HSM) defeat, 52–3
ideals and propaganda, 40
looting, 49–51
peace accord with UPDA, 59
rape, 48–9
resistance against, 51–2, 57–9
suspicions of rebel sympathizing, 102
use of child soldiers (kadogos), 40, 61, 177n6
Ndembu tribe, 75–6
neko dano (killing a person), 84–6
ngwen (white ants), 14
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 32
‘Nilotics’ or Nilotes, 38, 178n4
Nkangi, Mayanja, 38
Nyeko, Paulino, 47
obange (dull, lazy), 100
Obato, Can Kwo (pseud.): abduction, 9, 61, 79–80
anointing, 87
decision to desert the LRM/A, 31, 74
realization of identity as a soldier, 94
recollection of LRM/A rules, 69, 89–90
on survival, 83
Obita, James, 68
Obote, Milton, 178n5
coup (1971), 4
ousting of Kabaka of Buganda, 38
return to power (1980), 39–40, 56–7, 125
Ocampo, Luis Moreno, 173
Ochberg, F.M., 71
Ochola, Macleod Baker, II (bishop of Kitgum Diocese), 51
Ocitti, J.P., 79, 99
Acholi deities, 162
Acholi fear of death, 94
on the offence of kiir, 166
Odego, Cirilo Jurukadri, 114
ododo (folktales), 42–3
Ododo pa Acoli, Vol. 1. (Odonga), 42
Odong, Simon, 128–9, 150
Odonga, Alexander Mwa, 42
Ogangi or Lo-gang (gang, home), 44
Okello, Bazilio, 40, 52
Okello, Tito Lutwa, 40, 51–2, 61
Okot, David, 163
Okpewho, Isadore, 29
Oloya, Opiyo: cultural upbringing in Pamin-Yai, 10–11, 14–15, 17, 42
dis/advantages of conducting fieldwork, 27, 29, 32–4
education, 4, 10, 22, 177n2
father (Alipayo), 12–15, 177n2
identity as ‘halfie,’ 26
return to Uganda, 4, 16
role as story-listener, 3–4, 16
oloyo too cwii (barely escaping death), 111–12
Olsson, Jan-Erik, 70–1
olum (those from the bush), 80
stigmatized label of, 20–1, 81, 113, 158
Omal, Rwot Chua, 45
Oneka, Camconi (pseud.): abduction, 9
beating by LRM/A, 82–3
escape from LRM/A, 9
forced participation in killings, 85
military training, 93–4
Onyango-ku-Odongo, J.M., 35, 45
opoko (gourd) carrier, 59, 179n6
oral literature, 29. See also storytelling
Oris, Juma, 58, 60, 77
Oruni, P., 23
Oryem, C.L., 165–6
ot (residential home), 80–1
Otigo, Ringo (pseud.): abduction by LRM/A, 7, 78, 129–31
anointing, 139–40
autonomy, 8
beatings by LRM/A, 135–9, 143
childhood and family relations, 8, 125–7
demeanour and mannerisms, 124–5
education, 127–9
escape from LRM/A, 73–4, 150–1
expedition in southern Sudan, 144–6
friendship with LRM/A doctor, 137–9
full membership in LRM/A, 140–1
homecoming, 151–2, 170
identity, 144, 152, 158
job as bike mechanic, 124
leadership, 144–5, 148–9
mistrust of adults, 127
plan for desertion, 145–9
recollection of Aboke girls’ abduction, 82, 131–5, 182nn1–2
referred to as ladit (elder), 148
refusal to take a wife, 94, 143–4
rejection by family and community, 159–60
return to civilian society, 154, 158
sexuality in the bush, 8
survival skills, 129, 135
thoughts of escape, 141–2
training and duties as war doctor (dakta mony), 141–3
Otti, Vincent, 91, 173
Otunnu, Olara, 44, 179n4
Oyite-Ojok, David, 39, 178n5
paco (ancestral home), 43, 80–1. See also dwoogo paco (returning home)
Pagik village, 114
Pain, Denis, 168–9
Pamin-Yai: author’s upbringing in, 10–15, 17, 22, 42
remains of, 4
spirits of, 12–13
p’Bitek, Okot, 22, 32, 79, 84
Song of Lawino, 18–19, 50, 111
peace talks, 114–15, 173–4
in Juba (2006–8), 173–4
at Pagik village (1993–4), 58, 114–15, 180n1, 181n13
pe iput te okono (do not uproot the pumpkin), 161–2, 164–5
Peters, K., 70
Petraitis, R., 67
pito lwit okono odoco (replanting the pumpkin roots), 172–4
politics of ‘otherness,’ 38
Popular Resistance Army (PRA). See National Resistance Movement/Army (NRM/A)
Portelli, Allessandro, 30
Postlethwaite, J.R.P., 37
poto ikome (falling upon him), 151
poverty, 21, 33, 51, 57
prayer, 88, 150, 155
proverbs, 27, 135
pumpkin, 161–2, 164–5, 172–4, 183n3
Prunier, G., 68
purification: anointing with shea butter ritual (wiiro kom), 69, 86–9, 139–40
of cen (evil spirit of the dead), 83–4, 181n10
cleansing ceremony for returning CI soldiers (yweyo kom), 151, 169–70
pwonyo mony (military training), 93–4
Radical Hope: Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation (Lear), 53–4
radio kabir, 103, 181n2
rape: of Acholi men and women by NRM/A, 48–9
by husbands, 157
by Joseph Kony, 9, 92
orphans born as the result of, 174
Rawlings, E., 71
recruitment. See abductions
child abductees
reflexivity, 26–7
Reisman, W.M., 45
religious indoctrination, 67–9
resilience, 153, 155–6, 164
restitution, 167–8
returning CI soldiers: anxiety of, 152
cleansing ceremony (yweyo kom), 151, 169–70
community rejection/hostility, 77, 122–3, 154, 158
desire to return to ancestral home, 154–5
forgiveness and, 171
healing, 174
identities, 24, 123, 154–5, 160, 171–2
literacy and education impediments, 172–3
optimism of, 176
physical needs of, 172
reconciliation through cultural resources/rituals, 166–9
reintegration programs and support, 155, 165–6, 172–3
rejection by family members, 159–60
restorative restitution for, 166–8
reunification with families, 172
stigmatization of, 20, 122, 154, 158, 170–1
suffering of, 164, 169, 174–6
survivor-perpetrator dichotomy of, 166
victimization of, 154
Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 46
Richards, P., 70
Rimini, N., 71
ringo koko (running to cry on the grave), 183n4
Rites of Passage (Van Gennep), 75
Ritual Process, The (Turner), 75
rituals: animal sacrifices, 151, 156, 169–70, 181n10
blessing of twins, 98
for the chief-elect (Ndembu tribe), 75–6
cleansing the curse of kiir, 166
drinking bitter roots (mato oput), 166–9
funeral/burial rites, 17–18, 84
hunting, 143–4
to pacify the spirit of the dead (cen), 83–4, 181n10
purification with shea butter (wiiro kom), 69, 86–9, 139–40
for returning CI soldiers (yweyo kom), 151, 169–70
storytelling, 3, 11
Roco wat i Acoli (Re-Establishing Kinship in Acholi) (Liu Institute for Global Issues et al.), 168, 174, 184n12
Sandywell, B., 26
Schabracq, M.J., 71
Schadt, Christa, 16
Schafer, J., 66
self-production, 22, 107
Shaka, 44, 179n1
Sierra Leone civil war (1991–8), 46, 70
Skowronski, J.J., 30
Smart, Elizabeth, 70, 180n3
Smelser, N.J., 161
Smith, G.N., 68
Song of Lawino (p’Bitek), 18–19, 50, 111
sorcery (yir), 79, 99–100
Soskis, D.A., 71
Specht, I., 24
spirits: Acholi belief in vengeful, 84, 143, 519
ancestral, 150, 152, 155
cen (evil spirit of the dead), 12, 20, 83–4, 159–60, 181n10
in displaced-persons camps, 162–4
gemo (evil spirits), 80
guidance for Joseph Kony, 77–8, 100
jok, 13, 162
Lakwena, 52, 58
offence of kiir (disturbing the spirits), 166
of Pamin-Yai Rock, 12–13
Ssemogerere, Paul Kawanga, 38
state elites, 45–6
stigmatization: of child abductees, 77, 81, 95
and CI soldier identity, 74, 144, 155, 157
of olum (those from the bush), 20–1, 81, 113, 158
of returning CI soldiers, 20, 122, 154, 158, 170–1
Stockholm Syndrome, 25
as a condition or behaviour, 71
Fuselier’s 8 per cent rule of, 73
original incident (1973), 69–2, 180n7
parallel with LRM/A abductions, 72–4
storyteller(s), 3, 30
storytelling: Acholi tradition of, 3, 11
emotional complexities of, 29–30
limitations of, 30–1. See also narratives
Sudan, 57, 134
alliance with LRM/A, 62, 117, 141–2
civilian killings in, 60
LRM/A training and base camps in, 117, 120, 139, 141, 144–6
Operation Iron Fist, 181–2n3
Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), 62–3, 142–3, 181–2n3. See also Dinka
suffering: in Acholi culture, 18, 161–2, 174
of child combatants, 16, 34, 157, 159
collective, 161, 165
denial of, 165
of former CI soldiers, 164, 169, 174–6
intense suffering (can matek), 28–9, 81
while walking long stretches, 81–2
suicide, 49, 51, 162
Sundiata Keita, 44, 179n2
superstitious beliefs, 24, 99–100, 112
faith healers (ajwaka), 58
survival: coping strategies for, 154
creating an identity for, 80
drinking of urine for, 23
establishing control for, 24
forced participation in killing and, 86
in hostage-captor situations, 71–2
inner resourcefulness for, 20, 25, 108
obeying orders for, 83
paying attention to details for, 129, 135
resilience and, 156
role of culture in, 6, 23–4
strategies for child abductees, 77, 109
survivor-perpetrator dichotomy, 166
Swidler, A., 75
tek cwiny (self-regulatory skills), 156
Tekidi, 35, 45, 178n1
Ten Commandments, 58, 63, 68–9
thirst, 23
Thompson, C.P., 30
Triga, Okello, 15, 85
tumo kiir (cleansing the curse), 166
Turner, Victor, 75–6, 107
ubuntu (personhood), 17
Uganda: accountability for war atrocities, 168
British colonial rule, 35–8
constitutional crisis (1966), 38
economy (1970s, 1980s), 55–7
election (1980), 38–9
ethnic tensions, 4, 36
failure to commemorate war casualties, 175
government, 34, 41, 174
indigenous people, 46, 178n4
inter-ethnic wars, 35–7
international media attention on, 174–5
Operation Iron Fist, 181–2n3
peace talks with LRM/A, 58, 114–15, 173–4, 180n1, 181n13
political parties, 38
post-colonial politics, 24, 35, 37–41
reconciliation in, 168
relocation of Acholi into camps, 165, 172
support for SPLM/A, 142
Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA), 39–40, 51–2, 57. See also Uganda People’s Democratic Army (UPDA)
Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM), 38
Uganda People’s Congress (UPC), 38
Uganda People’s Defence Forces (UPDF): abductees killed by, 81
accountability for war crimes, 168
failure to protect the Acholi, 62, 130
LRM/A labels for, 95
war with LRM/A, 6, 11, 117–18, 120, 134, 144–6, 181n3
Uganda People’s Democratic Army (UPDA), 57–8, 114
collapse of, 52
excused for war atrocities, 59
peace agreement with NRM/A, 59
Uganda People’s Democratic Christian Army (UPDCA), 59–60
UN Convention of the Rights of the Child, 183n2
UNICEF, 177n6
report on LRM/A child abductions, 62, 177n1
United Holy Salvation Army (UHSA), 58–9
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), 68
Van Gennep, Arnold, 75
van Manen, M., 28
victimization: of child abductees, 6, 107
of CI soldiers, 153, 175
narratives of, 154
through rape, 48
of returning CI soldiers, 20, 154, 165–6
Vough, Lester, 183n5
walks, purpose of long, 81–2, 134–5
wang-oyo (bonfire), 11, 42, 90
wan luleb (we of the same tongue), 38
war crimes, 153, 173
of Joseph Kony, 60, 63, 173
Warnock, K., 49
wat (extended family and kin), 127, 156, 160
Wat constitution, 23
wegi ot (father of the house), 92
Wessells, M.G., 70
West, C.D., 30
witchcraft, 64, 79, 99–100
World Vision Center, 16, 172, 177n4
wot ii lum (going into the bush), 80–2, 131
wot ki too (walking with death), 85
yir (sorcery), 99–100
Yow, V.R., 30
Yugoslavia, former, 35
yweyo kom (cleansing the body), 166, 169–70
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Opiyo Oloya, Child to Soldier: Stories from Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army