Last Crusade, The

by Cliff, Nigel

  Philip the Handsome of Castile, ref1

  Pillars of Hercules, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6n

  piracy

  Barbarossa, ref1

  Barbary Coast, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  death of Luís de Meneses and, ref1, ref2n

  First and Second Barbary Wars, ref1n

  by French, ref1

  Gama’s voyage of 1502 and, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Indian Ocean pirates, ref1

  Malabar Coast pirates, ref1, ref2

  Morocco and, ref1n

  Muslim corsairs, ref1, ref2

  Muslim merchants as, ref1

  Portuguese, ref1, ref2, ref3

  in Red Sea, ref1

  Sir Francis Drake as privateer, ref1

  slave trade and, ref1

  Timoja, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Venetian-speaking man from Goa, ref1

  Zamorin and, ref1, ref2

  Pires, Tomé, ref1

  Pius II, Pope (Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini), ref1, ref2

  Pizarro, ref1n

  Pizarro, Gonzalo, ref1n

  Poitiers, Battle of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n

  Polo, Marco, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n

  Polychronicon, ref1

  pommes d’ambre, ref1

  Portugal, ref1, ref2. See also Lisbon, Portugal

  African exploration, ref1

  African gold sought by, ref1, ref2, ref3

  African riches gained by, ref1

  African trade, ref1

  Alcochete, ref1

  the Algarve, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  alliance with England, ref1, ref2n

  Battle of Aljubarrota, ref1n

  Battle of Diu, ref1

  bubonic plague in, ref1

  Cabral’s mission of 1500, ref1, ref2

  caravel for exploration built, ref1

  Ceuta Crusade, ref1, ref2n, ref3n

  Ceuta occupation, ref1

  China and, ref1, ref2n

  Christopher Columbus and, ref1

  colonies in the East, ref1

  conversion of East and, ref1

  costs of empire and, ref1

  as Crusaders, ref1, ref2 (see also Manuel I, King of Portugal)

  Crusade to Ethiopia, ref1n

  depopulation of, ref1

  Dias’s exploration (1487), ref1

  Dutch and, ref1

  Eastern trade usurped by English and Dutch, ref1

  Egypt blockaded by, ref1, ref2, ref3

  emblems on ships, ref1

  as Empire, ref1

  Empire, exposés of, ref1

  exploration and colonization, motives, ref1

  explorations, original purpose, ref1

  in 15th century, ref1, ref2n

  first fixed borders in Europe, ref1n

  Gama’s voyages (see Gama, Vasco da) Goa and, ref1

  gold coinage, the “Crusader,” ref1

  Henry the Navigator, ref1, ref2, ref3

  holy war with Calicut, ref1

  ignorance of Asia’s religions, ref1

  independence of, ref1

  India, diplomatic relations with, ref1

  in India, first colony at Cochin, ref1

  India’s Christians and, ref1

  Indonesia and Spice Islands reached, ref1

  Inquisition in, ref1

  in Japan, ref1, ref2n

  Jesuits outlawed, ref1n

  Jews expelled from, ref1, ref2n

  Jews in, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Jews massacred, ref1, ref2

  Knights Templar as Order of Christ, ref1

  loss of Madre de Deus, ref1

  loss of São João, ref1

  in Macau, ref1, ref2n

  Madeira claimed by, ref1

  as maritime power, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10n

  marranos, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Muslims (Moors) in, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Muslim traders replaced by, ref1, ref2

  naval expansion in Far East, ref1

  naval system, antiquated, ref1

  navigation advances, ref1

  navigation and trade secrets, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n

  North Atlantic exploration, ref1, ref2n

  Nova’s mission to India, ref1

  papal bulls and, ref1, ref2, ref3

  papal sanction for subjugation and plunder of Saracens, pagans, and unbelievers, ref1

  papal sanction for war against Islam, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n

  piracy by, ref1, ref2

  Porto, ref1, ref2n

  ports, ref1, ref2

  Portuguese colonization, ref1

  recruiting sailors, ref1

  Red Sea campaign, ref1, ref2n

  religious intolerance, ref1, ref2n

  “Rice Christians” and, ref1

  Rome, papacy, and, ref1

  Sagres Point, ref1, ref2n

  salt producers, ref1

  sea route to India, importance of, ref1

  ships designed for capacity, ref1

  shipwrights in, ref1

  slavery and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n

  Spain as rival, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n

  spice trade as crown monopoly, ref1, ref2

  subsumed into Spain, ref1

  Tagus River, ref1

  Tangier campaign, ref1, ref2

  trade as advancing struggle against Islam, ref1, ref2n

  Treaty of Alcáçovas, ref1n

  Treaty of Badajoz, ref1

  Treaty of Tordesillas, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Treaty of Zaragoza, ref1n

  Venice and, ref1, ref2, ref3

  weaponry of, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Prester John, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n, ref7n

  Covilhã and Paiva search, ref1, ref2

  Dias search, ref1, ref2

  Gama’s search, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  kings of Ethiopia as, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Sofala and, ref1n

  Priuli, Girolamo, ref1, ref2

  Protestant Reformation, ref1, ref2n, ref3n

  Ptolemy, ref1, ref2

  Pyrard, François, ref1n

  Quilon, India, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n

  Quirimbas Archipelago, ref1n

  Raleigh, Sir Walter, ref1

  Red Sea, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Bab el Mandeb and, ref1

  Portuguese blockade, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Portuguese conquest attempted, ref1

  Renaissance, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Resende, Garcia de, ref1n

  Reynaud de Châtillon, ref1n

  Rhodes, ref1, ref2

  Richard the Lionheart, ref1

  Robert the Monk, ref1n, ref2n

  Rodrigues, Paio, ref1, ref2

  Roe, Sir Thomas, ref1, ref2n

  Roman Empire, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Rome. See Catholic church (Rome)

  Rome (city), ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Rule of the Sun, ref1

  Russia, ref1, ref2n

  Sá, João de, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  St. Anthony’s fire, ref1, ref2n

  St. Catherine Monastery, Sinai, ref1

  Saladin (Yusuf ibn Ayyub), ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Sancho of Leon, ref1n

  Sanderson, John, ref1

  Santiago de Compostela, ref1, ref2n

  Santiago Matamoros, ref1, ref2n

  Sanudo Torsello, Marino, ref1, ref2n

  Sanuto, Benedetto, ref1

  São João, shipwreck of, ref1

  Saracens, ref1, ref2n

  scurvy, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
, ref5n

  Sebastian of Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Seljuks, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Sernigi, Girolamo, ref1, ref2n, ref3n

  Seville, Spain, ref1n

  Sewell, Robert, ref1n

  Seychelles, ref1, ref2n, ref3n

  Sharon, Ariel, ref1n

  ships. See also Gama’s voyages

  cannon installed on, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  careening, ref1, ref2

  Chinese junks, ref1

  Columbus’s, ref1, ref2, ref3

  dhows, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n

  forecastles and sterncastles, ref1, ref2n

  galliots of Barbary Coast pirates, ref1

  Gama’s, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Gama’s request for faster vessels, ref1

  lateen (triangular) sails for, ref1, ref2n

  loss of the São João, ref1

  navigating south of the equator, ref1

  navigation, astrolabe for, ref1

  Pole Star and, ref1

  Portuguese, for Ceuta assault, ref1, ref2

  Portuguese, towering vessels for carrying capacity, ref1, ref2

  Portuguese caravel, ref1, ref2, ref3

  sailor’s garb, ref1, ref2n

  sambuk, ref1, ref2n

  scurvy and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  sea biscuit, ref1, ref2n

  shipboard activity, daily life at sea, ref1, ref2

  Siam (Thailand), ref1, ref2

  Sicily, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9n

  Sigismund, King of Hungary, ref1, ref2

  Sinbad the Sailor, ref1, ref2n

  Sines, Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3

  slavery

  Barbary Coast pirates and, ref1, ref2n

  Catholic church and, ref1n

  Egypt and, ref1

  Gama’s orders on Cochin and, ref1

  in Goa, ref1, ref2

  in medieval world, ref1

  Portugal and trading in, ref1, ref2

  Smith, Adam, ref1

  Society of Jesus (Jesuits), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n, ref6

  Sodré, Brás, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Sodré, Vicente, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  blockade of Arab shipping and, ref1

  blockade of Calicut’s harbor, ref1, ref2

  corruption and, ref1, ref2n

  Gama’s 1502 voyage and, ref1, ref2, ref3

  looting and piracy by, ref1, ref2

  Mozambique and, ref1, ref2

  as naval presence in Indian Ocean, ref1

  rescue of Gama at Calicut, ref1

  Sofala, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6n, ref7

  Spain (Iberia), ref1

  Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, ref1, ref2n

  Castile and Léon, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  coat of arms, ref1n

  Columbus and, ref1, ref2 (see also Columbus, Christopher)

  convivencia and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n, ref6

  crops of, ref1, ref2n

  Crusades and, ref1

  Dark Ages and, ref1, ref2n

  exploration and colonization by, ref1

  five kingdoms of, ref1

  Goths in, ref1, ref2n

  holy war born in, ref1

  Inquisition, ref1, ref2

  Islamic (al-Andalus), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7n

  Islamic (Granada), ref1, ref2

  Islamic conquest of, ref1

  Jews in, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n

  jihad against Christians and Jews, ref1

  Knights Templar and, ref1

  La Jornada del Foso (Day of the Pit), ref1n

  League of Cambrai, ref1, ref2n

  Madrid bombings by jihadists, ref1

  new Crusade (15th century), ref1

  Order of Santiago, ref1

  papal support for war against al-Andalus, ref1

  patron saint, St. James, ref1

  Portugal gained by, ref1

  Reconquest, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6n, ref7

  religious oppression in, ref1, ref2

  rival monarchs and fratricide, ref1, ref2n

  rivalry with Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3

  trade route west to Asia, ref1

  Treaty of Alcáçovas, ref1n

  Treaty of Badajoz, ref1

  Treaty of Tordesillas, ref1, ref2

  Treaty of Zaragoza, ref1n

  War of the Castilian Succession, ref1

  Spice Islands, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n

  Dutch colonization of, ref1

  Magellan’s idea to claim, ref1, ref2

  Portuguese reach, ref1

  Spain-Portugal rivalry, ref1, ref2n, ref3n

  Treaty of Badajoz and, ref1

  spices, ref1

  adulteration of, ref1

  cassia trees, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  India and, ref1, ref2

  of Malindi, ref1

  medicinal use, ref1, ref2

  of Mombasa, ref1

  of Mozambique, ref1

  mystery of, ref1

  pepper, ref1, ref2

  pepper and other spices demystified, ref1

  price hike and European instability, ref1

  purpose of, ref1, ref2n

  religious rituals and, ref1

  sexuality and, ref1, ref2n

  spice trade, ref1, ref2

  Aden and, ref1

  Alexandria and, ref1, ref2

  antiquity of route, ref1, ref2n

  Antwerp and, ref1n

  Calicut and, ref1, ref2

  Cannanore and, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Cochin and, ref1

  Columbus and search for sea route, ref1

  decline of, ref1

  Egypt and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Gama’s voyages and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8n

  Hormuz and, ref1

  India and, ref1, ref2

  Italian merchants in, ref1, ref2

  Lisbon and, ref1

  missionaries and route to Asia, ref1, ref2n

  Mongols’ downfall and closing of overland routes, ref1

  Muslim merchants and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n

  Ottoman Empire and, ref1

  Portugal as trading nation, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Portugal’s crown monopoly of, ref1, ref2

  Portugal usurps Muslims, ref1

  Portuguese blockade of, ref1, ref2n

  Portuguese replaces Arabic as language of commerce, ref1

  Sudley, Frederick, ref1

  Suleiman the Magnificent, ref1

  suttee, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n

  Syria, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Syriac Orthodox Church, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n

  Tamerlane, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n

  Tangier, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Teldi, Francesco, ref1

  Thomas the Apostle, St., ref1, ref2n, ref3n

  Timbuktu, ref1

  Timoja, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Toledo, Spain, ref1, ref2n

  Tor, port of, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Tordesillas, Spain, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo, ref1, ref2n

  Travels (Varthema), ref1

  Travels of Sir John Mandeville, ref1

  Treaty of Windsor, ref1n

  Tripoli, ref1

  Tunis, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Tunisia, ref1

  Turks, ref1, ref2, ref3. See also Ottoman Empire

  assault on Constantinople, ref1

  assault on Jerusalem, ref1

  assault on Venice, ref1


  Mamluks (Turkish slaves), ref1

  scandalous rumors about, ref1, ref2n

  Seljuks, ref1, ref2

  Umayyad caliphate, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n

  Urban II, Pope, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6n

  Valencia, Spain, ref1

  Valle, Pietro della, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n

  Vandals, ref1

  Varthema, Lodovico de, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n

  Velho, Alvaro, ref1n

  Velloso, Fernão, ref1

  Venice. See also Conti, Niccolò de’

  Arsenale, ref1

  Battle of Agnadello and, ref1n

  Battle of Diu and, ref1

  Egyptian alliance with, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  excommunicated by Rome, ref1

  gondola for King Manuel, ref1, ref2n

  as La Serenissima, ref1

  Marco Polo and, ref1

  Ottoman threat to, ref1, ref2n

  papacy strips of territorial gains, ref1

  Pasqualigo sent to Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Portugal as trading threat to, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n

  rebuff of Columbus, ref1

  sacking of Constantinople by, ref1

  St. Mark’s Basilica, ref1

  secrecy of Portugal’s sea route and, ref1, ref2n

  secret agent sent to Egypt, ref1

  Signoria of, ref1, ref2, ref3

  spice trade and, ref1, ref2, ref3

  spies sent to Lisbon, ref1, ref2n, ref3n

  Suez canal proposed by, ref1

  as trade center, ref1

  as trading power, ref1n

  Vespucci, Amerigo, ref1

  Vienna, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Vijayanagar Empire, India, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n

  Vikings, ref1, ref2, ref3

  Virgin Mary, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n

  Hindu deity mistaken for, ref1

  Vivaldi, Ugolino and Vadino, ref1

  Vizinho, Joseph, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n

  William of Rubruck, ref1n

  women

  of Calicut, India, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  flogging of stowaways by Gama, ref1

  mistreatment in Goa, ref1

  mistreatment in Siam, ref1

  of Sicily, ref1n

  suttee and, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n

  of Vijayanagar, India, ref1n

  Xavier, Francis, ref1, ref2, ref3n

  Yarmuk, Battle of, ref1

  Yemen, ref1

  Zacuto, Abraham, ref1, ref2n

  Zamorin of Calicut, ref1, ref2

  alliance with Dutch, ref1

  appearance, ref1, ref2n

  armada against Gama raised by, ref1

  as Christian ruler, ref1

  conflict with Portuguese, ref1

  customs of, ref1