Last Crusade, The
Page 59
Hinduism, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6n, ref7
Inquisition in, ref1
Islam in, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n
Kappad, ref1
legend of Prester John, ref1
location of, ref1, ref2
Malabar Coast, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12n, ref13n, ref14
Mappilas in, ref1, ref2, ref3
Marco Polo and, ref1
Mughal Empire, ref1, ref2
multi-cultures of, ref1, ref2n
piracy, ref1
Portugal and expulsion of Muslim merchants, ref1
Portuguese colonization, ref1
search for, ref1
spice trade and, ref1, ref2
suicidal acts of devotion, ref1, ref2n
suttee, ref1, ref2n
Indian Ocean, ref1, ref2, ref3
Adam’s exploration, ref1
Arabian Sea and, ref1
Arab ships with lateen sails on, ref1
Chinese treasure ships in, ref1
Christian-Muslim hostility and, ref1
Gama’s crossings, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Laccadives and Maldives, ref1, ref2n
monsoons and, ref1, ref2, ref3
Mount Eli as navigation point, ref1
passage across, ref1
Portuguese forts built around, ref1
sea route to Asia via, ref1, ref2, ref3
shipwrecks, ref1
spice trade and, ref1
uncharted regions, ref1
Indonesia, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Iran, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
national epic, ref1, ref2n
Iraq, ref1. See also Baghdad
Isabella of Aragon, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Isidore of Seville, St., ref1, ref2n
Islam. See also Ottoman Empire
Christianity compared to, ref1
dar al-Harb (House of War), ref1
dar al-Islam (House of Islam), ref1
dhimmis (protected peoples), ref1, ref2n
disunity, 11th century, ref1
dream of reborn caliphate and restored empire, ref1
end of Iberian rule, ref1
erudition in, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n
European conquest, ref1, ref2, ref3
Europe blocked from East by, ref1
fall of empire, ref1
fatwas (legal opinions), ref1
fundamentalism, ref1, ref2
Gama’s hostilities with, ref1, ref2
heavenly rewards for death in battle, ref1
in India, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n
Ismailis sect, ref1n
Jews and Ottoman Turks, ref1
jihad, ref1, ref2, ref3
jihad against Portuguese, ref1, ref2n
jihadists today, ref1
jizya (tax on nonbelievers), ref1
kaffirs (infidels), ref1
Khariji movement, ref1n
Mappilas, ref1
mass conversions to, ref1
Mongol invasion, ref1
Mughal Empire, ref1
Muslim traders, ref1
mystical tradition in, ref1
non-Muslims banned from Mecca and Medina, ref1
origins of, ref1
Peoples of the Book and, ref1, ref2n
Portuguese closure of Eastern trade, ref1, ref2
power struggles within, ref1, ref2n
as progressive, ref1
Shia, ref1, ref2, ref3
slavery and, ref1
in Spain, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
spread of, ref1
successors to Muhammad and, ref1, ref2n
Sunnis, ref1
ulama (religious scholars), ref1
Umayyad caliphate, ref1
ummah (community), ref1, ref2
war with the West, origins, ref1, ref2
Istanbul, ref1, ref2, ref3
James II, King of Scotland, ref1
Japan, ref1, ref2
Portuguese at Nagasaki, ref1, ref2n
Jerusalem, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
al-Aqsa Mosque, ref1, ref2n, ref3n
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Constantine the Great and, ref1
destruction by Persians, ref1, ref2n
destruction by Romans, ref1, ref2n, ref3n
Dome of the Rock, ref1, ref2n
Egyptian control of, ref1, ref2n
Egyptian sultan threatens to destroy pilgrimage sites, ref1, ref2n
First Crusade and, ref1, ref2
Islamic conquest of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Manuel I and, ref1, ref2, ref3
on mappae mundi, ref1
massacre of 1099, ref1, ref2n, ref3n
Temple Mount, ref1n
Jews, ref1, ref2, ref3
alliance with Persians, ref1n
as cartographers, ref1n, ref2n
convivencia and, ref1n
as descendants of Abraham, ref1, ref2n
exodus from Spain, ref1
forced conversions, ref1, ref2n
Gaspar da Gama as, ref1n
Islamic repression of, ref1
in Istanbul under Ottomans, ref1
Kahina “the Prophetess,” ref1, ref2n
Lisbon massacre, ref1
marrano (secret Jew), ref1, ref2n
as People of the Book, ref1, ref2n
in Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3
in Spain, ref1, ref2, ref3
in Toledo, synagogue of, ref1, ref2n
Joanna the Mad of Castile, ref1
Joan of Castile (Beltraneja), ref1, ref2n
John I of Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n
John II of Portugal, ref1n
Columbus and, ref1
conversion of Africans and, ref1
Covilhã and Paiva and, ref1
Covilhã’s dispatch, ref1, ref2n
death of, ref1
death of son, Afonso, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Dias expedition (1487), ref1
exploration and, ref1
heir, Manuel, ref1, ref2
Jewish advisors and envoys, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
as Machiavellian ruler, ref1
Manuel I’s reburial of, ref1
murders by, ref1
search for Prester John, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
sea route to Asia sought, ref1
ships built for Gama’s voyage, ref1, ref2n
treaty with Spain on new lands, ref1
John III, King of Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3
Vasco de Gama and, ref1, ref2, ref3
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, ref1, ref2
John of Montecorvino, ref1n, ref2n
John the Fearless of France, ref1
John XXIII, Pope, ref1n
Joinville, Jean de, ref1n
Jordan of Sévérac, ref1, ref2
Kahina “the Prophetess,” ref1
Kappad, India, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Kilwa, Africa, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n
Knights Hospitaller, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7n, ref8n, ref9
Knights Templar, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6n, ref7
African exploration (1445), ref1
crosses of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
as Order of Christ, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Philip the Fair’s charges, ref1, ref2n
power of, in Europe, ref1, ref2n
Temples of, ref1, ref2n
Kublai Khan, ref1
Laccadives, ref1n
Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of, ref1, ref2n
League of Cambrai, ref1, ref2n
Leonardo da Vinci, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Leonor Teles, ref1
Lepanto, Battle of, ref1
Lewis, Bernard, ref1n
Linschoten, Jan Huygen van, ref1, ref2n, ref3n, ref4, ref5n, ref6, ref7n
Lisbon, Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8n
Alfama district, ref1, ref2n
Castle of St. George, ref1, ref2
Columbus lands in, ref1
as commercial center, ref1
Ethiopian envoys in, ref1
Italian merchants in, ref1
Jews massacred, ref1, ref2n
Manuel I’s rebuilding, ref1
papal bull of 1454 and, ref1
siege of, ref1n
Lombards, ref1
Lopes, Tomé, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13n, ref14n, ref15
Mîrî massacre, ref1, ref2n, ref3n
López de Gómara, Francisco, ref1
Louise of Savoy, ref1
Louis IX, King of France, ref1
Lourenço, Fernão, ref1
Lusiads (Camões), ref1n
Lydwine of Schiedam, St., ref1
Macau, ref1, ref2n
Madagascar, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Madeira, ref1, ref2n
Mafia Island, ref1, ref2n
Magellan, Ferdinand, ref1
Ma Huan, ref1n
Maimonides (Musa ibn Maymun), ref1n
Malabar Coast, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Christianity reaches, ref1n
monsoons and, ref1n
pepper growing and, ref1
piracy along, ref1, ref2
ports of, ref1, ref2, ref3
Portuguese elimination of Muslims along, ref1
Malacca, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n
Maldives, ref1, ref2n
Malindi, ref1
Cabral’s mission of 1500 and, ref1
envoy from, ref1, ref2
Gama and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6n
pillar erected by Gama, ref1, ref2n
Malta, ref1
Mansa Musa, ref1, ref2n
Manuel I of Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n
ambitions unfulfilled, ref1
Belém church and monastery, ref1, ref2
Cabral’s mission, ref1, ref2
character and personality, ref1n
conversion of East and, ref1, ref2
conversion of the Jews, ref1, ref2n
Crusade to recapture Jerusalem, ref1, ref2, ref3
crusading message to Muslims and pagans, ref1
death of, ref1
death penalty for revealing sea route, ref1, ref2n
divine mandate to fight Islam, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
exhumation of John II, ref1
Ferdinand and Isabella as in-laws, ref1, ref2, ref3n
forts in India ordered by, ref1
Gama and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n, ref7n, ref8
as heir to Castile, ref1
holy war against the Turks and, ref1, ref2
Indian enterprises, ref1, ref2
Inquisition in Portugal and, ref1
letters on Gama’s success, ref1, ref2n
letter to Venice, demanding spices be bought from Portugal, ref1
Lisbon rebuilding by, ref1
marriage to Isabella, ref1, ref2n
marriage to Maria, ref1n
Moroccan Crusade debacle, ref1, ref2n
North Atlantic exploration, ref1, ref2n
Nova’s mission to India, ref1
papal bull of 1514 and, ref1
Pietro Pasqualigo and, ref1, ref2
search for Prester John, ref1, ref2, ref3
showing off magnificence, ref1
Viceroy of India appointed, ref1
war against Moroccans, ref1
Mappilas, ref1, ref2, ref3
maps and mapmaking
Africa depicted on, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Cape Bojador on, ref1, ref2n
Catalan Atlas (1375), ref1, ref2n
Dias expedition and redrawing of, ref1, ref2n
Fra Mauro’s, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n
Gama’s voyages and, ref1
Garden of Eden on, ref1, ref2n
Jerusalem at center of the world, ref1n
mappae mundi, ref1
Marco Polo and, ref1
Prester John and, ref1n
Ptolemy’s Geography and, ref1
revisions in 15th century, ref1
scriptural geographers, ref1, ref2
Southern Hemisphere absent from, ref1
world-is-flat myth, ref1, ref2n
world map of Henry Martellus, ref1n
world maps, ref1
Marchionni, Bartolomeo, ref1, ref2n
Marinids, ref1
Marinus of Tyre, ref1
Martins, Fernão (canon), ref1
Martins, Fernão (interpreter), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9n
Mauro of Venice, Fra, ref1, ref2
Mayr, Hans, ref1
Mecca, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n, ref7n
Jeddah (port), ref1, ref2
medicine
ambergris and, ref1, ref2n
aromatics, use of, ref1
four humors and, ref1
gems, semiprecious stones, and, ref1
odd apothecary goods, ref1, ref2n
spices, use of, ref1, ref2
Medina, ref1, ref2, ref3
Mediterranean region, ref1
Mehmet the Conqueror, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n, ref7n
Mendes, Diogo, ref1n
Mendes de Brito, Rui, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n
Meneses, Duarte de, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n
Meneses, Jorge Teles de, ref1n
Meneses, Luís de, ref1, ref2, ref3
Michelangelo, ref1
Middle Ages, ref1, ref2n
Mîrî massacre, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n
children taken off, ref1, ref2n
hunchbacked pilot of, ref1, ref2
looting of, ref1, ref2
Mocquet, Jean, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7n, ref8n, ref9, ref10n, ref11, ref12n
Mogadishu, ref1
Moluccas. See Spice Islands
Mombasa, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n
razing, and Portuguese fort built, ref1
Monçaide (merchant of Tunis), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Mongols, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n, ref7n
Morocco, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8n
Portuguese debacle of 1515, ref1, ref2n
Mozambique, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6n
existence today, ref1, ref2n
Gama’s voyages and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n
Jesuits in, ref1
statue of Vasco da Gama, ref1
Vicente Sodré’s fleet and, ref1, ref2
Mughal Empire, ref1, ref2
Muhammad the Prophet, ref1, ref2, ref3n
burial place, ref1, ref2n
death of, ref1
schemes to steal remains, ref1, ref2n
Muqaddasi, al-, ref1
Murad III, ref1, ref2
Myriocephalum, Battle of, ref1n
Nairs (warriors), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
Naples, ref1
Netherlands (th
e Dutch)
alliance with England, ref1
expedition of 1595, ref1n
exploration by, ref1
Mare Liberum doctrine and, ref1
modern navy of, ref1
Spice Islands colonized by, ref1
spice trade and, ref1
war with Spain, ref1
Nicholas of Pistoia, ref1n
Nicholas V, Pope, ref1n, ref2n, ref3n
Nicopolis, Battle of, ref1
Nova, João da, ref1, ref2
Nunes, Gonçalo, ref1
Nürnberger, Lazarus, ref1, ref2n
Ocean Sea, ref1, ref2, ref3
Odoric of Pordenone, ref1, ref2n
Ogané, ref1
Old Man of the Sea, ref1, ref2n
Order of Christ, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6n. See also Knights Templar
Order of Santiago, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7n
Ottoman Empire, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Aden taken by, ref1n
alliance with Egypt and Venice, ref1
alliance with France, ref1, ref2n
Barbarossa and, ref1
Battle of Lepanto, ref1
Battle of Nicopolis, ref1
Battles of Diu, ref1, ref2
Constantinople, ref1, ref2, ref3n
control of trade and, ref1
English alliance with, ref1
Otranto captured, ref1n
Portuguese inroads, ref1, ref2n
sieges of Vienna, ref1, ref2
as superpower, ref1
Venice attacked by, ref1, ref2n
Outremer, ref1, ref2
Paiva, Afonso de, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n
Palestine, ref1, ref2
Panama, ref1
Panchdiva Islands, ref1, ref2n
Anjediva (Anjadip), ref1, ref2, ref3n
Pandarani (Pantalayini Kollam), India, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n
Gama sets foot on Indian soil, ref1, ref2n
Pasqualigo, Pietro, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Pegolotti, Francesco, ref1n
Pelayo, ref1n
Pereira, Francisco, ref1
Perestrello, Bartolomeu, ref1n
Persian Empire, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n. See also Abd al-Razzaq
Persian Gulf, ref1n
Persian Samanid Empire, ref1, ref2n
Persius, ref1, ref2n
Peter, Prince of Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Peter I of Portugal, ref1
Peter the Hermit, ref1
Philip II of France, ref1, ref2
Philip II of Spain, ref1
Philippa of Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Philippines, ref1n
Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, ref1
Philip the Fair of France, ref1, ref2n
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, ref1, ref2n